Chinese Academy of Forestry

Climate change is anticipated to escalate the frequency and severity of global natural disasters over the next few decades, thereby significantly reshaping species distributions and populations. Species distribution models (SDMs), as essential tools in biogeography and biodiversity conservation, are pivotal for evaluating the impacts of climate change on species and forecasting their distribution ranges under different climate change scenarios over various periods. However, the absence of necessary background knowledge for model construction significantly affects the accuracy of these models, with the selection of different occurrence data sources being a key factor that constrains the accuracy of model predictions. In this study, using Quercus variabilis as a case study, which has diverse ecological, economic, and cultural values, we employed the Biomod2 ensemble modeling platform to comparatively analyze disparities between two different occurrence data sources (i.e., online specimen and scientific survey data) in the species distribution prediction accuracy, relative contribution of major environmental variables, and predicted distribution ranges. Furthermore, we examined potential discrepancies between these two data sources in the migration distance and direction of the species distribution centroid under different future climate scenarios over various periods. Our results indicated substantial differences in the simulation outcomes of SDMs derived from various occurrence data sources. SDMs based on scientific survey data had higher predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.9720, TSS = 0.8370), with the simulated species distribution ranges not only closely matching the actual distributions but also showing more pronounced changes in suitable habitat areas and centroid migration trends under future climate scenarios. In comparison, models based on online specimen data predicted a wider species distribution range, yet exhibited less pronounced trends in suitable area changes and centroid migration under future climate scenarios. Additionally, although the main environmental variables affecting the simulation outcomes from different occurrence data sources were essentially identical, they varied in their contributions and order of importance. Among them, human activity had a relatively stronger contribution for the online specimen data (17.76%), while topographic variables had a stronger impact for the scientific survey data, such as elevation (17.79%). Therefore, the choice of occurrence data sources have a significant impact on SDMs modeling results; this study provides insights and guidance for selecting optimal occurrence data sources to enhance the reliability of SDMs simulations.

Stand structure affects tree efficiency for a competitive use of resources and largely determines stand productivity and carbon stocks. Consequently, research on individual size and differentiation of stand structures is critical for improving monoculture‐stand productivity and carbon stock. Here, we studied the effects of four thinning intensities (CK: 0%, T1: 20%, T2: 30%, and T3: 40%) in an experimental plantation of Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis, and assessed the individual differentiation characteristics, diameter class‐frequency distribution, stand productivity, and carbon stocks over 6 years. The results showed that the Gini coefficient decreased with increasing thinning intensity and stand age. Self‐thinning of the C. japonica stands occurred even after thinning, and the self‐thinning rate was relatively high at the age of 10–13 years. For T2 and T3 treatments, the self‐thinning did not occur in the 6th year after thinning. The mean diameter of each treatment increased with increasing stand age, and the normal distribution curve of diameter class frequency gradually shifted to the right, with small changes in the CK treatment and the larger one in treatment T3. Thinning increased the large‐diameter (DBH ≥ 26 cm) timber, especially in T2 and T3 treatments. Stand volume and productivity varied with stand age, with the greatest change in stand volume observed in T3, followed by that in the CK treatment. Stand productivity at different thinning intensities generally decreased and then increased with increasing stand age. Although the carbon stock of individual trees and stand increased with time, the individual trees appeared to have an obviously increasing trend with increasing thinning intensity. The results provided important insights into the implications of designing thinning intensity and timing, and determining the tree‐size class removal to meet specific management objectives.

Complete and accurate burned area map data are needed to document spatial and temporal patterns of fires, to quantify their drivers, and to assess the impacts on human and natural systems. To achieve the the purpose of identifying burned area accurately and efficiency from remote sensing images, a lightweight deep learning model is proposed based on Deeplab V3 + , which employs the combination of attention mechanism and deep transitive transfer learning (DTTL) strategy. The lightweight MobileNet V2 network integrated with Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is designed as the backbone network to replace the traditional time-consuming Xception of Deeplab V3 +. The attention mechanism is introduced to enhance the recognition ability of the proposed deep learning model, and the deep transitive transfer learning strategy is adopted to solve the problem of incorrect identification of the burned area and discontinuous edge details caused by insufficient sample size during the extraction process. For the process of DTTL, the improved Deeplab V3 + network was first pre-trained on ImageNet. Sequentially, WorldView-2 and the Sentinel-2 dataset were employed to train the proposed network based on the ImageNet pre-trained weights. Experiments were conducted to extract burned area from remote sensing images based on the trained model, and the results show that the proposed methodology can improve extraction accuracy with OA of 92.97% and Kappa of 0.819, which is higher than the comparative methods, and it can reduce the training time at the same time. We applied this methodology to identify the burned area in Western Attica region of Greece, and a satisfactory result was achieved with. OA of 93.58% and Kappa of 0.8265. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the improved Deeplab V3 +in identifying forest burned area. which can provide valuable information for forest protection and monitoring.

