Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC)

In this investigation, a low-cost catalyst was prepared using a natural Maghnia sodic bentonite submitted to a simple ion exchange process and calcination at 500 °C for 3 h. This material was used in the removal of methyl orange (MO) dye by heterogeneous Fenton oxidation. The chemical composition was quantified by XRF and EDX and showed a significant increase in the iron content indicating a successful insertion of the iron within the clay reaching 5.98 wt%. Furthermore, XRD and FTIR analysis showed that the clay preserved its crystalline structure with the presence of montmorillonite as the main phase with some loss of characteristic peaks related to hydroxyl groups due to the calcination. Moreover, the specific surface area increased from 56 to 86 m2/g after the ion exchange treatment. High catalytic activity was reached, achieving the complete decolorization of the dye solution after only 10 min at T = 65 °C, [H2O2] = 9.8 mM and mcatalyst = 1 g/L. The kinetic constant rates were calculated by adjusting the experimental data to the nonlinear first-order model. The positive value of enthalpy variation (∆H° = 23.70 kJ/mol) indicated the endothermic nature of the process. The reaction rate was also found to be controlled by diffusion with an activation energy smaller than 29 kJ/mol (Ea = 26.35 kJ/mol). The reusability of the catalyst was also examined showing high degradation efficiency (90%) even after 8 cycles. The catalyst showed low iron leaching during reaction experiments even in an acidic medium at 65 °C.

NiO/SiO2 derived from the reduction of SiO2@NiPhy was investigated as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) via hydrogenation using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reducing agent. The various properties of the Ni catalysts were characterized by classical procedures that included XRD, SEM, FTIR, TPR, DSC/TGA, XRF and nitrogen adsorption–desorption procedures. The XRD results clearly showed that the nickel nanoparticles reacted with the silica support to give a nickel-phyllosilicate structure, SiO2@NiPhy. After a reduction step, the Ni in the SiO2@NiPhy was converted completely to a NiO face-centered cubic structure with a particle size of 8.9 nm. Both the SiO2@NiPhy and the Ni/SiO2 were examined for 4-nitrophenol reduction and the data indicated that the catalytic activity was related to the formation of NiO particles. The effects of catalyst dosage, the 4-NP/catalyst molar ratio, NaBH4 concentration, and temperature on the reaction were evaluated and a conversion yield of > 98% was obtained after optimization. The rate constant K1 and the activation energy obtained had values of 0.109 min⁻¹ and 15.84 kJ mol⁻¹ respectively.

Soil contamination by cadmium (Cd) and degradation by salinity are likely to become one of the most important problems hindering food production and human health. However, their combined effect on crops is still ambiguous. A hydroponic study was made to investigate the separate and combined exposure of 100 µM Cd and 150 µM NaCl on soybeans (Glycine max L.) growth, photosynthetic pigment, and antioxidant systems for 7 days. Both Cd and NaCl, applied separately decreased the seedlings growth, chlorophyll contents and caused oxidative stress. However, the toxic effects of salinity applied alone were more pronounced. Interestingly, combined exposure of Cd and NaCl induced higher decreases in all growth parameters and lipid peroxidation than single exposure suggesting synergistic effects. The results implicate that the phytotoxicity of both stressors can be associated with redox status imbalance. Our finding may provide insight into the physiological mechanisms of heavy metal exposure and salinity stress tolerance in soybeans and suggest that saline stress changes the effects of Cd toxicity on crops in Cd-salt-polluted soils.

Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC) are ubiquitous substances usually found in atmospheric particles. In this work, we report the use of nuclear resonance magnetic spectroscopy techniques (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR) in the characterisation of the WSOC in an aerosol sampled from the remote coastal location of Bou-Ismail, Algeria. These techniques, preferentially chosen to be mainly applied in this contribution, allowed us the determination of the functional composition of WSOC aerosol and the evaluation of source signature of organic aerosol. It has been recorded that 4.8–7.8 ppm, the groups were mainly constituted of precursors of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan, which are usually used as herbicides and antibacterial agents in agriculture. Using the HSQC technique, by combining the two regions (6.5–8.5) ppm and (115–150) ppm, revealed the appearance of many peaks in biogenic samples, including biomass burning. Specific NMR spectral allows identification of source of several organic compounds and functional composition, so the surrounding organic aerosol sources can be adjusted. Along this study, the concentrations of PM 10 varied between 15.66 and 142.19 µgm − 3 .

