Comilla University

Background: The approval of Sucrose Fatty Acid Esters (SFAEs) as food additives/ preservatives with antimicrobial potential has triggered enormous interest in discovering new biological applications. Accordingly, many researchers reported that SFAEs consist of various sugar moieties, and hydrophobic side chains are highly active against certain fungal species. Objective: This study aimed to conduct aregioselective synthesis of SAFE and check the effect of chain length and site of acylation (i.e., C-6 vs. C-2, C-3, C-4, and long-chain vs. short-chain) on antimicrobial potency. Methods: A direct acylation method maintaining several conditions was used for esterification. In vitro tests, molecular docking, and in silico studies were conducted using standard procedures. Results: In vitro tests revealed that the fatty acid chain length in mannopyranoside esters significantly affects the antifungal activity, where C12 chains are more potent against Aspergillus species. In terms of acylation site, mannopyranoside esters with a C8 chain substituted at the C-6 position are more active in antifungal inhibition. Molecular docking also revealed that these mannopyranoside esters had comparatively better stable binding energy and hence better inhibition, with the fungal enzymes lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase (3LD6), urate oxidase (1R51), and glucoamylase (1KUL) than the standard antifungal drug fluconazole. Additionally, the thermodynamic, orbital, drug-likeness, and safety profiles of these mannopyranoside esters were calculated and discussed, along with the Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR). Conclusion: This study thus highlights the importance of the acylation site and lipid-like fatty acid chain length that govern the antimicrobial activity of mannopyranoside-based SFAE.

This study examined the relationship between knowledge of healthy lifestyles and the age of hypertension diagnosis among hypertensive individuals within Bangladeshi rural population. This cross-section study was conducted among hypertensive adults (18–80 years) in a rural population. We obtained data from 3600 adults with hypertension from 40 randomly selected community pharmacies. We gathered data on demographics, health knowledge, and measured vital signs, including hypertension diagnosis year. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the lifestyle and knowledge factors about hypertension with the age of diagnosis of hypertension. The mean age of hypertension diagnosis was 45.84 years. The mean age of hypertension diagnosis of male participants was higher than female (48.1 vs 44.4 years). Our study found that males and individuals with primary education are more likely to receive a later hypertension diagnosis (odds ratio = 2.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.75–3.10 and odds ratio = 5.96; 95% confidence interval: 3.09–11.48 respectively) for those aged ≥65. The poorest and those lacking physical exercise faced higher odds of later diagnosis (odds ratio = 2.20; 95% confidence interval: 1.53–3.15 and odds ratio = 2.37; 95% confidence interval: 1.78–3.17 respectively). Conversely, a family history of hypertension reduces the odds (odds ratio = 0.38; 95% confidence interval: 0.27–0.55). Increased knowledge of healthy lifestyle factors and engagement with health-related media correlate with later diagnosis, highlighting the influence of education and awareness on hypertension detection age. Our study reveals that knowledge of a healthy lifestyle is associated with the age of hypertension diagnosis. Targeting specific age groups based on health education programs may reduce hypertension-related complications.

This work finds new exact soliton solutions to the fractional space–time higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation, describing how tiny pulses move through a nonlinear system. First, we transform this nonlinear fractional differential equation into an ordinary differential framework using the beta derivative and a traveling wave transformation. Then, we find analytical solutions using the unified solver method. Along with this, a thorough stability analysis is done using the Hamiltonian technique. Afterward, we study the chaotic analysis of the stated model using planner dynamics and show two- and three-dimensional phase illustrations, Lyapunov exponents, Poincaré maps, bifurcation figures, fractal dimensions, strange attractors, recurrence plots, and return maps as graphical representations regarding this chaotic analysis. Finally, we ensure that these precise solitons provide the internal complex image of wave travel.

