Christ University

Globally, increased illness and disorders have gained importance in improvising therapeutics to help extend the lifespan of an individual. In this scenario, understanding the mechanism of bacterial pathogenicity linked to the interaction between the host and the pathogen focusing on essential metal ions is necessary. Numerous studies indicate that the severity of a disease might be due to the reduced availability of iron, linked to abnormal production or lack of acquisition systems. However, several microbes produce siderophores as virulence factors, low-molecular-weight organic compounds for acquisition of iron by iron-chelating systems. In medical applications, siderophores are employed in novel strategies in order to design effective new drugs and vaccines, targeting and delivering antibiotics to target sites in multidrug-resistant pathogens. Meanwhile, some types of siderophores are used as drug delivery modalities and antimalarial, anticancer, and antibacterial agents, for example, by employing conjugation techniques such as Trojan horse delivery. Hence, the current review integrates several applications of siderophores with an overview covering taxonomy, organisms producing iron affinity carriers, and their acquisition mechanism. This understanding may delineate newer opportunities to adapt possible therapies and/or treatments against several multidrug-resistant pathogens, representing a crucial solution for public health problems worldwide.

Controlled delay of regular, chaotic, and periodic regimes of instabilities is studied in the problem of axisymmetric Rayleigh–Bénard convection in a vertical cylinder. A feedback control is assumed at the boundaries, which leads to a coupling of the two boundary temperatures. A classical type solution is impossible in such a situation. Hence, a novel series solution procedure is adopted to arrive at the generalized Lorenz model. Due to feedback control, delayed onset of regular convection is observed and the percentage of such a delay as a function of the controller gain parameter, K, is reported. The changes in the pitchfork bifurcation point, the homoclinic orbit, and the Hopf bifurcation point due to feedback control are highlighted with the help of a bifurcation diagram. This diagram shows that the influence of feedback control is to advance the onset of homoclinic bifurcation and delay the onset of Hopf bifurcation. The results indicate that feedback control shows preference for Hopf bifurcation and is antagonistic toward homoclinic bifurcation. The shortening of the time of existence of the strange attractor intermittent with a periodic/quasi-periodic state, which is preceded by the fully periodic motion as K increases is observed using the largest-Lyapunov-exponent plot, the bar-code plot, and the bifurcation diagram. The results coming out of the Kaplan–Yorke dimension reiterates the results depicted by other indicators concerning the influence of K on chaos. The practical importance of the control strategy that is used in the paper is also mentioned in the paper.

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the banking and finance sector have seen significant development and implementation in recent years, offering innovative solutions that enhance both back-end processes and customer experiences. These AI-driven solutions improve decision-making capabilities, providing valuable competitive advantages in a dynamic industry. Artificial Intelligence has undoubtedly transformed the banking industry, a vast and multifaceted environment. This paper presents a comprehensive literature analysis of numerous AI applications in banking, detailing their advantages, drawbacks, and challenges. The methodology employed in this research is a systematic literature review, in which a domain-based approach is followed. The study analyses research papers from four major electronic databases: Emerald Insight, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and ProQuest, covering the period from 2010 to 2023. To maintain consistency with previous systematic reviews, the study excluded editorials, non-referred articles, and proceedings. The researcher began with broad search terms such as “Artificial Intelligence” and “bank,” subsequently refining the search by examining titles, keywords, and abstracts to identify relevant articles. The PRISMA model guided the search strategy. This research explores various dimensions of AI applications in banking services. Key areas of focus include credit score checking, risk management, customer services, cash flow risk assessment, and the detection of fraudulent activities and fraudulent websites. Technologies like chatbots, and mobile banking have significantly enhanced customer service and experience. The review is structured into several sub-themes: AI in banking, applications of AI in banking, benefits of AI in banking, challenges of AI in banking, AI and customer services, applications of AI in risk management, and chatbots in the banking system. AI has transformed traditional banking operations, making them more efficient and customer-centric. Credit scoring models powered by AI can analyses vast amounts of data more accurately and swiftly than traditional methods, leading to more reliable credit assessments. In risk management, AI algorithms can predict potential risks and assess cash flow with higher precision, enabling banks to make informed decisions and mitigate potential financial threats. AI’s role in detecting fraudulent activities is particularly notable, as machine learning models can identify suspicious patterns and behaviors that might go unnoticed by human analysts. Customer service in banking has also been revolutionized by AI. Chatbots and virtual assistants provide immediate responses to customer queries, significantly reducing wait times and enhancing user satisfaction. These AI-driven tools can handle a wide range of customer interactions, from simple queries to complex problem resolution, thereby freeing up human agents to focus on more intricate tasks. This paper also provides directions for future research, emphasizing the need to address the ethical and regulatory challenges associated with AI in banking. Additionally, further studies are recommended to explore the long-term impacts of AI on employment within the banking sector and to develop frameworks for the equitable and responsible use of AI technologies. In conclusion, AI has undeniably improved the banking experience for millions of customers and employees, offering enhanced efficiency, security, and personalized services. As AI continues to evolve, its applications in banking are expected to expand, further transforming the industry.