Hydrogels based on natural polysaccharides have received special attention in the last decade due to their interesting features, such as availability, biocompatibility, biodegradability and safety. Such characteristics may make them sustainable and eco-friendly materials for water and wastewater treatment, meeting the concept of circular economy. In this study, a novel double-cross-linked alginate-based hydrogel has been successfully synthesized using epichlorhydrin and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as cross-linker agents and then used for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye under different operating conditions. The obtained hydrogel was deeply characterized by using various analytical techniques, namely Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Experimental results showed that the synthesized double cross-linked hydrogel with relatively high STMP concentration (0.26 M) has promising structural and textural properties. This material exhibited excellent removal ability towards MB with a maximum adsorption capacity of about 992 mg/g for an initial pH of 10. The kinetic and isotherm modeling study revealed that the pseudo-second-order and Freundlich models fitted well the measured adsorption experimental data. The MB adsorption process onto the synthesized hydrogel is exothermic, feasible and spontaneous. It mainly includes electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonds. These findings suggest that double-cross-linked alginate-based hydrogel can be considered as an attractive and potential adsorbent for an effective cationic dye removal from aqueous environments. The use of such a green adsorbent for the treatment of organic-pollutants-rich industrial wastewaters promotes sustainability and circular economy concepts.

In this work, a new heterogeneous catalyst based on 1,2,3‐triazole complex of copper supported on core–shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles was designed and characterized by using several methods such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). The magnetic nanocatalyst was successfully employed for the synthesis of different functionalized 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones/thiones by a one‐pot multicomponent condensation reaction under solvent‐free conditions. Among the advantages of the developed catalytic protocol are the high yields, short reaction times, ecofriendly, easy workup and purification conditions.

Chromones and triazoles are groups of heterocyclic compounds widely known to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. The combination of these two pharmacophores could result in multiple mechanisms of action to increase the potency of anticancer drugs and reduce their side effects. The in vitro antitumor effect of eight chromone-based compounds was evaluated in breast (T-47D and MDA-MB-231) and prostate (PC3) cancer cell lines, and in non-cancerous human mammary epithelial cells (HuMEC) using a resazurin-based method. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the cell cycle and cell death, and ɣ-H2AX detection to identify DNA damage. The compounds showed selective cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines, with (E)-2-(2-(5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)vinyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (compound 2 a) being more potent in non-metastatic T-47D cells (IC50 0.65 μM). Replacing the hydrogen by a methyl group on the triazole ring in compound 2 b enhanced the cytotoxic activity up to IC50 0.24 μM in PC3, 0.32 μM in MDA-MB-231 and 0.52 μM in T-47D. Compound 2 b was 3-fold more potent than doxorubicin in PC3 (IC50 0.73 μM) and 4-fold in MDA-MB-231 (IC50 1.51 μM). The addition of tetrahydroisoindole-1,3-dione moiety in compound 5 did not improve its effectiveness in any of the cell lines but it exerted the lowest cytotoxic effect in HuMEC (IC50 221.35 μM). The compounds revealed different cytotoxic mechanisms: 2 a and 2 b induced G2/M arrest, and compound 5 did not affect the cell cycle.

