Recent publications
The Model-based Predictive Control (MPC) has gained popularity in the field of multiphase drives because of its high degree of flexibility and its robust dynamic response. However, the performance of Asymmetrical six-phase Machine (A6M) with low secondary subspace impedance has been reported to suffer from poor current quality under conventional MPC. Although, the Virtual Voltage Vectors (VVVs) concept has been proposed to address this issue, the current waveforms still exhibit high ripple content in the low-speed operating region. Although existing solutions in the literature manage to optimize the VVV amplitude based on loading conditions, they fall short in addressing the low-speed region with Light/high loading conditions. The proposed technique in this paper aims to improve the machine performance under low speeds over the full loading range by synthesizing the so called Optimized Virtual Voltage Vectors (OVVV). These OVVV are synthesized with variable amplitude based on the Constant Flux Scenario (CFS). The same concept is also extended to enhance the drive efficiency by adopting the Variable Flux scenario (VFS) in low-speed light-loading region. The proposed OVVV approaches show a significant enhancement in terms of current quality, current tracking, losses and torque ripple reduction as well as increased loading capability. The effectiveness of the proposed OVVV approach for different operating conditions is experimentally validated using a 1.5 Hp prototype A6M.
Collagen nanoparticles (collagen-NPs) possess numerous applications owing to their minimal immunogenicity,
non-toxic nature, excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. This study presents a novel sustainable
technique for one-step green synthesis of hydrolyzed fish collagen-NPs (HFC-NPs) using a hot-water extract of
Ulva fasciata biomass. HFC-NPs were characterized using TEM, FTIR, XRD, ζ-potential analyses, etc. TEM
revealed hollow spherical nanoparticles exhibiting an average diameter of 27.25 nm. Face-centered central
composite design was employed to maximize the HFC-NPs yield. The highest HFC-NPs yield was 13.05 mg/mL,
which was achieved when the initial pH level was 7, incubation period was 72 h, and HFC concentration was 15
mg/mL. Thereafter, the possibility of using HFC-NPs as a biosafe drug carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) was tested
in-vitro. Interestingly, both HFC-NPs and DOX-loaded HFC-NPs showed anticancer activity against hepatocellular
carcinoma ‘HCC’. In silico protein-protein interaction (PPI), network pharmacology, and functional pathway
enrichment analysis of the common predicted HFC and HCC core targets suggested the involvement of PI3K-Akt,
JAK-STAT, TNF, and/or Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in the HFC anti-HCC effect. In conclusion, our in
vitro and in silico analyses demonstrated the HFC-NPs therapeutic efficacy against HCC, reflecting their promising
potential in the development of novel anticancer drugs for HCC treatment.
The growth and development of schistosomes are tightly regulated by various receptors throughout their life cycle. Each stage of the parasite inhabits a distinct habitat and responds to different factors that drive its growth and development. With two hosts involved in its life cycle (mammalian and snail), the parasite must go through additional free-living stages to transition between them. Moreover, communication between male and female worms is essential for the maturation of females. The ability of adult schistosomes to survive in human hosts for up to thirty years demonstrates their capacity to efficiently utilize host nutrients for metabolic processes and growth. In Schistosoma mansoni , receptors mediate the utilization of growth factors derived from both the parasite itself and the host. Nuclear receptors, in particular, collaborate with other proteins to regulate the expression of genes essential for various developmental functions. Receptors also play a pivotal role in RNA export, which is crucial for the parasite development. Additionally, neurotransmitter receptors are essential for the growth and development of larval stages. This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which these receptors regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and maturation throughout the parasite life cycle. Understanding these processes could provide insights into the role of receptors in Schistosoma mansoni development and potentially lead to innovative therapeutic strategies to combat human schistosomiasis.
Background
Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) and sexual inactivity (SI) are prevalent among postmenopausal women (PMW). While hormonal therapies show significant improvement, non‐hormonal therapies are considered the first‐line for breast cancer women. However, vaginal hormonal therapies are unavailable in all countries, particularly developing countries such as the middle east, and there are no studies that have tested these therapies in women either with a history of breast cancer or those taking endocrine therapies for their cancer.
Objective
We conducted this meta‐analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D (VD), whether alone or in combination with other therapies, in managing VVA and SI in PMW.
Search Strategy
A systematic literature search was undertaken on four electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus) from inception until June 2023.
Selection Criteria
The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that used the vaginal maturation index (VMI) and vaginal pH to measure VVA and vaginal dryness and the female sexual function index (FSFI) to measure SI were included in the meta‐analysis.
Main Results
Eight RCTs (608 PMW) were included, and 222 were assigned to the VD arm. For the oral VD subgroup, there was no statistically significant improvement in the mean difference (MD) of VMI (MD –7.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −23.84, 8.59). However, VMI's topical VD subgroup was statistically significant (25.16; 95% CI: 18.74, 31.59). For topical form, the total FSFI score (0.24; 95% CI: −1.72, 2.20) and all FSFI domains did not demonstrate statistically significant improvement except arousal (0.56; 95% CI: 0.12, 1.00). Vaginal pH's oral VD subgroup showed statistically significant improvement (−0.27, 95% CI: −0.50, −0.05) compared to the topical VD. Topical VD subgroup (24.45; 95% CI: 7.14, 41.77) showed a statistically significant increase of vaginal superficial cells, in contrast to the oral VD subgroup (3.25; 95% CI: −5.44, 11.96).