This paper talks about the $\:{\phi\:}^{6}$-model expansion method for the Davey–Stewartson– Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (DSKP) model in (4 + 1) dimensions. This is useful for studying shallow-water waves, coastal engineering, fluid mechanics, and plasma physics. We use a variable relation to transform the model’s partial differential form into an ordinary one. Computational software then examines the resultant model using the previously outlined methods. Combining solutions for Jacobi elliptic, hyperbolic, and trigonometric forms yields novel dynamical optical solitons. We also employ a planar dynamical process to examine the governing model qualitatively. We also investigate stability analysis, bifurcation, and chaotic behavior with diverse chaos-identification tools. The study’s findings allow us to conclude that the approach is favorable, helpful, soothing, and suitable for handling a variety of nonlinear models.

Pyridine and its derivatives are extensively used as solvents and precursors in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. However, their persistent nature, high water solubility, and potential for environmental contamination raise concerns about their impact on human health and ecosystems. This study employs an in-silico approach to evaluate the physicochemical, spectral, biological, and pharmacokinetic properties of pyridine and selected derivatives. Using density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP/6- 311 g + + (d,p) basis set, we analyze their reactivity and spectral behaviors. Among the analyzed derivatives of 2-fluoropyridine, 6-fluoropyridine- 3-amine exhibits the lowest HOMO–LUMO gap, indicating higher reactivity, while bromine-substituted 2-fluoropyridine shows the highest free energy values. Molecular docking studies and nonbonding interaction calculations reveal that pyridine exhibits the lowest binding affinity to human kinesin Eg5, while 6-fluoronicotinic acid demonstrates the strongest affinity. Furthermore, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations assess the protein–ligand interactions and the deformability of amino acid residues. Biological and toxicological evaluations through ADMET and PASS predictions show that while all compounds are non-carcinogenic, they may induce adverse effects such as red cell aplasia, multiple organ failure, sideroblastic anemia, aphthous ulcers, hematemesis, and nail discoloration. The findings from this research can enhance public awareness and offer valuable insights into the biochemical and toxicological impacts of these substances on human health and the environment.

Bifurcation, chaos, modulation instability, and solitons are important phenomena in nonlinear dynamical structures that help us understand complex physical processes. This work employs the Schrödinger equation with cubic nonlinearity (SECN), rising in superconductivity, quantum mechanics, optics, and plasma physics. We developed an ordinary differential arrangement using a traveling wave alteration and found the soliton outcome to the mentioned problem utilizing the unified solver technique. Then we obtain different categories of wave designs, including bright and dark solitons, with periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic behaviors. We examined the system’s planar dynamics to observe sensitivity, chaos, and bifurcation. The chaotic state involves various procedures such as multistability, recurrence diagrams, bifurcation shapes, fractal dimensions, return maps, Poincaré graphics, Lyapunov exponents, phase portraits, and strange attractors. These properties help us understand complicated behaviors like how waves become chaotic patterns. Our outcomes demonstrate a clear understanding of wave propagation and how energy is absorbed. These findings develop our knowledge of nonlinear problems and guide us in wave circulation in real-life situations. Therefore, our procedures are useful and operative offering a simple technique for studying nonlinear problems, which progresses our understanding of these equations’ sensitivity, waveform pattern, and propagation strategy.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people globally, with respiratory organs being strongly affected in individuals with comorbidities. Medical imaging-based diagnosis and prognosis have become increasingly popular in clinical settings for detecting COVID-19 lung infections. Among various medical imaging modalities, ultrasound stands out as a low-cost, mobile, and radiation-safe imaging technology. In this comprehensive review, we focus on AI-driven studies utilizing lung ultrasound (LUS) for COVID-19 detection and analysis. We provide a detailed overview of both publicly available and private LUS datasets and categorize the AI studies according to the dataset they used. Additionally, we systematically analyzed and tabulated the studies across various dimensions, including data preprocessing methods, AI models, cross-validation techniques, and evaluation metrics. In total, we reviewed 60 articles, 41 of which utilized public datasets, while the remaining employed private data. Our findings suggest that ultrasound-based AI studies for COVID-19 detection have great potential for clinical use, especially for children and pregnant women. Our review also provides a useful summary for future researchers and clinicians who may be interested in the field.