Wild Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) is a Mediterranean plant that is rich in bioactive metabolites. This study aimed to validate, for the first time, the beneficial use of VAC fruits and fruit decoctions (VFDs) through in vitro and in vivo trials. Forty-one volatile components were detected in VAC fruits, with 1,8-cineole (30.3%) comprising the majority. The antioxidant activity of VFD was measured by using different in vitro methods (EC50 of 0.16 mg/mL by β-carotene bleaching inhibition assay) and by measuring the DNA protection power. Using the disc diffusion assay, the antimicrobial activity of VFD was evaluated, and it exhibited a noticeable anticandidal activity. VFD did not cause any toxicity or mortality in rats treated with doses > 200 mg/kg. Using the acetic acid writhing test, the antinociceptive activity of VFD was measured. Our results showed that VFD at 200 mg/kg exhibited a higher analgesic activity (81.68%) than acetylsalicylic acid used as a positive control (74.35%). Its gastroprotective ability was assessed by HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions, which were remarkably inhibited (84.62%) by intraperitoneal administration of VFD. This work helps to validate the popular use of VAC to treat nociceptive, inflammatory, and gastric disorders and encourages researchers to further investigate the identification of pharmacological compounds from this species. Keywords: Vitex agnus-castus L.; HS-SPME/GC-MS; antioxidant capacity; acute toxicity; anti-inflammatory; analgesic; gastroprotective potential

The development of new functional olive oils may help in prevention of chronic diseases and improving the quality of life for many consumers. This is focused on the enrichment of enrich virgin olive oil (VOO) with Pistachia lentiscus leaves powder using optimized ultrasound assisted maceration (UAM) to enhance antioxidant activity and its oxidative stability. For plant extract, total phenolic compounds (TPC) content, antioxidant activities assay and inhibition of copper-induced LDL oxidation have been determined. The TPC content, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability (Rancimat test, PV, K232 and K270) of VOO enriched by US (US-VOO) have been evaluated and compared to those obtained by the conventional method (CM-VOO) and VOO control. Chemical tests showed that lentisk extracts exhibited a stronger scavenging effect more than chemical standards. Lentisk extracts may protect strongly LDL from oxidation and delaying the lag time for about 3.3 h compared to the control. The enriched US-VOO with optimum conditions (100% amplitude, 15% ratio and 10 min of time exposition) showed contents of 1.6, 3 and 4 times more than the control (VOO) for TPC, chlorophyll and carotenoids. The enriched oils by US and CV methods showed a DPPH inhibition percentage and reducing power 2.4 and 1.6 times more than those of VOO. During heat treatment, peroxide value, K232 and K270 values remained significantly lower in enriched oils than VOO control. These results demonstrate the great potential of USM and the use of natural preservation ingredient such as P. lentiscus leaves to improve VOO nutritional quality oxidation stability, and extend the shelf-life of olive oil.

Abstract: Introduction: Expanding utilization of pesticides can provoke serious issues due to their biomagnification and persistent nature. Eventual contamination of fresh daily-consumed food by pesticide constitutes a human food security problem. Methods: The present investigation planned to check out whether the most hazardous pesticides could be found in a varied collection of wheat, vegetables and fruit, on the other hand, we attempted to know if some banned and no more commercialized pesticides could be even detected. Effectively, we have chosen to analyze wheat, potato, tomato, apple, peach and grape, so, after the extraction procedure of pesticides, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify some hazardous compounds (organochlorines and organophosphorus). These compounds were used as standards to generate calibration curves and estimate precisely their concentration in the tested samples using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Results: The results have shown the presence of an important quantity of pesticides that are no more used (banned) for decades for agriculture purposes but they are still used as veterinary drugs, such as lindane (0.2 ppm grape, 0.32 ppm tomato) and fenchlorphos (0.5 ppm grape). Conclusion: This survey should be routinely executed by scientists and concerned authorities to control pesticides circulation with their exact amounts in food and other environmental matrices as well as eventual contamination with another toxic element.

