China University of Geosciences (Beijing)

The tectonic position of the North China Craton within the Rodinia supercontinent remain unclear due to the scarcity of early Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the region, resulting in limited paleomagnetic data. In this study, we report the discovery of a Neoproterozoic metamorphic gabbro intrusion within the Bayan Obo Group, located in the northwestern Bayan Obo rift zone at the northern margin of the North China Craton. This finding offers crucial geological insights into addressing this key scientific question. We utilised petrography, whole‐rock geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Sr‐Nd isotopic analysis to investigate the genesis and source of the gabbroic rock and its tectonic setting. The metamorphosed gabbro has a zircon ²⁰⁶ Pb/ ²³⁸ U weighted mean age of 925.9 ± 7.2 Ma, with low SiO 2 (46.46%–48.28%), high Na 2 O (2.95%–3.56%), and low K 2 O (0.761%–1.41%), and has the signature of sub‐alkaline tholeiitic basalt. It is enriched in large‐ion lithophile elements (Rb, Ba, Th, U, K, Pb) and depleted in high‐field‐strength elements (Nb, Ta). The rock is also enriched in light rare earth elements, shows a negative Eu anomaly, and has a positive ε Nd( t ) value (+0.1 ~ +0.8). The metamorphosed gabbro shares geochemical characteristics and Nd isotopic compositions with contemporaneous mafic intrusions, including the 945–890 Ma mafic sills in southeastern North China Craton, the ~925 Ma Dashigou mafic dike swarm in central North China Craton, the ~925 Ma gabbro in Guyang, northern North China Craton, and the 827–819 Ma gabbro in Langshan, western North China Craton. This age suggests that the gabbro may represent a response to a large‐scale mafic magmatic event in central‐eastern North China Craton during the early Neoproterozoic, potentially linked to the initial breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent.

Feature selection (FS) is a critical step in hyperspectral image (HSI) classification, essential for reducing data dimensionality while preserving classification accuracy. However, FS for HSIs remains an NP-hard challenge, as existing swarm intelligence and evolutionary algorithms (SIEAs) often suffer from limited exploration capabilities or susceptibility to local optima, particularly in high-dimensional scenarios. To address these challenges, we propose GWOGA, a novel hybrid algorithm that combines Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA), aiming to achieve an effective balance between exploration and exploitation. The innovation of GWOGA lies in three core strategies: (1) chaotic map and Opposition-Based Learning (OBL) for uniformly distributed population initialization, enhancing diversity and mitigating premature convergence; (2) elite learning strategy to prioritize high-ranking solutions, strengthening the search hierarchy and efficiency; and (3) a hybrid optimization mechanism where GWO ensures rapid early-stage convergence, while GA refines global search in later stages to escape local optima. Experiments on three benchmark HSIs (i.e., Indian Pines, KSC, and Botswana) demonstrate that GWOGA outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms, achieving higher classification accuracy with fewer selected bands. The results highlight GWOGA’s robustness, generalizability, and potential for real-world applications in HSI FS.

The Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FPAR) is essential for assessing vegetation’s photosynthetic efficiency and ecosystem energy balance. While the MODIS FPAR product provides valuable global data, its reliability is compromised by noise, particularly under poor observation conditions like cloud cover. To solve this problem, we developed the Spatio-Temporal Information Composition Algorithm (STICA), which enhances MODIS FPAR by integrating quality control, spatio-temporal correlations, and original FPAR values, resulting in the High-Quality FPAR (HiQ-FPAR) product. HiQ-FPAR shows superior accuracy compared to MODIS FPAR and Sensor-Independent FPAR (SI-FPAR), with RMSE values of 0.130, 0.154, and 0.146, respectively, and R² values of 0.722, 0.630, and 0.717. Additionally, HiQ-FPAR exhibits smoother time series in 52.1% of global areas, compared to 44.2% for MODIS. Available on Google Earth Engine and Zenodo, the HiQ-FPAR dataset offers 500 m and 5 km resolution at an 8-day interval from 2000 to 2023, supporting a wide range of FPAR applications.