Conclusion
Topical VD showed significant improvements in VMI and the arousal subscale of FSFI, whereas oral VD had no substantial improvement except in vaginal pH. VD alone is not a sufficient alternative to other available treatments, and further RCTs are needed to evaluate its effectiveness without any combination with other drugs.
Purpose
To study the added effect of sum-of-segments (SOS) biometry to modern intraocular lens power calculation formulas for eyes with short axial length.
Methods
This was a retrospective case series that included 99 eyes from 99 patients. Preoperative AXL measurements were conducted utilizing the ARGOS biometer (Alcon, Inc., Fort Worth, TX). The following formulas were used: Barrett Universal II (BUII), Cooke K6, EVO 2.0, and PEARL-DGS formulas. Additionally, the Barrett formula has been updated and is now incorporated into the ARGOS biometer, introducing the Barrett true axial length (BTAL) formula.
Results
EVO 2.0sos and PEARL-DGSsos formulas had the highest cases within ± 0.25 D of the intended refraction (45.45% and 42.42%, respectively). The PEARL-DGSsos was the only formula to show a myopic mean prediction error (-0.25 ± 0.36 D). The Cooke K6 formula showed the highest hyperopic mean prediction error (0.55 ± 0.35 D), followed by EVO 2.0, Cooke K6sos, and BUII formulas. BTAL had mean prediction error of 0.15 ± 0.47 which is less hyperopic than BUII (0.43 ± 0.39 D). Subgroup analysis of eyes with AXL 21 mm or shorter (n = 57) was done. Again, the PEARL-DGSsos formula showed the only myopic mean prediction error (-0.23 ± 0.37 D).
Conclusion
PEARL-DGSsos was the only formula to show a myopic mean prediction error. Using BTAL and SOS option in Cooke K6, EVO 2.0, and PEARL-DGS formulas decreased the undesirable hyperopic shift in the mean prediction error. This effect was more evident in shorter eyes ≤ 21.0 mm.
Objectives
This study aimed to test treated dentine matrix (TDM) with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) for socket preservation, following tooth extraction compared to synthetic grafting material Nanobone (NB) with PRF.
Materials and methods
Study was conducted on New Zealand rabbits (n = 40). Bilateral first lower premolar extraction was performed, with one side left empty and the other side filled with (PRF) in one group (n = 20). In the other group (n = 20), one side was filled with TDM/PRF while the other side was filled with NB/ PRF. After one and three months, rabbits were euthanized, and the socket area was examined using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Goldner Masson trichrome stains. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests were used for histomorphometric analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin was carried out.
Results
Histological analysis of NB/PRF and TDM/PRF groups showed a higher level of new bone formation in comparison to the control and PRF groups. Histomorphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in new bone formation in the TDM/PRF group compared to the NB/PRF group after one and three months (p = 0.042 and p < 0.001), respectively. There were no significant differences in the percentages of unmineralized bone between the TDM/PRF and NB/PRF groups at both intervals (p = 0.375 and 0.352, respectively). Regarding immunohistochemistry, NB/PRF showed the highest osteopontin immune expression followed by TDM/PRF. No significant differences were detected between both groups at both intervals (p = 0.234 & 0.607 respectively).
Conclusions
TDM/PRF showed the ability to form new bone in extraction sockets in rabbits.
Clinical relevance
TDM/PRF can be used as an alveolar bone grafting material for socket preservation.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma is a diverse complex disease. Despite the ever-expanding repertoire of anti-cancer treatments, the outcomes are often inadequate highlighting the urgent need for innovative approaches. In this regard, co-targeting signaling pathways such as Src and COX-2 have attracted growing attention in several cancers, but co-inhibition of these two pathways using dasatinib and celecoxib has not been explored in oral cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs is limited due to their low aqueous solubility. Nanoencapsulation can improve this by utilizing naturally available proteins due to their ease of fabrication and biocompatibility. In this sense, this study aimed at preparing and characterizing dastatinib (DAS)/celecoxib (CXB)-loaded bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles as well as investigating their potential anticancer effects in vitro on SCC-4 oral cancer cell line. DAS/CXB-loaded BSA nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by the desolvation method, then characterized in terms of their hydrodynamic particle size, zeta potential, morphology and in vitro drug release. The IC50 was determined via the MTT assay. Cyclin D1, COX-2, p-Src and FAK protein expression levels were determined using ELISA while active caspase-3 was determined colorimetrically. DAS/CXB-loaded BSA NPs exhibited particle size of 336.6 ± 1.098 nm with low PDI value of 0.211 ± 0.019 and zeta potential of -35.0 ± 4.03 mV. Moreover, the in vitro cytotoxicity study revealed decreased IC50 value in case of the dual drug-loaded NPs compared to all treated groups, with significant decrease in the expression levels of cyclin D1, COX-2, p-Src and FAK proteins, besides, increased caspase-3 level. The findings suggest that DAS/CXB-loaded BSA NPs could serve as a drug delivery platform with increased antitumor effectiveness.