Enforcing a trust management model in the broker-based negotiation context is identified as a foremost challenge. Creating such trust model is not a pure technical issue, but the technology should enhance the cloud service negotiation framework for improving the utility value and success rate between the bargaining participants (consumer, broker, and service provider) during their negotiation progression. In the existing negotiation frameworks, trusts were established using reputation, self-assessment, identity, evidence, and policy-based evaluation techniques for maximizing the negotiators (cloud participants) utility value and success rate. To further maximization, a Bayesian-based adaptive probabilistic trust management model is enforced in the future broker-based trusted cloud service negotiation framework. This adaptive model dynamically ranks the service provider agents by estimating the success rate, cooperation rate and honesty rate factors to effectively measure the trustworthiness among the participants. The measured trustworthiness value will be used by the broker agents for prioritization of trusted provider agents over the non-trusted provider agents which minimizes the bargaining conflict between the participants and enhance future bargaining progression. In addition, the proposed adaptive probabilistic trust management model formulates the sequence of bilateral negotiation process among the participants as a Bayesian learning process. Finally, the performance of the projected cloud-enabled e-commerce negotiation framework with Bayesian-based adaptive probabilistic trust management model is compared with the existing frameworks by validating under different levels of negotiation rounds.

Heavy metals in the environment and health have been an ongoing worldly menace. Phytoremediation, a green technology , makes use of heavy metal-accumulating plants for the remediation of metal-polluted sites. This work looks at using the plant Alternanthera ficoidea to help remove heavy metals, specifically cadmium and chromium, from polluted areas with the help of chemicals. Greenhouse experiments were done using SDS and EDDS chemicals to see how A. ficoidea reacts to different amounts of cadmium and chromium. The physiological and biochemical effects of the metals on the plant were evaluated based on biochemical responses such as protein content, total phenol content, chlorophyll content, carbohydrate content, and proline accumulation. The results indicated that A. ficoidea could accumulate heavy metals at concentrations of 240.61 ppm of chromium and 388.7 ppm of cadmium in plant tissues. Physiological and biochemical responses were quite diverse depending on the metal stress, wherein protein content decreased from 15.4 mg/g FW to 18 mg/g FW, chlorophyll content decreased from 0.8 mg/g FW to 1.2 mg/g FW, and proline accumulation increased from 2.5/.mol g FW to 5.5/.mol g FW. The use of chemical agents improved the efficiency of plants in removing metals. The results showed that adding either 2% SDS or 0.1% EDDS increased the effectiveness of this process. In addition, total phenol content increased from 0.96 mg/g GAE to 1.8 mg/g GAE in treatment and carbohydrate content from 22 mg/g FW to 32 mg/g FW. This study found that A. ficoidea may be a good plant for cleaning soils contaminated with cadmium and chromium. Finding new chemical methods for using plants to clean up cadmium and chromium can greatly improve how much of these metals' plants can absorb. In summary then, these findings provide key insights into the chemical phytoremediation of cadmium and chromium for sustainable use.

This chapter provides a thorough examination of the neuropsychological assessment of competency to stand trial (CST), exploring the criteria, procedures, and difficulties involved in determining a person’s capacity to engage in court proceedings. Through an examination of clinical procedures and legal precedents, the authors give readers an idea of the criteria used to determine CST and the role of neuropsychologists in conducting forensic evaluations of competency. The chapter examines the neuropsychological concepts that underlie competency, such as reasoning ability, factual comprehension of court procedures, and cognitive talents. It also looks at the tools and techniques used in CST exams, such as cognitive tests, structured interviews, and specific tests meant to gauge a candidate’s legal knowledge and reasoning skills. Case studies demonstrate the usefulness of neuropsychological assessments in CST determinations, emphasizing the subtleties and complexity of evaluating competency in people with varying neurological profiles. Key takeaways include a better understanding of how cross-disciplinary CST exams are and how important it is to include neuropsychological information in legal evaluations so that cases involving competency issues are handled fairly and equally.