Background Ruta montana (R. montana) is a medicinal plant with a long history of traditional use in treating ailments. Objective The present work aims to study the phytochemical composition and to evaluate the biological activities of R. montana L. (Rutacea) extracts. Methods Bioactive compounds were obtained using solid-liquid extraction using solvents of increasing polarity. The obtained extracts were qualitatively analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The pharmacological properties of R. montana were also investigated. Antioxidant activity was achieved "in vitro" using two methods: scavenging of the free radical DPPH and total antioxidant capacity. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using disc diffusion method on 3 pathogenic bacterial strains (Escherichia Coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). In addition, cytotoxic activity was determined by the "Brine shrimp" test. Results Chemical investigation allowed the identification of 14 phenolic compounds. The identified compounds were mainly phenolic acids, coumarins and flavonoids. The crude extract and the different tested fractions exhibited an interesting antioxidant activity. Chloroform extract was effective against the growth of the tested bacterial strains with zones of inhibition varying between 14 and 18 mm. In contrast, ethyl acetate and butanolic extracts were almost inactive on all of the tested bacterial strains. Furthermore, the crude extract was found to exhibit antibacterial activity with 11 to 11.66 mm of inhibitions zone. No cytotoxic effect was recorded for all the tested extracts up to a concentration of 4000 μg/mL. Conclusion This work highlights the potent bioactivity and acceptable drug-likeness of this plant, which supports its further uses.

MnOx, CeO2, and MnCe-O (Mn/Ce = 1) solids have been prepared via the citrate complexation and combustion method using citrate and urea precursors. The solids have been characterized by XRD, SEM-EDX, N2-adsorption-desorption, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TPR, O2-TPD, and XPS techniques. The catalytic reactivity of the manganese oxides was not affected by the preparation protocol. In the case of ceria and mixed oxides, the synthesis method greatly affected the structural and chemical properties, ultimately altering their reactivity. The citrate complexation method produced the most homogeneous and active mixed oxide, whereas the urea combustion method resulted in less active solids. The mixed oxide prepared via urea combustion was less active than the manganese single oxide; the decrease in activity was attributed to phase separation and the formation of Mn3O4 domains on the surface of ceria. In contrast, citrate complexation resulted in solids with the lowest particle size (~ 3 nm), the highest oxidation state for manganese, and the highest proportion of oxygen vacancies, which promote the oxidation reaction.

In this study, initially synthesized magnetic nanoparticles modified with citrate ions (MNPs/m-MNPs) were entrapped in aluminum-carboxymethyl cellulose/dextran sulfate beads to form hybrid nanocomposites (m-MNPs-C/D0.5) using a simple two-pot method. Sodium dodecyl sulfate surfactant was employed to develop a porous interconnected structure. The synergistic effect of the hybrid nanocomposites was studied for the parametric adsorption of methylene blue dye pollutant. The swelling ability of hybrid hydrogels was also studied for different solution pH. The results clearly indicated that equilibrium was reached faster at about 3 h for the m-MNPs-loaded magnetic beads (m-MNPs-C/D0.5), whereas at 6 h for the MNPs-loaded beads (MNPs0.4-C/D0.5) and the unloaded simple ones (MNPs0-C/D0.5). Experimental data modeling of adsorption kinetics and isotherms as well as thermodynamic study showed a good correlation with pseudo-second order kinetic and Langmuir models while the adsorption process on magnetic beads was exothermic. The maximum adsorption capacity for MNPs0-C/D0.5 and the optimized m-MNPs0.3-C/D0.5 hydrogel were 380 and 529 mg g⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, all hydrogels were perfectly regenerated and then reused for five adsorption-desorption cycles without apparent loss of stability that confirms their consideration as alternative and effective adsorbents for wastewater treatment. The manufactured beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-Ray, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.

The present study aims to assess the capacity of natural acidified clay (Ht) and commercial clay (K10) to be used as catalyst supports for the degradation of an azo dye, i.e., Congo Red (CR), using three types of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), namely the heterogeneous Fenton process, the photocatalysis process, and the photo-Fenton process. The two supports were intercalated with iron species using different loadings. The reaction efficiency for each step of the synthesis was confirmed using the nitrogen gas adsorption–desorption method for measuring the surface area and pore volume, as well as the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) technique. In addition, the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements were used to determine the chemical compositions of both clays (Ht and K10). The results obtained from the catalytic tests indicated that both catalysts, i.e., 5FePL-K10 and 10FePL-Ht, showed the highest decolorization efficiencies, 94% and 92% respectively, when using the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process. In order to find the optimal conditions for CR degradation, using the heterogeneous photo-Fenton process for the two catalysts 5FePL-K10 and 10FePL-Ht, a fractional factorial design was established. For this, six factors, namely pH (A), CR concentration (B), H2O2 volume (C), catalysts weight (D), time (E), and catalyst support (F), were chosen for the purpose of constructing a two-level fractional factorial design and noted 26–1. The correlation factor between the experimental and predicted values by the polynomial expression for the CR degradation was greater than 93%.