Investigating the correlation between metal coordination and molecular conductivity in single‐molecule systems is essential for advancing our knowledge of molecular electronics, particularly in the realm of spintronics. In the present study, we developed two complex wires utilizing the bipyridine ligand and two transition metal ions, Co²⁺ and Zn²⁺, aiming to study the impact of different spin characters on single‐molecule charge transport properties. Single‐molecule conductance was investigated using scanning tunnelling microscope breaking junctions (STM‐BJ) technique and the underlying mechanism was analysed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We demonstrated that the conductance predominantly increases after inserting Zn²⁺, indicating a conducting channel has been constructed. In contrast, the conductance of the analogue coordinated with Co²⁺ does not change significantly, this can be explained by distinct disparities between spin‐up and spin‐down channels, in which destructive quantum interference in spin‐down state counteracts the enhancement of molecular conductance. Our study establishes the groundwork for a systematic approach to the design, fabrication, and implementation of single‐complex conductance explorations.

Nima Basin, as a typical Tethys area, is a Cenozoic oil‐bearing basin in the middle of Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau, which is expected to become an important target for petroleum exploration. The main controlling factors and models of organic matter enrichment are not yet clear. To identify the organic geochemical characteristics of high‐quality source rocks and the main controlling factors of their formation, this study analyzes the paleoclimate and paleo‐salinity indexes based on the analysis of the major and trace elements through systematic sampling of the muddy sediments of Niubao Formation in Well Shuangdi 1, Cebuco Depression. The results show that the organic matter of the E1‐2n source rocks in Nima Basin is differentially enriched, which shows that the organic matter of the middle E1‐2n source rocks is more enriched than that of the upper E1‐2n source rocks. Hydrocarbon source rocks of the middle E1‐2n are mainly of type I organic matter, while those of the upper E1‐2n are mainly of type Ⅱ1 organic matter, both of which are in the mature stage. Organic matter enrichment is primarily governed by a combination of climate and redox conditions, with humid climate and reducing environments emerging as the dominant factors, whereas salinity exerts a lesser influence. On the one hand, this study can supplement the accumulation mechanism of organic matter in the Tethys domain in Asia; on the other hand, it will fill the gap in the geological research of Nima Basin, contributing to the prediction and exploration of oil and gas resources in the Nima Basin.

Seismic responses from a horizontal poroelastic layer provide chances to detect fluids and characterize reservoirs. The poroelastic layer can be considered a thin poroelastic bed if the layer's thickness is less than about one‐eighth of the P‐wave wavelength. Most previous theoretical studies on the reflection and transmission of waves in a model containing a thin poroelastic bed employ fluid or poroelastic medium as the overlying media. Existing approximate formulas of PP‐wave reflection coefficients are given for P‐wave normal‐incidence. Thus, this paper derived the wave reflection and transmission approximate formulas of a thin poroelastic bed between two elastic half‐spaces with P‐wave oblique incident. First, we illustrated the exact reflection and transmission matrix equations for P‐wave incidents based on poroelasticity theory and the boundary conditions. Assuming the poroelastic bed's thickness is far less than wavelengths of S‐ and P‐waves, approximate reflection and transmission formulas are expanded in Taylor series centred at value of the parameter defined as the product of angular frequency, thickness and slowness. Numerical results show that the thinner the poroelastic layer, the closer the approximate reflection and transmission coefficients are to the exact ones. The approximate formulas are valid for small and medium angles. Approximated PP‐wave reflection and transmission coefficients are closer to the exact values than those of the converted waves, which is caused by the fact that P‐wave has a lower slowness than S‐wave.

Waste fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts contain strategic metals with high recycling value, and effective treatment of these waste catalysts is crucial for resource recovery and environmental protection. In this study, a leaching process of “oxidation treatment–alkali roasting–wet mill leaching” was proposed for the extraction of tungsten (W) and molybdenum (Mo) valuable metals from spent FCC catalysts, and a technological pathway suitable for industrial production was explored through a detailed investigation of the conversion mechanism and process optimization. After the pretreatment by oxidation and roasting at 600 ℃ for 4 h, the optimal conditions for alkali roasting were found to be 950 ℃ with the addition of three times the theoretical amount of alkali (Na2CO3), which ensured full conversion and avoided the generation of impurities. Through one-factor exploration and response surface optimization, the average leaching rate for W and Mo reached 87.23% and 99.50%, respectively, under the wet mill leaching conditions of a 200-mesh particle size, liquid–solid ratio of 2.79, a wet milling time of 1.18 h, a pellet ratio of 6.44:1, and a roasting time of 114.61 min. It was observed that both heating leaching and wet mill leaching could achieve full extraction with a relatively small liquid–solid ratio, thereby minimizing the production and discharge of waste liquid. The formation of nickel tungstate (NiWO4) was identified as the main factor limiting the leaching of W, and it was found that increasing the oxygen content during the roasting process could improve the leaching efficiency. This study provides practical guidance and a scientific basis for the environmentally friendly and resource-efficient utilization of spent FCC catalysts.