This chapter explores the intricate relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and engagement in the criminal justice system. It provides a thorough examination of the behavioral, cognitive, and neurobiological effects of TBI as well as their implications for court cases. Readers learn about the frequency of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among those involved in the criminal justice system as well as the possible influence of brain injury on legal responsibility and sentencing decisions through an examination of empirical data and case studies. This chapter explores the neuropsychological aftereffects of traumatic brain injury (TBI), including deficits in impulse control, affective regulation, and executive functioning, and how these relate to criminal conduct and recidivism. It also examines the difficulties in recognizing and treating TBI-related impairments in legal settings, including problems with diagnosis, intervention, and detection. In order to meet the specific requirements of people with brain injuries participating in the legal system, case studies demonstrate the practical implications of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in influencing legal results. They also emphasize the significance of interdisciplinary collaboration and focused interventions. The need for thorough assessment and intervention tactics that address both neurological and legal factors, as well as a greater understanding of the complexity underlying traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its interaction with the criminal justice system, are important lessons to be learned.

This chapter explores the most recent developments and cutting-edge research in the ever-evolving area of forensic neuropsychology, providing information on novel topics, methods, and possible avenues for further research and application. By examining state-of-the-art research findings and creative approaches, readers learn about new developments and trends that are influencing forensic neuropsychology in the future. This chapter looks at new ways to investigate the neurological bases of criminal conduct, including psychophysiological measurements, neuroimaging methods, and genetic markers, and how these might affect forensic work. Additionally, it examines cutting-edge therapy and rehabilitation techniques, such as cognitive enhancement programs, virtual reality therapies, and neurofeedback training, that are intended to lower recidivism and foster desistance among people involved in the criminal system. The practical ramifications of these advancements in forensic settings are demonstrated through case studies and real-world examples, which also highlight prospects for interdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge translation. Some of the most important things that were learned are that neuropsychology and law are always changing, so people working in these fields need to be creative and work together all the time. They also need to think about how cutting-edge research discoveries could change forensic practice in the future.

This chapter examines the use of neuroscientific evidence—such as brain imaging and neurobiological data—in court cases and provides a critical evaluation of its admissibility, dependability, and limits. Readers are given insight into the changing standards for the admissibility and interpretation of neuroscientific evidence in courtrooms through an examination of case law and empirical research. The chapter looks at the difficulties in interpreting intricate neurobiological research into legal frameworks, including problems with methodological rigor, validity, and generalizability. Additionally, it discusses the function of expert testimony in educating jurors and judges about neuroscientific concepts as well as effective ways to express the ambiguities and nuanced information present in neuroimaging and neurobiological data. The practical consequences of neuroscientific findings in determining legal results are demonstrated through case studies and precedent-setting decisions, which highlight both noteworthy accomplishments and cautionary tales. The importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in navigating the interface between neuroscience and the law, as well as a sophisticated grasp of the complications surrounding the incorporation of neuroscientific information into legal procedures, are key lessons.

This chapter covers an overview of the relationship between neuropsychology and the legal system, outlining important ideas and how they are used. The chapter explores the field of forensic neuropsychology by synthesizing neuroscience concepts with legal frameworks. It covers subjects including the relationship between the brain and behavior, cognitive evaluation techniques, and the use of neuropsychological evidence in court cases. Case studies demonstrate practical applications, emphasizing the value of comprehending brain function in relation to criminal conduct and guilt. A greater understanding of the complexity of human thought and behavior as well as the possibility of using neuropsychological insights to guide legal decision-making processes are among the main lessons learned. This chapter, which emphasizes the value of interdisciplinary collaboration between neuroscience and law to improve justice outcomes, lays the groundwork for further investigation.