The chamomile plant, Matricaria chamomilla L., is a well-known medicinal plant species that is widely utilized in folk and traditional medicine to provide sedative as well as spasmolytic effects. In the present study and for the first time in Algeria, we examined in particular the content of essential and toxic elements in the Algerian plant M. chamomilla L., by using two analytical techniques Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-OES). The findings from the two analytical techniques showed that there were twenty-one elements, comprising macro and microelements, including Ba, Br, Th, U, and Zn. The accuracy of these methods was verified and confirmed by analyzing three certified reference materials. This study demonstrated the abundance of mineral elements in M. chamomilla L. Additionally, the concentration of the toxic elements determined were within the Food and Agriculture Organization's tolerance limits (FAO).

In this study, we compared the effect of the commercial NiO, synthesis NiAl-HT and NiO-HT drived from hydrotalcite in Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The NiAl-HT sample was synthesized by the coprecipitation method with a molar ratio M2+/M3+ = 2 at constant basic pH. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were utilized to identify crystalline phases present in NiAl-HT, NiO-HT and commercial NiO. The chemical composition of the obtained solids was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Other techniques, such as Thermogravimetric Thermal Analyzer (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauere Emmette Teller Method (BET) were also used. As well as the BET showed the increase of the specific surface for the solid NiO-HT. The performance of the catalysts were studied in Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with ethyl acetoacetate without solvent to synthesis of organic compounds such as intermediates of dihydropyridines derivatives. The influence of different parameters, such as catalyst amount, reaction temperature and reaction time were optimized for studied the activity, the selectivity and the stability of the solids. Catalytic activity was in its lowest in the presence of NiAl-HT (26% of benzaldehyde conversion) whereas the benzaldehyde conversion increased to 77% in case of NiO-HT which can be explained by the presence of the basic sites of the NiO-HT oxides, a high surface area and a small crystallite size. Therefore, the lower increase in benzaldehyde conversion was noticed using commercial NiO (84%), perhaps owing to its high purity. A reaction mechanism is proposed by using density functional method (DFT). Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

This study was conducted to valorise a medicinal plant from the Algerian flora. The main aim is to investigate for the first time the influence of some pedo-climatic parameters on the chemical composition diversity of Cinnamomum camphora L.’s essential oil harvested in two different regions, Algeria. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation method, physicochemical analysis was conducted on the essential oils in order to determine their physicochemical quality, as well as their composition, was analysed by GC-MS. The powder of the leaves and the rhizospheric soil of the two plants was analysed by infrared spectrometry and by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in order to determine the difference of chemical and mineralogical composition of the powders and the soils from both regions. The GC-MS analysis of the two essentials oils showed a huge difference of their chemical composition and that the essential oil of the plant harvested from Chrea national park (116 compounds are richer than the one harvested in El hamma garden (76 compounds), however, the two essential oils presented some similar chemical compounds mainly: α-Pinene, sabinene, β-Pinene, 1,8- Cineole, camphor, Eugenol and (E)-Nerolidol. The results obtained in this study highlighted the fact that Cinnamomum camphora is a rich source of chemical compounds that can be used in food and pharmaceutical industry however, this chemical diversity is related and influenced by pedoclimatic parameters.