Due to increasing economic and environmental constraints, the development of renewable-source polymers as alternatives to conventional petroleum-based polymers has become a critical challenge in materials science. Vegetable oils, particularly soybean oil (SO), have emerged as promising renewable resources owing to their abundance, cost-effectiveness, and ease of chemical modification. In this study, a novel polyurethane was synthesized through the combination of SO, diethanolamine (DEA), dicyclohexylmethane 4,4′-diisocyanate (HMDI), and bis(2-hydroxyethyl) disulfide (HEDS). The incorporation of HEDS as a cross-linking agent facilitated the formation of a cross-linked network structure during the chemical cross-linking pre-polymerization reaction of the polyurethane main chain. The resulting polyurethane adhesive demonstrated remarkable rebonding capability, maintaining good bond strength through up to nine rebonding cycles, and exhibited exceptional shear strength of 7 MPa. Furthermore, the adhesive-coated substrates maintained substantial shear strength after 24-h immersion in various pH solutions, indicating excellent chemical stability. The integration of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with the block copolymer using ultrasonic cell disruption techniques enhanced the material’s electrical conductivity, thereby expanding its potential applications in non-destructive testing of adhesive sizing processes, particularly in aerospace applications. This innovative material offers a supplementary approach to the existing methodologies for detecting adhesive sizing conformance, potentially enhancing quality control in advanced manufacturing processes. The development of this soybean oil-based polyurethane represents a significant advancement in sustainable adhesive technology, offering both environmental benefits and superior mechanical properties compared to traditional petroleum-based adhesives. The incorporation of CNTs not only improves electrical conductivity but also potentially enhances the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the composite material, making it suitable for demanding industrial applications. Graphical abstract The polyurethane adhesive presented in this paper is an adhesive prepared from soybean oil by ammonolysis, esterification and other steps, and heat curing, and the self-repairing and repeat bonding properties of the adhesive are improved by changing the type of chain extender. This bi-dynamic polyurethane adhesive has good water and acid resistance and can be recycled. Shear strength of up to 7 Mpa allows this adhesive to be used in extreme environments for glues, such as humid, acidic and alkaline environments. The carbon nanotube composite adhesive also showed good adhesive and conductive properties, and two methods for testing the conformity of the adhesive sizing process (i.e., non-destructive testing) are presented. In conclusion, this study provides a reference for the development of soybean oil-derived multifunctional adhesives, which is of great significance in promoting the practical application of novel bio-based adhesives.

Carbon (C) allocation among different plant tissues is crucial for maintaining C balance in forest ecosystems, especially under changing climate conditions. The partitioning of newly assimilated C among plant tissues, interconnected ramets and soil in forests dominated by giant clonal plants, such as moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), and the influence of drought on this partitioning remain poorly understood. In August 2019, we performed in situ labelling of the entire crown of R0 (ramets that emerged in 2019) of moso bamboo with ¹³CO2 in plots subjected to a 5‐year drought or left untreated (ambient control) in subtropical China. We then traced the ¹³C signatures in the leaves, twigs and fine roots of R0, R1 (ramets that emerged in 2018 and are connected with R0) and R2 (ramets that emerged in 2017 and are connected with R1), as well as in soil organic C (SOC) and soil respiration over the course of 1‐year post‐labelling. Drought reduced leaf ¹³C assimilation and its allocation to sink tissues but did not alter the velocity of C transport from source to sink compared to controls. The peak ¹³C signal was observed on day 15 for SOC and on day 5 for respired CO2 in both drought and ambient control forests. Labelled ¹³C was detected in R1 ramets on day 3 and in R2 on day 7 post‐labelling. This study reveals that new assimilates produced by the ‘younger’ R0 ramets are preferentially retained within their own tissues to meet their own demands rather than being allocated to interconnected neighbouring R1 and R2 ramets. Synthesis. In forests dominated by large clonal plants, such as giant moso bamboo, drought can alter the allocation of newly assimilated C within the tissues of source ramets but may not affect its allocation among interconnected ramets or within plant–soil systems. Our findings highlight the complexity of newly assimilated C partitioning in these forests and suggest that clonal integration may mitigate drought‐induced dieback in older ramets through resource sharing under climate change.