The cleavage and functionalization of carbon‐carbon bonds are crucial for the reconstruction and upgrading of organic matrices, particularly in the valorization of biomass, plastics, and fossil resources. However, the inherent kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability of C‐C σ bonds make this process challenging. Herein, we fabricated a glucose‐derived defect‐rich hierarchical porous carbon as a heterogeneous catalyst for the oxidative cleavage and esterification of C(CO)‐C bonds. Systematic investigations revealed that the hierarchical porous structure enhances the adsorption of O2 and ketones, thereby boosting the catalytic efficiency of defects. This catalyst exhibits performance comparable to that of the reported nitrogen‐doped or metal nanoparticle‐supported carbon materials, as well as transition metal‐based homogeneous catalytic systems. This work deepens our understanding of the reaction process underlying this transformation and provides insights for designing efficient carbon‐based materials for oxidative transformations.

Ultra‐broadband photodetectors (UB‐PDs) are essential in medical applications, public safety monitoring, and various other fields. However, developing UB‐PDs covering multiple bands from ultraviolet to medium infrared remains a challenge due to material limitations. Here, a mixed‐dimensional heterojunction composed of 2D WS2/monodisperse hexagonal stacking (MHS) 3D PdTe2 particles on 3D Si is proposed, capable of detecting light from 365 to 9600 nm. The exceptional performance of this photodetector is attributed to MHS PdTe₂ particles, which increase the specific surface area and enhance UV‐to‐NIR absorption of the 2D WS₂ nanofilm. At 980 nm (0 V), the device achieves a responsivity of 7.8 × 10² mA W⁻¹, a detectivity of 2.5 × 10¹³ Jones, and a sensitivity of 2.6 × 10⁸ cm² W⁻¹. The MHS PdTe₂ layer amplifies the built‐in electric field and enhances heterojunction self‐powered capability. This photodetector exhibits a high switching ratio (10⁴), a rapid response time (24.14 µs), and a significant photocurrent gain at zero bias. Its application in blood oxygen saturation analysis is demonstrated based on dual‐wavelength photoplethysmography (PPG) at 650 and 905 nm, and infrared perspective imaging at 808 nm. Additionally, the device can differentiate materials based on their transmittance at 9600 nm. This research opens new avenues for the multifunctional use of UB‐PDs.

Peatlands are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems, and their development has an important impact on global carbon cycle and climate change. However, the long-term evolution of global peatlands remains uncertain, particularly their spatial distribution. We compiled 4700 basal peatland data during Holocene, and 669 pollen data of Sphagnum with basal and end ages, to allow a more robust reconstruction of the spatial distribution of peatlands. Using buffer analysis (BA) and inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation of peat data, we reconstructed spatiotemporal changes in global peatland area at a spatial resolution of 0.5° × 0.5° for every 1,000 years period during Holocene. The results show that peatland area have expanded substantially in North America, Europe, and Western Siberia during early-Holocene, and increased rapidly from 2.18(0.32) Mkm² to 4.03(3.08) Mkm² during 12-6 ka BP, then slowly to 4.15(4.23) Mkm² after 6 ka BP according to BA (IDW) methods. The database will be useful for analyzing the global/regional terrestrial carbon cycle and climate change during Holocene, especially for modeling peatland methane emissions.

One of the primary challenges in commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is achieving both high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sufficient stability. We integrate wafer-scale continuous monolayer MoS 2 buffers at the top and bottom of a perovskite layer through a transfer process. These films physically block ion migration of perovskite into carrier transport layers and chemically stabilize the formamidinium lead iodide phase through strong coordination interaction. Effective chemical passivation results from the formation of Pb-S bonds, and minority carriers are blocked through a type-I band alignment. Planar p-i-n PSCs (0.074 square centimeters) and modules (9.6 square centimeters) with MoS 2 /perovskite/MoS 2 configuration achieve PCEs up to 26.2% (certified steady-state PCE of 25.9%) and 22.8%, respectively. Moreover, the devices show excellent damp heat (85°C and 85% relative humidity) stability with <5% PCE loss after 1200 hours and notable high temperature (85°C) operational stability with <4% PCE loss after 1200 hours.