The field of nursing appears to experience high levels of turnover. Because of this, the goal of this study is to determine the impact of perceived supervisor support (PSS), perceived co-worker support (PCS), and technostress on nurse turnover intention (TI). This study employs a structural equation model, and the findings showed that PSS had a considerable detrimental impact on the intention to leave. On the other hand, PCS has a negligible effect on the intention to leave. The moderating role of technostress in the relationship between reported organizational supervisor support, perceived co-worker support, and desire to leave the company was also validated by this study. Hospitals should prioritize fostering an environment that encourages social interaction, according to the research. With the help of this study, human resource managers can enhance their methods for reducing nurse turnover. This study’s relevance entails a meticulous and substantial contribution to the healthcare sector in Bangladesh, as well as in other developing nations. Efforts should be focused on implementing regulations and retention measures that effectively reduce nurses’ intents to leave the profession, hence enhancing healthcare delivery on a large scale.

The fallopian tube (FT) plays a crucial role in fertility, gynecological health, and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) development. Despite its importance, the spatial transcriptome of the FT’s distinct anatomical regions (fimbria, infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus) remains underexplored. Using the GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) and a targeted ~1800 gene panel, we analyze premenopausal FT epithelium, identifying region-specific gene expression patterns. Our analysis reveals upregulation of mature ciliated cell markers (FOXJ1, MLF1, SPA17, and CTSS) approaching the fimbria, elevated ROS and apoptosis-related transcripts (TXNIP, PRDX5, BAD, GAS1) in the distal FT, and a switch in cell-cell adhesion transcripts (CDH1, CDH3) along the distal-to-proximal axis. We also provide evidence that MHC-II transcripts in the FT are differentially regulated throughout the menstrual cycle, with lower expression in follicular phase. These results suggest spatially regulated expression of FT transcripts with implications for fertilization and early neoplastic changes contributing to HGSOC.

Strontium Zirconate (SrZrO₃) is a well-known perovskite-type material that has generated significant interest in materials research due to its unique structural and functional features. In addition, it has appeared as a potential photocatalyst in the realm of environmental remediation and energy conversion. The electronic structure and structural geometry of the SrZrO3 crystal were computed employing the five functionals of GGA, including GGA with PBE, GGA with RPBE, GGA with PW91, GGA with WC, and GGA with PBEsol, as well as DFT + U using by computational approaches. Next, to improve the photocatalytic activity with reduced band gap, the doping by 4%, 8%, and 12% of Ge atoms in substituting Zr atoms has the empirical formula: SrZr0.96Ge0.04O3, SrZr0.92Ge0.08O3 and SrZr0.88Ge0.12O3, respectively. Secondly, GGA with PBE method conveyed almost overlapping band gap (3.72 eV) with the experimental value at 3.72 eV for standard, SrZrO3 crystal. As a result, it was used for calculation of the density of state (DOS), the partial density of state (PDOS), and optical properties. At last, the absorption ability regarding their photocatalytic activity against methylene blue (MB) dye was assessed and calculated. First of all, the band gaps by the most accurate method of GGA with PBE are at 3.72, 2.43, 2.18, and 1.20 eV for SrZrO3, SrZr0.96Ge0.04O3, SrZr0.92Ge0.08O3 and SrZr0.88Ge0.12O3, respectively. Secondly, having the sharp peak for all crystals in valence band (VB), they are considered as p-type semiconductor materials, creating holes in the VB thereby enabling more hydroxyl free radical for photocatalysis. Doping showed no effect on absorbance at photon energies greater than 4.0 eV, but it can have an effect at lower photon energies, which is more supportive of band gap or electronic structure. In case of absorption, SrZr0.88Ge0.12O3 illustrates the highest photocatalytic activity against MB dye, and have a larger surface energy.

In this study, we investigate the soliton dynamics and stability properties of the time-fractional Hamiltonian amplitude (FHA) equation using the improved F-expansion method. The FHA equation, a fractional extension of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, governs a wide range of nonlinear physical phenomena, including plasma physics, fluid dynamics, and optical communications. We exploit the beta fractional derivative approach to explore soliton solutions, chaotic behavior, bifurcations, and sensitivity analysis of the model parameters. The attained results reveal a variety of soliton structures, such as quasiperiodic, anti-peakon, and multi-periodic solitons, which are graphically represented to highlight their physical significance. Stability analysis using the linear stability method confirms the robustness of these solutions under certain perturbations. Moreover, bifurcation analysis via phase plane diagrams exposes key insights into the qualitative changes in the dynamical system, including the presence of quasiperiodic and chaotic behavior under external perturbations. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of complex nonlinear systems and have potential applications in signal processing, optical fiber communications, and materials science.