The influence of global climate change on endangered species is of growing concern, especially for rosewood species that are in urgent need of protection and restoration. Ecological niche models are commonly used to evaluate probable species’ distribution under climate change and contribute to decision-making to define efficient management strategies. A model was developed to forecast which habitat was most likely appropriate for the Dalbergia odorifera . We screened the main climatic variables that describe the current geographic distribution of the species based on maximum entropy modelling (Maxent). We subsequently assessed its potential future distribution under moderate (RCP 2.6 ) and severe (RCP 8.5 ) climate change scenarios for the years 2050 and 2070. The precipitation ranges of the wettest month and the warmest quarter are the primary limiting factors for the current distribution of D. odorifera among the climatic predictors. Climate change will be expected to have beneficial effects on the distribution range of D. odorifera . In conclusion, the main limits for the distribution of D. odorifera are determined by the level of precipitation and human activities. The results of this study indicate that the coasts of southern China and Chongqing will play a key role in the protection and restoration of D. odorifera in the future.

This chapter presents data on the physical and mechanical properties of hundreds of wood species from Africa, China, Europe, Russia, South America, and the USA. Bamboo is also included for China. The extensive data compilation allows for the identification of even very specific wood species worldwide. Until now, such characteristic values have not been available in a summarised form. An introduction outlines the factors influencing wood properties, such as wood species, growing conditions (including climate region, soil, altitude, and social position in the forest), within-stand and interregional variations, as well as age and tree height. Additionally, some relationships between wood structure and selected properties are illustrated using Ashby diagrams. The chapter also focuses on the variability within wood species and the overlap of properties, which is crucial for the practical use of wood.

Most test methods and also many technologies are now largely subject to standardisation in order to obtain reliable material properties with comparable test methods. Acceptable levels of emissions from materials and many constructions are also standardised. Manufacturing is also carried out using a complex system of standards, and many terms are standardised. For example, in timber construction, characteristic values for materials, test methods for monitoring quality (e.g. moisture resistance, strength, long-term behavior, fire resistance), for fire protection measures, fasteners, and adhesives are standardised. The construction is based mainly on standards. Some of these standards relate to property levels, but many relate to test procedures defining and standardising the measurement of these properties. The procedures are similar worldwide, but there are clear differences between the regions. Based on a historical overview of standardisation in Europe, Russia, the USA and China, a short overview of standardisation in the individual regions is given, which enables an introduction to the standardisation system.

Flexible solid‐state supercapacitors show significant potential for wearable electronics; however, achieving simultaneous mechanical robustness and high ionic conductivity remains challenging. In this work, a polyacrylamide (PAM)/cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)‐based hydrogel electrolyte loading with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is engineered to address this limitation (PAM/CNC‐CMC‐Zn ²⁺ ). Incorporating CNC improved the mechanical properties of hydrogels, while subsequently adding CMC‐Na enriched with hydrophilic groups (─OH and ─COO ⁻ ) into PAM/CNC hydrogels disrupted hydrogen‐bond networks within the ZnSO 4 electrolyte, thereby optimizing Zn ²⁺ solvation sheath structure. This modification suppressed corrosion currents and minimized side reactions. The hydrogel demonstrated outstanding mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 0.22 MPa, high stretchability (1452.1%), and remarkable fracture toughness (0.98 MJ m ⁻³ ). The zinc‐ion capacitors (Zn // PAM/CNC‐CMC‐Zn ²⁺ // AC) demonstrate exceptional electrochemical performance, achieving a significant specific capacitance of 151.4 F g⁻¹ at 0.5 A g⁻¹, coupled with a remarkable power density of 1150 W kg⁻¹ (at 10.9 Wh kg⁻¹). Notably, the device exhibits outstanding performance stability, maintaining its functionality under mechanical folding and retaining its efficiency after 10 000 long charge–discharge cycles. These multiscale cellulose‐based design highlights the hydrogel electrolyte's dual functionality in balancing mechanical adaptability and electrochemical efficiency, offering a potential solution for next‐generation wearable energy storage systems.

