Bharathidasan University

A new symmetrical and a new unsymmetrical Schiff bases are synthesized by condensing 1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone with, Naphthalen-1-amine and Naphthalen-1,8-diamine under solvent free condition and characterized by IR, UV–visible, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral studies. Cation recognizing potentiality of both the Schiff bases is explored-of the Schiff base 4-(1-(naphthalen-1-ylimino)ethyl)benzene-1,3-diol (NEBD) in aqueous methanolic medium and of Schiff base 4,4′-((naphthalene-1,8-diylbis(azanylylidene))bis(ethan-1-yl-1-ylidene))bis(benzene-1,3-diol) (NDBD) is scrutinized in aqueous ACN medium through dual modes namely absorption and emission methods. Both the Schiff base sensors are found to detect Cu(II) ion selectively. The detection occurs in an off–on mode (increase of emission intensity of the Schiff base in the presence of Cu(II) ion) and on–off mode (decrease of emission intensity of the Schiff base in the presence of Cu(II) ion) for the Schiff bases NEBD and NDBD respectively. For the Schiff base NEBD LOD for Cu(II) ion is 1.528 × 10–6 M and for NDBD it is 2.871 × 10–7 M. The sensing property is applied in bioimaging technique for the detection of human cancer cells HeLa. Both the Schiff bases are screened for their antimicrobial activities. Schiff base NEBD is found to be more potential than the standard drug amphotericin B towards Aspergillus niger. Regarding Schiff base NDBD, it is as potential as the standard drug towards all the organisms studied. Two new Schiff bases are constructed. Their structures have been unfurled through assorted spectral studies. Their cation detection competence proved their selectivity for Cu(II) ion which is applied in bioimaging technique for HeLa cell lines. Both the Schiff bases have LOD value of the order of micro molar quantity.

The title compound, C22H22N6O2 (I), is the result of the aerial oxidation of the 5-methyl group of 4-amino­anti­pyrine to an aldehyde group followed by Schiff base formation with a second mol­ecule of 4-amino­anti­pyrine. The reaction only takes place in the presence of di­methyl­formamide. The central unit of the mol­ecule is close to planar, the pyrazole rings being inclined to each other by 3.74 (15)°. There is an intra­molecular N—H⋯N hydrogen bond enclosing an S(6) ring motif and there are two further S(6) rings involving weak C—H⋯O=C hydrogen bonds. The mol­ecule has an E configuration about the azomethine (—N=CH—) bond. In the crystal, inversion-related mol­ecules are linked by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming dimers enclosing R²2(10) loops. The dimers are linked by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional supra­molecular network.

Dental caries is a multifactorial infectious disease primarily driven by Streptococcus mutans . Here, we present the whole-genome sequence of Streptococcus mutans GDP01, which was isolated from the dental caries-infected children from Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

We manifest, quantum mechanically, the order-chaos-order-chaos-type of switch-over which we observed in our previous work, the classical treatment of hydrogen molecule ion placed in varying magnetic field. We compute the excited state eigenvalues and obtain the corresponding eigenfunctions for the same parameters used in our classical analogue by numerically solving the Schrödinger equation using the python library scipy. With the aid of level statistics with nearest-neighbour spacing distribution and symmetry of the eigenfunctions we ascertain the chaos-order-chaos transit as we increase the strength of the magnetic field in the quantum mechanical perspective.