Public health in Bangladesh, especially in the last several years, has been greatly affected by dengue fever, caused by a virus spread by mosquitoes. The illness, which was first recorded in Dhaka in 1964, under the name “Dhaka Fever“, has continued to rise in both incidence and fatality rates despite the attempts to control it. With 96,228 cases and 531 fatalities recorded in 2024, Bangladesh is among the top nations for dengue mortality. Environ- mental changes, unplanned urbanization, and the adaptive behavior of mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the causes of this dramatic increase. Due to increased temperatures and prolonged humidity caused by climate change, the breeding season is now longer than in the typical monsoon months, resulting in outbreaks that happen all year round. Expanded dengue syndrome and other new infection patterns and symptoms make diagnosis and treatment more challenging. The illness is more common in men of working age, yet it kills more women than men. There has been an uptick in cases and deaths in areas outside big cities as well, including Chit- tagong and Barisal. Identifying worrisome hotspots, controlling mosquito populations, and raising public aware- ness about unusual dengue symptoms are all necessary to combat this growing epidemic. This research highlights the critical need for implementing comprehensive plans to fight dengue and lessen its social and economic effects in Bangladesh.

A tropical and subtropical plant species found in Asia, Africa, and Australia, Microcos paniculata is also known as the Chinese box tree or orange jasmine. Microcos paniculata is the subject of this review, which delves into its taxonomy, phytochemistry, pharmacological actions, and medicinal uses. The pharmacological effects of the plant include larvicidal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic effects. The plant is rich in secondary metabolites, which include alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids. New scientific research confirms the traditional uses of Microcos paniculata, which have been used for a long time in traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and TCM to treat a variety of health issues. But should be careful, because there can be negative consequences from taking too much. When used as directed, the plant has shown no ill effects in toxicological testing. In order to incorporate Microcos paniculata into clinical practice and fully grasp its therapeutic potential, additional study is necessary.

This manuscript studies the M-fractional Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs (M-fLGH) equation in comprehending superconductivity and drift cyclotron waves in radially inhomogeneous plasmas, especially for coherent ion cyclotron wave propagation, aiming to explore the soliton solutions, the parameter’s effect, and modulation instability. Here, we propose a novel approach, namely a newly improved Kudryashov’s method that integrates the combination of the unified method with the generalized Kudryashov’s method. By employing the modified F-expansion and the newly improved Kudryashov’s method, we investigate the soliton wave solutions for the M-fLGH model. The solutions are in trigonometric, rational, exponential, and hyperbolic forms. We present the effect of system parameters and fractional parameters. For special values of free parameters, we derive some novel phenomena such as kink wave, anti-kink wave, periodic lump wave with soliton, interaction of kink and periodic lump wave, interaction of anti-kink and periodic wave, periodic wave, solitonic wave, multi-lump wave in periodic form, and so on. The modulation instability criterion assesses the conditions that dictate the stability or instability of soliton solutions, highlighting the interplay between fractional order and system parameters. This study advances the theoretical understanding of fractional LGH models and provides valuable insights into practical applications in plasma physics, optical communication, and fluid dynamics.