The development of green corrosion inhibitors has gained considerable importance in recent years due to their minimal environmental impact and sustainable nature. As industries increasingly seek eco-friendly alternatives to conventional corrosion inhibitors, research focused on identifying effective and renewable corrosion protection solutions becomes imperative. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the inhibition action of Nettle extract (NE) (Urtica dioica L.) as a promising green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in a 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 medium. In this work, the corrosion protection performance of NE was assessed using weight loss, electrochemical, surface characterization, and computational chemistry methods. The results indicated that NE acted as an effective corrosion inhibitor, with inhibition efficiency reaching a maximum of 90% at a concentration of 4 g L-1. Polarization studies revealed that NE functions as a mixed-type inhibitor, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results showed an increase in charge transfer resistance and a decrease in double layer capacitance values in the presence of NE. Surface characterization analysis confirmed the formation of a protective NE layer on the steel surface. Furthermore, Density-functional tight-binding (DFTB) simulations identified Quercetin, Kaempferol, and Serotonin as having stronger chemical bonding with the Fe(110) surface, while Histamine molecules exhibited physical interactions with iron atoms. This comprehensive evaluation of NE's inhibition action not only supports its potential as an eco-friendly inhibitor for mild steel corrosion protection but also contributes to the development of sustainable corrosion control strategies.

This work concerns the preparation of multifunctional composite beads based on Cu-Alginate and AgNPs. First, the Cu-Alginate hydrogel was obtained by adding alginate at different concentrations of the crosslinking agent Cu²⁺ (2%, 4%, and 8%). The obtained hydrogels were modified by Ag⁺ species then by a chemical treatment (using NaBH4) followed by freeze-drying. The obtained aerogel beads were characterized by different methods and then were used as catalysts for the reduction of organic pollutants in a simple and binary system, and also as antibacterial and antifungal agents on different strains. The results showed the formation of a porous structure containing well-dispersed silver nanoparticles in the alginate matrix. The concentration of the Cu²⁺ crosslinking agent significantly influences the content of encapsulated AgNPs, the catalytic activity, and thus the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the resulting material. In the catalysis part, the Cu(2%)-ALG(AgNPs) material was selected as the most efficient catalyst due to the presence of high content of AgNPs and their good dispersion in the alginate biopolymer. High conversions of MO, 4-NP, MB, and CR were obtained in a reaction time of 2.5, 26, 23, and 29 min, respectively. Thus for binary systems, the Cu(2%)-ALG(AgNPs) catalyst was more selective with the MB dye. For antibacterial and antifungal activities all materials were effective through six strains, but it was shown that materials with unreduced Ag⁺ species were more effective.

This study aims to prepare a chemically activated bamboo stalk (CAB) adsorbent with desalination plant brine and investigate its performance to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution, in batch and dynamic systems. The (CAB) structural and morphological characterization was studied by SEM–EDS and Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence spectrometry. Biosorbent functional groups were identified by analysis (FTIR). The CAB zero charge point (pHPZC) was determined to be 6.60. The effects of solution pH, initial MB concentration, and adsorbent dose on MB biosorption were examined in batch reactor. At neutral pH, the maximum adsorption capacity (qe) is 15.3 mg g⁻¹, and the maximum removal is obtained with 5.00 g L⁻¹ of CAB. At MB adsorption equilibrium, changing temperature had no significant impact. The experimental data fit the pseudo-second-order kinetic model perfectly (R² > 0.965). The diffusion phenomena have been analyzed by the Weber-Morris model. The nonlinear regression method using error functions (R²adjust, EABS, χ2, HYBRID) revealed that Sips model was the best compared to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Toth, and Redich-Peterson, with values of R²adjust = 0.968, EABS = 3.470, χ2 = 0.297, HYBRID = 15.4. According to thermodynamic results, MB adsorption is exothermic and spontaneous. Fixed-bed column adsorption was most effective at low feed rate (1.0 mL min⁻¹), high CAB bed height (13.5 cm), and low MB concentration (20.0 mg L⁻¹). The respective performance parameter values are 840 min for throughput time, 3135 min for exhaustion time, and 70.9% for MB removal. The Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models fitted the experimental data very well, with (R²adjust > 0.940).