This study explores the hydrothermal liquefaction of three marine macroalgae, Halimeda gracilis, Sargassum cinereum, and Solieria robusta for bio-crude production, emphasizing their potential as renewable sources of bioactive compounds. Hydrothermal liquefaction was conducted in a high-pressure batch reactor at 300 °C for 30 min at a biomass-to-water ratio of 1:10 (w/v) under an inert nitrogen atmosphere to prevent oxidation. Proximate analysis revealed notable differences in biocrude yield among the species. S. cinereum produced the highest bio-crude yield (15.57%), accounting for 48.47% of total biomass. S. robusta has the highest carbohydrate content at 82 g/100 g. The bio-crude extracts were extensively characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, GC–MS, HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR techniques. This analysis identified a diverse range of bioactive compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and sterols. Through computer modeling, key bioactive compounds were identified in each species. H. gracilis contains 4-(3-ethyl-1-hydroxyhexan-2-yl)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-32-methoxy-10-oxo-2-pentyldotriacontanimidic acid (C47H93NO5), S. cinereum was found to contains (14E,17E,20E,22E)-31-butyl-2-((2(hydroxymethoxy)methoxy)ethoxy)methyl)nonatriaconta-14,17,20,22-tetraene-1,33,35,37-tetraol (C4H90O8), and S. robusta contained (E)-18-cyclopentyl-2-(10-((2-hydroperoxyvinyl) amino)decyl)-11,14-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (C35H57NO6).The antimicrobial efficacy of the bio-crudes was evaluated, and they demonstrated concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against a range of bacterial strains. Notably, S. robusta exhibited the strongest inhibition of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, thereby highlighting its significant antibacterial potential. In contrast, S. cinereum showed antifungal activity against Candida albicans, whereas S. robusta displayed limited antifungal efficacy. In addition to antimicrobial testing, the cytotoxicity of the bio-crudes was assessed against A549 lung cancer cells using the MTT assay. S. robusta demonstrated the most potent anticancer activity, with an IC50 value of 45.32 µg mL⁻¹, significantly reducing cancer cell viability. H. gracilis and S. cinereum also exhibited notable anticancer properties, with IC50 values of 67.65 µg mL⁻¹ and 74.23 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. The novelty of this study lies in its innovative approach of utilizing bio-crude as a potential pharmaceutical resource, which presents a new paradigm for bio-crude applications. These findings suggest that these seaweeds, especially Solieria robusta, may play a significant role in the development of novel anticancer therapies, particularly in the treatment of lung cancer. Graphical Abstract Graphical abstract for hydrothermal liquefaction-derived bio-crude from seaweeds: a novel source of antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

The study investigated the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles (Am-ZnO-NPs) using Aegle marmelos leaves and their mosquitocidal, antioxidant, and anticancer efficacy. Am-ZnO-NPs were synthesized via combustion method under optimized conditions, including 5% plant extract, temperature of 70 °C, a contact time of 60 min, and pH of 10. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using advanced analytical techniques. The Am-CuO-NPs were hexagonal wurtzite in shape and had an average particle size of 37.44 nm. The Am-CuO-NPs are highly stable with a surface charge of − 26.77 mV. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified several compounds with insecticidal, antioxidant, and anticancer properties, including hexadecenoic acid, ethyl ester (25.61%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (12.64%), and 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester (6.31%). The aqueous extract of A. marmelos (100 µg/mL) demonstrated the highest larvicidal (57.33%) and pupicidal (42.67%) activities compared to other solvent extracts. In contrast, Am-ZnO-NPs exhibited relatively higher larvicidal activity (86.67%) and pupicidal (56.00%) at 10 µg/mL. The nanoparticles also inhibited the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterases and reduced the total protein (TP) levels in Ae. aegypti larvae. Further, both the aqueous leaf extract and Am-ZnO-NPs were effective in scavenging DPPH free radicals, achieving 76% and 94% inhibition, respectively, at a concentration of 125 µg/mL. Am-ZnO-NPs also exhibited cytotoxicity, induced cell cycle arrest, enhanced cell adhesion, and promoted apoptosis in L-132 lung cancer cell lines. Further, the Am-ZnO-NPs display potent antibacterial activity against clinical pathogens. These results highlight the role of phytochemicals in A. marmelos leaves for their effective biological activities.

The paper discusses a mathematical model for non-Michaelis–Menten kinetics, which involves a substrate forming a complex with the immobilized catalyst. A new Hosoya polynomial approximation method (HPAM) is applied for solving the reaction–diffusion equations. Analytical expressions are established to the nonlinear reaction–diffusion equation arising in electro catalytic thin film with an arbitrary shape models using the Hosoya polynomials. The main idea of the proposed research work is that the nonlinear reaction–diffusion problems are converted into a system of algebraic equations using the Hosoya polynomials. Analytical expressions for substrate concentration profiles are derived in closed and simplified forms for various geometries (planar, cylindrical, and spherical), along with the corresponding steady-state amperometric current response. The proposed results are validated with the other available results. Moreover, the utility of HPAM is investigated to be simple, straight forward, efficient and flexible. Also, the paper examines how different parameters influence the substrate concentration in the above models.