This chapter explores the complex relationship between neuropsychological aspects and the prediction and management of recidivism in offenders. It provides an understanding of the neurobiological, cognitive, and psychosocial elements that lead to recidivism. Readers learn about the difficulties in assessing and managing recidivism risk through an analysis of empirical data and clinical solutions. This chapter delves into tactics aimed at curbing recurrent offenses and promoting a smooth transition back into society. These tactics include risk assessment procedures, community-based support programs, and cognitive-behavioral therapies. It also looks at the difficulties in treating the criminogenic needs and underlying neuropsychological vulnerabilities of those who are at risk of recidivism, including problems with impulsivity, emotion control, and substance misuse. Case studies demonstrate how neuropsychological insights can be used practically to lower recidivism rates and encourage desistance in people who are associated with the court system. The significance of comprehensive, tailored interventions to address the underlying reasons for criminal conduct and support long-term good outcomes, as well as a deeper comprehension of the complex interactions between neuropsychological variables and recidivism risk, are among the main lessons learned.

This chapter explores the complex relationship that exists between neurodevelopmental disorders and criminal conduct. Specifically, it looks at the association that exists between conditions like autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their involvement in criminal activity. Readers learn how neurodevelopmental characteristics can affect impulse control, social functioning, and cognitive processes, all of which can have an impact on behavioral outcomes that are relevant to the criminal justice system. This is done through a synthesis of empirical research and case studies. The chapter also looks at how early brain development affects the way neurodevelopmental disorders show up and how they get involved in criminal behavior later on. The chapter talks about the neurobiological bases of neurodevelopmental disorders and how they may interact with environmental factors. It stresses how important thorough assessment and targeted intervention are in keeping people with these disorders out of the legal system. Principal insights encompass an enhanced comprehension of the intricate relationship between neurobiology and behavior, along with the consequences for legal judgments and intervention tactics targeted at diminishing reoffending and fostering recovery.

This chapter offers a thorough analysis of the steps and difficulties associated with doing neuropsychological assessments for legal reasons. Readers gain knowledge of the instruments and methods used to evaluate the mental health, personality, and cognitive functioning of people involved in criminal cases through a step-by-step examination of assessment protocols. Furthermore, the chapter explores the intricacies and moral dilemmas that are present in forensic assessments, such as problems with validity, dependability, and cultural sensitivity. Case studies highlight the potential drawbacks and restrictions of depending exclusively on psychological testing in forensic situations, as well as the usefulness of neuropsychological assessment in guiding judicial choices. A deeper comprehension of the complex and multidimensional nature of forensic assessments, along with the significance of interdisciplinary cooperation and ethical requirements in carrying out assessments that respect justice and fairness, are among the main lessons learned.

This chapter examines the complex idea of criminal responsibility from a neuropsychological standpoint, exploring the relationship between brain activity and guilt in legal situations. Readers learn how brain disorders, diseases, and injuries can impact a person’s ability to comprehend the nature and repercussions of their actions as well as their capacity to behave in a way that complies with the law through an examination of case law and empirical research. The chapter also looks at how criminal responsibility standards are changing and how neuropsychological evidence affects culpability decisions in court. Case studies highlight the difficulties in deciding cases involving neurological disabilities by illuminating the intricate interactions between neurobiological elements and legal conceptions of intent and moral responsibility. Important lessons include the need for sophisticated knowledge of the variables determining criminal guilt and the consequences for the judicial system, and sentence guidelines when dealing with people who have neurological impairments.

This chapter examines the fundamental ideas behind brain architecture and function, offering a thorough rundown that is crucial to comprehending neuropsychological phenomena. Readers have insight into how changes in brain morphology might emerge in behavioral and cognitive outcomes pertinent to forensic situations through a thorough examination of brain structures and neural networks. Additionally, the chapter describes the many approaches to assessment used in neuropsychological assessments, from conventional paper-and-pencil tests to sophisticated neuroimaging methods. The practical applicability of these approaches to assessing neurological abnormalities, measuring cognitive functioning, and determining decision-making competence in legal settings is demonstrated by case studies. A better understanding of the complicated relationship between brain structure and function is one of the most important things that was learned, along with how important it is to use a variety of methods in neuropsychological testing to get a full picture of people who are involved in legal proceedings.