The anaerobic environment of mangrove sediments due to periodic tides is conducive to methane (CH4) production, but processes and mechanisms of CH4 emission from mangrove sediments are not yet well understood. We used in situ field monitoring and laboratory experiments to investigate the effects of tides and seasons on CH4 emissions from the sediments of Sonneratia apetala (SA), Kandelia obovata (KO), and Avicennia marina (AM), respectively. Methane emissions from the sediments of all mangrove species were significantly higher in summer than in winter, with overall CH4 fluxes being 2.14 times higher during the after-ebb tide compared to the pre-flood tide. Among the mangrove species, AM (16.77 ± 13.73 mg m−2 h−1) exhibited the highest emissions, followed by SA (1.45 ± 0.90 mg m−2 h−1) and KO (0.14 ± 0.16 mg m−2 h−1). CH4 emissions in three mangrove species were mainly driven directly by abiotic factors, including sediment organic carbon (SOC) that could provide substrate for methanogens to generate CH4, and dissolved CH4 concentration in porewater likely served as a carbon source or turnover state for CH4 to eventually enter the atmosphere. Also, sediment CH4 emissions were suppressed by the α-diversity of methanogenic communities. In addition, pH, CH4 flux, SOC, and redox potential significantly shaped structure of the methanogenic communities, potentially regulating sediment CH4 emissions. This study result highlights that abiotic factors can greatly influence CH4 emissions from mangrove sediments, as well as emphasizes the important role of the sediment-porewater-atmosphere pathway on CH4 emissions.

Multilayered helical arrangements are commonly observed in natural creatures to enhance their strength and toughness. A biomimicry of such an intricate structure has thus far been challenging. Herein, a green, facile, and versatile design strategy is proposed for transitional units. The proposed strategy is applied to develop a gradual helical (GH) structure that can reinforce thermoplastics using bamboo fibers (≈20 cm). A transitional unit is constructed through a combination of rolling and twisting. Following hot pressing, a biomimetic fiber‐reinforced composite with a GH structure is fabricated. The GH structure is made up of 3D helical fibers with a gradual variation in the helical angle from the surface to the core, achieving minimal staggered angles and bridging of different fiber layers. Owing to stress decomposition and transfer as well as the coupling effect of the helical fibers, the GH structure exhibits outstanding tensile and bending strengths. Moreover, owing to the staggered arrangement, bridging, and deformation behavior of the fibers, the GH structure achieves remarkable impact toughness through crack deflection and fiber uncoiling. The GH structure and transitional unit assembly strategy can facilitate the development of advanced composites with superior mechanical properties through an environmentally friendly, simple, and versatile structural design approach.

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are important metabolites synthesized in early-diverging eudicots and magnoliids, yet the genetic basis of BIA biosynthesis in magnoliids remains unclear. Here, we decode the genomes of two magnoliid species, Saruma henryi and Aristolochia manshuriensis, and reconstruct the ancestral magnoliid karyotype and infer the chromosomal rearrangement history following magnoliid diversification. Metabolomic, transcriptomic, and phylogenetic analyses reveal the intermediate chemical components and genetic basis of BIA biosynthesis in A. manshuriensis. Although the core enzymes involved in BIA synthesis appear to be largely conserved between early-diverging eudicots and magnoliids, the biosynthetic pathways in magnoliids seem to exhibit greater flexibility. Significantly, our investigation of the evolutionary history of BIA biosynthetic genes revealed that almost all were duplicated before the emergence of extant angiosperms, with only early-diverging eudicots and magnoliids preferentially retaining these duplicated genes, thereby enabling the biosynthesis of BIAs in these groups.

A novel bacterium, designated STR12T, was isolated from the soil of a moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forest in Hangzhou, China. The strain was a Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, motile bacterium; the colonies of which were yellow, round, flat, sticky, and non-moist with a smooth margin after cultivation for 3 days at 28 °C. The strain grew at temperatures between 15 and 37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH values from 4.0 to 8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and salinities ranging from 0 to 5% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1%). Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain was grouped within a cluster of the genus Frateuria, showing the highest similarity with Frateuria flava MAH-13T (97.7%). The genome of strain STR12T was 3.74 Mb in length with a G+C content of 67.9%. Genome comparisons of strain STR12T with other species within the genus Frateuria revealed that the range of average nucleotide identity, DNA–DNA hybridization, and average amino acid identity values were 73.9–85.9%, 20.8–30.7%, and 62.7–86.7%, respectively, all of those were below the respective prokaryotic species delineation thresholds. The predominant quinone in strain STR12T was ubiquinone-8 and the major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, iso-C17:0, and Summed Feature 9. Polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminophospholipids, and one unidentified phosphoglycolipid. On basis of the finding of phylogenetic, physiological, and chemotaxonomic analyses, we proposed the name Frateuria hangzhouensis sp. nov. for the novel species in the genus Frateuria, of which the type strain was strain STR12T (= ACCC 61897T = GDMCC 1.2964T = JCM 35226T).