In this groundbreaking research, we utilized the fungal extract of Cladosporium sphaerospermum -RVU07 as a powerful reducing agent to create bioactive gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). The comprehensive material characterization of the Au-NPs was conducted using methods including XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-vis, and DLS analysis. Notably, the successful formation of Au-NPs was confirmed by a striking color change of the precursor from pale yellow to vibrant violet. This transformation underscores the pivotal role of fungal bioactive molecules, which impart distinctive physicochemical and biological properties to the Au-NPs. The extraction of these compounds significantly influenced both the particle size and surface morphology, enhancing their effectiveness. We investigated the antiproliferative effect of the bioactive Au-NPs against lung cancer cells specifically A549. Our findings revealed that these nanoparticles and bioactive molecules effectively induce ROS production and drive nuclear damage-mediated cell death. With their nanoscale dimensions, the Au-NPs rapidly penetrate the atomic region of A549 cancer cells, facilitating substantial cellular dysfunction. Our nuclear damage assays confirmed that the Au-NPs lead to pronounced nuclear fragmentation and shrinkage in A549 cells following treatment. Additionally, we evaluated the biocompatibility of the Au-NPs against PBMC cells. The biosafety assay results convincingly showed that the bioactive molecules on the Au-NPs’ surface significantly mitigate their toxic effects on normal cells. This research highlights the immense potential of mycosynthesized bioactive Au-NPs as innovative pharmaceuticals for a wide array of cancer therapies and biomedical applications, heralding a new era in targeted treatment solutions.

In order to create effective photocatalytic systems, semiconducting materials that absorb light and start chemical reactions need to be used. Herein, SrWO4/PPy was synthesised by simple chemical method followed by In-situ chemical polymerization route. The as-synthesised materials were examined using various analytical as well as spectral assessment methods. The SrWO4/PPy composites achieved photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 97.62% for rhodamine B (RhB) dye under visible light in 60 min. The first-order kinetic constant of SrWO4/PPy (0.0163 min− 1) was 4.73 times greater than that of SrWO4. After four consecutive cycles, the SrWO4/PPy composite exhibits enhanced photostability. The scavenger study was conducted to examine the role of active species in photodegradation activity. The determination of reaction intermediates and the identification of possible oxidative routes for RhB were made possible by the use of LC-MS. Further phytotoxicity assessments were conducted with the degraded RhB dye sample, which demonstrated superior results compared to the untreated dye. The SrWO4/PPy composites were suitable for practical application due to their remarkable stability and reusable properties.

Herein, the synthesis, characterization, and anticancer activity of ruthenium(II) p‐cymene complexes comprising naphthoyl thiourea‐based ligands are described. The synthesized N^O and N^S chelating ruthenium(II) complexes (1–3) are fully characterized by elemental analysis and spectral (fourier transform‐infrared, Ultraviolet‐visible, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass) methods. The structure of complex 2 has been elucidated by employing single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, which verifies the two bidentate N^O and N^S coordination of the thiourea ligand to two Ru(II) centers. All the complexes have been screened for their anticancer efficacy in breast (MCF‐7), colon (HT‐29), liver (HepG2) cancerous cells, and noncancerous kidney (Hek‐293) cells. Among them, complex 2 with an IC50 concentration of 3.59 ± 0.72 μm exhibits the most potent activity in HT‐29 cells, surpassing the positive control, cisplatin. This may be due to the hydrophobic nature of the p‐cymene moiety and electron‐releasing methoxy group in the ligand scaffold. In addition, acridine orange‐ethidium bromide and Hoechst labeling of all the complexes (1–3) on HT‐29 cells reveal morphological alterations such as nuclear fragmentation and chromatin condensation resulting from the death of cancerous cells via apoptosis. Biochemical assays such as reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and flow cytometry strongly confirm the cell death via mitochondrial dysfunction‐mediated apoptosis.