This research has successfully prepared three-dimensional leaf-like copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures on micro-sized Cu powder particles via hot water treatment (HWT). This innovative approach has led to the development of a new core–shell, binder-free, and high-surface-area supercapacitor electrode. The synthesis process involved a simple immersion of Cu powder into hot water stabilized at 75 °C for 24 h. The CuO/Cu powder obtained was combined with DI water and then deposited onto a Cu plate and subjected to annealing at 200 °C in a vacuum furnace to produce a binder-less electrode for electrochemical evaluations. Utilizing SEM and EDS, we thoroughly analyzed the morphology and composition of the CuO nanostructures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was utilized to unveil the crystal structure of the CuO nanostructures, confirming the presence of leaf-like morphology of CuO. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) were employed to measure the mass of the active material and its specific surface area, respectively. The electrochemical properties of CuO nanostructures were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) over various scan rates. The electrochemical resistance of the electrode material was observed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results from the electrochemical tests indicated that a peak-specific capacitance of around 220 F/g was achieved when the scan rate was set at 5 mV/s using Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte. Furthermore, the capacitance retention rate was about 38% after 1500 consecutive cycles. Our findings indicate that the HWT-grown CuO/Cu nanostructured powder shows promise for pseudo-supercapacitor applications, which could potentially bring about a revolution in the field of energy storage. Graphical Abstract

This study investigates the paraxial approximation of the M-fractional paraxial wave equation with Kerr law nonlinearity. The paraxial wave equation is most important to describe the propagation of waves under the paraxial approximation. This approximation assumes that the wavefronts are nearly parallel to the axis of propagation, allowing for simplifications that make the equation particularly useful in studying beam-like structures such as laser beams and optical solitons. The paraxial wave equation balances linear dispersion and nonlinear effects, capturing the essential dynamics of wave evolution in various media. It plays a crucial role in understanding phenomena like diffraction, focusing, and self-phase modulation in optical fibers. It substantially contributes to our comprehension of the special characteristics of optical soliton solutions and the dynamics of soliton in a variety of optical systems. We create a range of wave structures using the powerful extended Jacobian elliptic function expansion (EJEFE) method, including periodic waves, lump-periodic waves, periodic breather waves, kink-bell waves, kinky-periodic waves, anti-kinky-periodic waves, double-periodic waves, etc. These solutions have applications in wave dynamics in different optical systems and optical fibre. Furthermore, we investigate chaotic phenomena by analyzing the model qualitatively. We analyze phase portraits in detail for a range of parameter values to provide insights into the behavior of the system. We also investigate the sensitivity analysis for diverse parametric values of the perturbated coefficient. We may use various strategies, including time series and 3D and 2D phase patterns, to identify chaotic and quasi-periodic phenomena by providing an external periodic strength. The above discussion of the suggested method demonstrates adaptability and usefulness in resolving a broad spectrum of mathematics and physical difficulties, indicating its potential for generating such optical solutions.

We examine the case of Tunisia to empirically assess the impact of financial development, renewable energies, tourism, capital formation, and industrialization on environmental protection from 1988 to 2021. Given the heterogeneity between countries in terms of environmental conditions, energy consumption and production, and infrastructure, the results may be distinct from the previous studies. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model, the findings show that tourism and industrialization increase carbon emissions, whereas financial development, renewable energy, and capital formation lower them. One percent increase in renewable energy helps reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 0.80% in the long run and 0.57% in the short run. The rate of adjustment towards equilibrium was 0.48%. Other methods, including Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Canonical Cointegrating Regression (CCR), confirm the accuracy of our results. These findings provide policymakers in Tunisia and other countries with similar contexts with a solid basis for designing programs to improve environmental protection.

Electric vehicles (EVs) are surging in popularity globally, offering a greener and more energy-efficient alternative to traditional cars. Our research aims to develop an RFID based system designed to automate EV charging with minimal user input. This system integrates RFID readers, tags, a microcontroller, and a relay module to manage and monitor charging sessions efficiently. An IoT platform supports real time monitoring and remote control, while a secure payment mechanism handles transactions seamlessly. RFID tags identify vehicles for automatic charging initiation, and the relay module prevents overcharging by disconnecting power after a set time. The system uses MQTT for data transmission and offers real-time insights into energy use and account balances. All information is updated and displayed in real-time on the server. MySQL ensures scalability, enabling effective handling of large volumes of data. The mobile application dashboard provides a view of the charging and discharging processes for user monitoring, and an email notification is sent after the recharge. EV battery charging status is monitored through visual graphs. Key benefits include a streamlined user experience, improved charging management, and support for EV adoption. This innovation advances sustainable mobility with a user friendly, efficient charging solution.