This chapter explores the use of neuropsychological data in criminal trial mitigation and sentencing processes, including ways for highlighting mitigating circumstances and promoting equitable sentence decisions grounded in neuropsychological research. Readers learn how neuropsychological examinations impact sentencing decisions and what mitigating circumstances may affect court results through an examination of case law and professional practices. This chapter examines how to deliver expert testimony, forensic reports, and empirical research findings—as well as other neuropsychological evidence—to juries and judges in an efficient and effective manner. It also looks at the professional obligations and ethical dilemmas that arise while defending the concepts of justice and rehabilitation while arguing for appropriate punishment. Case studies show effective ways to lobby for people with neurological impairments or mitigating circumstances. This shows how neuropsychological evidence can be used in real life to change the outcome of sentencing. The ability of neuropsychological evidence to support equitable results in judicial procedures and a nuanced knowledge of the issues underlying mitigation and sentencing in criminal cases are important lessons to learn.

This chapter offers a historical account of the progression of neuropsychology’s use in court cases, from its inception to its present-day importance in forensic settings. Readers learn about the changing relationship between neuroscience and the law through an analysis of significant cases and turning points in neuropsychological jurisprudence. In addition, the chapter delves into the various ways that neuropsychological assessments are used in legal settings, emphasizing how they can be used to evaluate cognitive functioning, establish mental capacity, and examine how a neurological condition or brain injury affects conduct. Case studies demonstrate the various ways in which neuropsychological evaluations are used to guide legal judgments, from determining criminal culpability to providing information in a civil action involving traumatic brain injury. One of the most important things to remember is the complex ways in which neuropsychology has influenced the legal system and the possible future effects on legal practice and policy.

This chapter explores the professional and ethical obligations that come with practicing forensic neuropsychology, providing a thorough analysis of the values and standards that are important for making moral decisions. Readers are given insight into the ethical responsibilities of neuropsychologists in the performance of examinations, interpretation of findings, and communication with legal stakeholders through a thorough examination of professional rules and ethical frameworks. Important subjects covered in this chapter include informed consent processes, protecting confidentiality and privacy, and avoiding conflicts of interest. Case vignettes show the difficulties in striking a balance between the interests of clients, the judicial system, and society at large, illuminating ethical conundrums frequently encountered in forensic practice. In addition, the chapter addresses methods for resolving moral dilemmas and encouraging moral behavior in the industry, such as continuing education, peer consultation, and adherence to professional standards of conduct. A greater understanding of the ethical issues guiding forensic neuropsychological practice and the significance of adhering to ethical standards to guarantee the validity and reliability of evaluations carried out in legal settings are among the main lessons learned.

This study sheds light on the challenges of performing assessments that are accurate and responsive to cultural differences by critically examining the complex interactions between culture, ethnicity, and neuropsychological testing within legal settings. Readers learn about the idea of cultural competency and how it relates to forensic neuropsychological practice through an examination of theoretical frameworks and practical studies. The chapter looks at language obstacles, cultural norms, and socioeconomic differences as potential causes of bias in neuropsychological assessments and how these affect test interpretation and performance. It also includes important things to think about when testing different cultural groups, like the need for culturally appropriate testing tools, the importance of interpretation services, and the use of cultural formulations in diagnostic formulations. The difficulties and opportunities that come with negotiating cultural diversity in forensic settings are demonstrated through case studies and real-world situations. The significance of cultural competence in forensic neuropsychology and the necessity for practitioners to embrace culturally sensitive techniques that respect justice, fairness, and equity are among the main lessons learned.

This chapter examines how neuropsychology can be used to evaluate the validity and consistency of witness testimony and memory recall, as well as the cognitive processes and vulnerabilities that may affect eyewitness evidence in court. Readers are given a thorough understanding of the impact on memory retrieval, sensitivity to suggestion, and possible legal procedure ramifications through a thorough review of research findings and case studies. The neurological foundations of memory development and retrieval are examined in this chapter, along with the impact of stress, trauma, and post-event information on eyewitness recall. In order to improve the accuracy of witness evidence, it also examines the strategies and tactics utilized in neuropsychological evaluations of eyewitness recall, such as lineup procedures and cognitive interviews. Case studies emphasize cases of misidentification and unjust convictions to highlight the practical consequences of memory-related issues in influencing judicial results. A deeper comprehension of the intricacies surrounding memory recall and witness testimony in legal settings is one of the main lessons learned, as is the significance of integrating neuropsychological insights into investigative techniques and legal proceedings to prevent injustices.