Neonatal omphalitis is a true medical emergency that can rapidly progress to sepsis and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated appropriately. Empirical therapy is widely practised in this case, too, in low-income countries like Ethiopia, paving the way for severe drug resistance and posing serious challenges. To determine the magnitude, bacterial profile, antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and associated factors of omphalitis among clinically suspected neonates attending four government health institutions in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia, during the second half of 2023. A facility-based multi-centred cross-sectional study was conducted among 379 clinically suspected neonates who attended the inpatient/outpatient departments and intensive care units of four government health institutes of Arba Minch from June 1 to December 28, 2023. Study participants were consecutively recruited, and their demographic and clinical data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Samples were aseptically collected and inoculated onto a series of bacterial culture media, namely MacConkey agar, mannitol salt agar, chocolate, and blood agar, and different species were identified by means of several biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed through the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion technique. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models (SPSS version 25) were utilized to analyze the association between dependent and independent variables; P-values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The overall number of clinically suspected and culture-confirmed cases of omphalitis, respectively, were 379 and 130 per 1000 live births. Gram-positive (GPB) and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) were detected in 50.4% (n = 71) and 49.6% (n = 70) of cases, respectively. The often isolated bacteria were S. aureus, 53.5% (n = 38), and E. coli, 47.1% (n = 33); GNB were highly resistant (> 60%) to tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and ampicillin. The overall multi-drug resistance was 34.7% (n = 49); methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 34.1% (n = 14). The GNB isolates comprised extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, 15.7% (n = 11), and carbapenemase, 10% (n = 7) producers. The lack of hand washing practices [AOR = 2.08, (95% CI 1.26–3.41), P value = 0.004] and lower gestation period (< 37 weeks) [AOR = 2.3, (95% CI 1.33–3.93), P value = 0.003] were statistically associated. The overall prevalence of omphalitis was higher; WHO-prioritised drug-resistant bacterial pathogens were also detected. This study underscores the importance of factors such as maternal/caregiver hand hygiene and antenatal care. Thus, a more comprehensive approach towards the management of omphalitis employing precise diagnostic tools and an antimicrobial stewardship program is essential in all the four study settings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-98350-z.

The present investigation assessed the insecticidal potential of zoo chemicals extracted from the test (skeleton) and spines of the sea urchin Salmacis virgulata against Tribolium castaneum, Aedes aegypti, and the Sf-9 cell line through assays for in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, cytotoxicity, repellency, larvicidal activity, and in silico modeling. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the 50% ethanolic extract identified 40 distinct zoochemicals, including four with known pesticidal properties, from the test and spines of S. virgulata. The zoo extract exhibited promising insecticidal activity, demonstrated by in vitro AChE inhibition with an IC50 of 143.41 µg/ml. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity was measured with an EC50 of 194.68 µg/ml, a repellent index (IR) of less than 0.80, and an LC50 for larvicidal toxicity of 153.205 µg/ml. Further statistical and computational techniques confirmed the insecticidal activity of S. virgulata test and spine 50% zoo-extract against T. castaneum and A. aegypti. The identified zoochemicals that are similarly involved in insecticidal activity on all selected insecticide molecular targets have a very strong correlation, with a range of r = 0.977–0.995. This highlights a positive correlation between the insecticide molecular target and strong evidence on zoological insecticides of S. virgulata test and spines against harmful pests through AChE enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, repellence, and larvae toxicity. We recommend the utilization of zoo waste from the sea urchin S. virgulata as a promising source of zoological insecticides. These bio-based pesticides offer an eco-friendly approach to pest control through their repellency and toxicity, being readily biodegradable and presenting lower environmental risks compared to synthetic pesticides.