Agarwood is a valuable resinous aromatic substance known to have healing properties. Only plants in the Thymelaeace family, specifically the genera Aquilaria and Gyrinops, produce it to defend themselves from insect, bacterial, and fungal attacks. Over-harvesting of natural agarwood has given rise to different artificial agarwood induction techniques. However, the contribution of endophytic microorganisms in this process remains largely unknown. Herein, we employed fire drills and fire drill + brine treatments and investigated their impact on metabolite constituents and endophytes over time. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine the metabolites, and 16 S and ITS amplicon sequencing were applied to check for endophytes. Metabolites from each treatment were related to 16 S and ITS amplicon sequencing results from different times to find out what effect the treatments had and what role endophytes played in making agarwood. Fire drills with 50–80 ml of 0.4 mmol brine treatment resulted in the highest production of essential oil from agarwood, whereas fire drills with 50–80 ml of 4.0 mmol brine treatment produced the highest number of metabolites. Agarwood fragrant compounds such as chromones, sesquiterpenes, and agarotetrol were prominent among the differentially expressed metabolites and were positively associated with the abundance of bacterial endophytes Acidobacteriota, Chlamydiae, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteria; and the fungal endophytes Rozellomycota, Basidiomycota, Aphelidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota. Saprotrophs and pathogens were prevalent in the treatment groups; however, with time, their proportion declined as Symbiotroph’s proportion inclined, indicating successive roles of these fungi in agarwood induction and propagation. Among them, Acidobacteriota, Chlamydiae, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteria bacterial; and Rozellomycota, Basidiomycota, Aphelidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota fungal endophytes are correlated with enhanced levels of essential agarwood fragrances such as Chromones, Sesquiterpenes, and Agarospirol. Our results show how important bacterial and fungal endophytes are for making agarwood. They also show how these endophytes change when interacting with the host plant after a fire drill and a brine treatment. A moderate brine concentration (0.4 mmol) following a fire drill can thus be employed as a sustainable agarwood production practice.

Sugarcane thrips, Fulmekiola serrata (Kobus), is a common leaf pest of sugarcane. To clarify the occurrence and overwintering of F. serrata in Yunnan sugarcane planting areas of China in winter and the influencing factors, five surveys on the occurrence and overwintering of thrips in sugarcane were carried out at three bases of the Sugarcane Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in January and February 2023, targeting five varieties and two sugarcane growth periods. The results showed that the average number of adults was 2.86 individuals/plant, significantly greater than that of nymphs, at 0.07 individuals/plant. The average number of females was 1.87 individuals/plant, significantly greater than that of males, at 0.06 individuals/plant. Except for the first survey, the average number of thrips of Yunzhe 081,608 was the highest in the other four surveys, but Guiliu 05,136 was the lowest in the five surveys. The average number of thrips at the seedling stage was 2.86 individuals/plant, significantly greater than that at the mature stage, at 0.98 individuals/plant. The average numbers of adults were 2.48 and 2.12 individuals/plant at the Mabao and Sugarcane Institute bases, respectively, significantly greater than that at the Lengshuigou base, at 1.16 individuals/plant. In conclusion, F. serrata mainly overwintered as adults in the heart leaves of sugarcane at the seedling stage, with females in the majority, and the sugarcane growth period had the greatest influence on the average number of thrips. As the planting area of autumn-planted sugarcane and winter-planted sugarcane increases annually, clarifying the occurrence and overwintering of thrips in winter can provide a foundation for monitoring and effectively managing of F. serrata.

Climate change is recognized as one of the greatest challenges to global biodiversity. The endangered snow leopard (Panthera uncia), an apex predator in high-altitude mountain ecosystems, serves as an important indicator of ecological health. Understanding the impacts of climate change on snow leopard distribution patterns is essential for developing effective conservation strategies. Based on the BIOMOD2 model, this study assesses the current distribution of suitable habitats and project future changes under various climate scenarios, as well as evaluates the protection gap and corridor construction in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The results indicated the total area of suitable habitat for snow leopard in Xinjiang is approximately 686,200 km² under the current climate conditions. The area of suitable habitat remains relatively stable or slightly increases under low emissions scenarios, while predictions show a gradual decline under moderate and high emissions scenarios. Currently, suitable habitats are fragmented, with low connectivity among patches, posing threats to the snow leopard population. Vulnerable habitats are primarily located in the Altai, northwestern Junggar Basin, and the central Tianshan Mountains. Potential future suitable areas are projected emerge in the Kunlun Mountains. It is suggested that greater focus be placed on unprotected climate refugia, enhancing the connectivity of habitat corridors, fostering cross-border cooperation, and implementing long-term monitoring efforts. This study provides valuable insights for conservation strategies aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on snow leopard populations in Xinjiang, China. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-98909-w.