The emergence of extreme acute respiratory syndrome and the capacity for environmental spread suggest the demand in adequate information about the survival of coronavirus in ordinary or contaminated condition. The survival of coronavirus, feline contagious peritonitis virus and human coronavirus 229E was calculated in purified and unpurified drinking water (4 and 23 °C) and wastewater (23 °C). Inhibition of coronaviruses is depends with some factors such as temperature, organic matter amount and the existence of antagonistic bacteria [> 100 days]. Coronaviruses die rapidly in drainage around 2 and 4 days. But, Poliovirus live more than coronaviruses in all research environments, save for 4 °C tap water. In fact, such enveloped viruses are not deemed a significant concern to the water industries due to their predicted low contents in urban wastewater and strong vulnerability to oxidation in water medium. Contaminated water is suitable for survival of virus rather than pure water. Nevertheless, a variety of scientific studies indicate that some enveloped viruses are metabolized in human feces during illness. In addition, survival experiments indicate that certain survival upto few months in water conditions. Single-stranded RNA viruses varying in size from 60 to 220 nm. They can affect birds and animals, including people, and may be spread by aerosols or the fecal–oral pathway. They consider a range of critical research queries that need to be addressed firstly the water and sanitation industries can reliably inform to communal, by the availability of confirmation-ground guidance, that agricultural waters, waters supplies remain healthy during a disease epidemic or global occurrence. Chlorination, UV or Reverse osmosis are the better way to treat coraona or any other type of similar viruses. Further, the possible way to treat the water are discussed extensively.

Due to the continuous interface dynamics amongst tectonic, fluvial, coastal and aeolian geomorphic processes, the coastal zones always remain dynamically active with resultant morphological changes like land building and land loss activities. Such morphological changes along the coasts do also control the environment of the coastal systems. In this connection, the east coast of India is unique with complex tectonic and geomorphic processes and the resultant dynamically changing coastal morphologies. Amongst various local processes like wind, wave, tides and the eddies, the regional component of the littoral current is one of the dynamic processes along the east coast of India which move northerly from Cape Comorin in the south to West Bengal coast / Sundarbans in the north during the non-northeast monsoon months (Mar–Oct). These again move southerly all along the east coast of India from the West Bengal coast in the north to Cape Comorin in the south during the northeast monsoon months (Nov-Feb). These currents cause sediment dump in the current ward side and the coastal erosion in the current shadow side when the littoral currents are obstructed by promontories or manmade projections all along the east coast of India. In this connection, detailed mapping of the shorelines and there from the spatial estimation of the erosion/deposition was carried out for the Vedaranniyam region using the satellite Infra-Red & Near Infra-Red data for the years 1972, 1997, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2016, 2018 and 2022. Infrared band of Landsat data was used to demarcate the land–water boundary. In infrared region water bodies exhibit the darker tone with smooth texture to absorption and at the same time, due to heterogeneity, the land portion showing the coarser texture with varying reflectance. This is very much helpful in delineating land–water boundary in general. These showed that the land has grown by an average area of 1.27 km2 in fifty years from 1972 to 2022 in the central Vedaranniyam nose region. Whereas, there observed the land loss or erosion on the northern and southern parts of Vedaranniyam. Keeping this as the base value, the areal extent of land growth was visualised for every 500 years viz. 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 AD and so on. This indicated that, under the prevailing littoral current dynamics and the seabed topography observed from GEBCO data in between the Vedaranniyam nose (India) and Jaffna peninsula (Sri Lanka), the land will get connected by a land bridge between the both in another 10,000 or 12,000 years. Such land bridging may also lead to the formation of a protected sea in between Vedaranniyam—Jaffna sector in the north and Ramanathapuram—Rameswaram—Thalaimannar sector in the south.This may also end up with the formation of a land in due course of time in such a protected sea due the sediment dump from the rivers of the southernmost part of Tamil Nadu.

Achieving synchronized quantum states within the quantum realm is a significant goal. This regime is characterized by restricted excitation occurrences and a highly nonclassical stable state of the self-oscillating system. However, many existing approaches to observe synchronization in this quantum realm face a major challenge: the influence of noise tends to overshadow the synchronization phenomenon. In coupled van der Pol oscillators, synchronization occurs when a system of two or more oscillators interacts. Our investigation demonstrates that introducing the squeezing Hamiltonian in two coupled van der Pol oscillators enhances nonclassical effects, increases quantum correlations, and improves the robustness of synchronization dynamics. This was evidenced through the analysis of the Wigner function and power spectrum, showing significant improvements compared to systems without squeezing.

In this work, graphitic carbon nitride was added as the composite partner to synthesize the nanocomposite of strontium doped zinc oxide/graphitic carbon nitride (ZnO:Sr/g-C3N4) green using Morinda citrifolia (M. citrifolia) leaf extract via a soft-chemical method. The photocatalytic and biomedical applications along with the structural, morphological, optical and compositional properties the nanocomposite were compared with its chemically synthesized counterparts. The material has hexagonal wurtzite structure. The drastic- reduction in the bandgap (from 3.5 to 1.9 eV) due to the coupling of the carbonaceous 2D composite partner g-C3N4 results in an enhanced photocatalytic degradation efficiency against the cationic dye MB (99%) and anionic dye MO (95%) compared to bare ZnO and other tested materials. Additionally, antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of the materials were evaluated using DPPH and α-amylase assays, respectively. The nanocomposite exhibited promising antioxidant and antidiabetic properties suggesting its potential for biomedical applications.

Nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystals of Bis (15-Crown-5-k5O) Strontium tetrakis (isothiocyanate-kN) Cobalt (II) [BSRCOTC] were successfully grown at ambient temperature using a mixed solvent of de-ionized water, methanol and 1,2 dichloroethane via the slow evaporation method. The crystal structure was confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction, revealing a monoclinic system with a centrosymmetric structure in the space group C2/c. The crystalline nature was further verified by powder X-ray diffraction, with obtained peaks compared to CIF data. Chemical bonding was investigated using FTIR and Micro-Raman spectroscopy. Optical studies showed a cut-off wavelength of 366 nm and a band gap of 3.03 eV, as determined from Tauc’s plot in UV–Visible–NIR analysis. Chemical etching studies revealed reverse growth rates and a layered etch pattern, calculated EPD value is 2 × 10⁵ cm⁻². Thermal properties were assessed through TG–DTA analysis taken, TG stable up to 168 °C and confirmed by no phase changes. This stability shows that the material behaves well as a crystal. DTA curve has two endothermic peaks at 189 °C and 317 °C. The initial of decomposition around at 189 °C, presumably the presence of dibenzo15-Crown-5 and Co (NH4SCN) and temperature 317 °C. Vickers hardness testing indicating the material as soft (n = 4.7) suitable characteristics for device fabrication. Z-scan measurements determined that BSRCOTC exhibits two-photon absorption-induced optical limiting, with a nonlinear absorption coefficient of 1.02 × 10⁻¹⁰ m/W and an onset optical limiting threshold of 1.79 × 10¹² W/m². The results suggest that BSRCOTC crystals exhibit favorable transmittance, moderate thermal and mechanical properties, and significant third-order susceptibility, positioning them as potential materials for NLO and optical limiting applications.

Tourism marketing focuses on promoting destinations and experiences to draw in travelers,with the goal of enhancing awareness, fostering a positive image, and increasing visitor numbers and revenue.The "Great Living Chola Temples" with UNESCO world heritage in Thanjavur,is a renowned temple for its architectural brilliance and cultural significance. The Brihadeeswarar temple complex in Thanjavur,a World Heritage site since 1987,features six sub-shrines added over time within its courtyard, and these shrines are integral components of the temple's expansive structure. This temple, famous for its sculptures,features a bronze statue of Shiva as a dancer,commissioned by Tamil King Raja Raja Chola I in the 11th century.The statue was completed in 1010 AD, showcasing the king's devotion to Shiva,and in 2010,the temple celebrated its 1000th anniversary. Tourist attractions are created to offer visitors a memorable and enjoyable experience,boosting both the tourism industry and local economies.For the purpose of this study only 150 respondents were selected through convenience sampling method through survey method, from the tourists who visited Brihadeeswarar Temple,at Thanjavur.Using SPSS Package tools such as Percentage analysis,Chi square,student “t”test, Pearson correlation and Factor Analysis to test the variables.