Electrolysis of ethanol to produce green hydrogen, with less electrical energy than for water electrolysis, is potentially an attractive sustainable energy technology. However, more efficient anode catalysts are required, and the production of acetic acid and acetaldehyde by-products must be considered. PtRhM (M = Sn, Ni, Ru) catalysts can potentially combine the high activities of PtM catalysts with the enhanced selectivity of PtRh for breaking the ethanol C–C bond, which increases hydrogen production. The purpose of this work was to compare these catalysts in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) cell and measure stoichiometries and product distributions. The results show that although Sn, Ni, and Ru all enhance the activity of PtRh at low potentials for cyclic voltammetry in H2SO4(aq), only Ru had a significant effect in the PEM cell. However, Ni enhanced selectivity for breaking the C–C bond, while Ru and Sn both decreased selectivity. Consequently, PtRhNi appears to be most suitable for production of hydrogen from ethanol oxidation, because it provides the optimum balance between the electrical energy required, current density, and hydrogen/ethanol ratio (higher stoichiometry).
Graphical Abstract
This review examines the transformative potential of smart farming technologies in orchard management by addressing inefficiencies in traditional practices. It focuses on advancements in precision agriculture, IoT, AI, and big data to improve productivity and sustainability.
Recent innovations in AI, cloud computing, and remote sensing enable efficient irrigation, pest control, and crop monitoring. However, adoption remains hindered by high costs, technical complexities, and infrastructure limitations.
Smart farming presents an innovative pathway to enhance orchard management, offering significant environmental and economic benefits. Strategies to overcome adoption barriers include stakeholder collaboration, farmer training, and the development of cost-effective technologies. Future research should prioritize accessible solutions to benefit diverse agricultural communities.
The low‐lying, arid coastal regions of the Southern Mediterranean Basin, extending over 4,600 km, face daunting sea level rise and hydroclimatic changes due to shifting weather patterns. The impact of these factors on coastal urban buildings and infrastructure must be better understood. Alexandria, a historic and densely populated port city in Egypt representative of several coastal towns in the Southern Mediterranean, has experienced over 280 building collapses along its shorelines over the past two decades, and the root causes are still under investigation. We examine the decadal changes in coastal and hydroclimatic drivers along the city's coastline using photogrammetric satellite images from 1974 to 2021. We explore the interconnectivity between shoreline retreat, ground subsidence, and building collapses. Our results suggest that collapses are correlated with severe coastal erosion driven by sediment imbalances resulting from decades of inefficient landscape management and urban expansion along the city's waterfront. This severe erosion, combined with sea level rise, increases seawater intrusion, raising groundwater levels in coastal aquifers. Degrading ground stability and accelerating corrosion in building foundations ultimately culminating in collapses. We identified a coastal area of high vulnerability with over 7,000 buildings at risk, surpassing any other vulnerable zone in the Mediterranean Basin. We propose cost‐effective and nature‐based techniques for coastal landscape adaptation to alleviate these dangers in Alexandria and other Southern Mediterranean cities facing similar climatic challenges.
The Dirac optical model is extended to describe the scattering of the 3He particles, which are regarded as spin-half one-body particles. The model is employed for 3He + 12C, 3He + 58Ni, and 3He + 90Zr elastic scattering at 443 MeV. The scalar and vector optical potentials are derived, producing a good description of the experimental differential cross-sections and polarization data. Furthermore, a satisfactory description of the elastic scattering data for the 3He + 90Zr over an incident energy range of 29.8–217 MeV is obtained, which confirms the validity of the Dirac optical model at intermediate and low energy. A wine-bottle-shaped potential is observed for the description of 3He + 90Zr scattering at incident energies of 43.3 and 72.3 MeV per nucleon; this is analogous to the behavior of potentials describing the scattering of protons and deuterons. Volume integrals of effective central optical potentials for 3He scattering are discussed, and the calculated total cross-sections are compared with the available measured values.
Abstract
Purpose: This study evaluated the accuracy (trueness and precision) of facial scanners
using different technologies and the reliability of the texture maps produced.
Materials and Methods: A volunteer was scanned using nine scanners: Cloner, Artec
MHT, Revopoint Mini, Revopoint POP 2, Vectra H2, EXAscan, Scaniverse app, iPhone
13 Pro MAX, and Nikon Z 7II Camera. Eighty scans were compared to a reference
model (Vectra XT). Root mean square and standard deviation of the dimensional discrepancies
were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test. Acquisition times
were assessed using Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney U-test. Two
expert assessments on texture map realism were averaged and compared to the reference
using one sample t-test. The two experts’ intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)
was calculated.
Results: Eight scanners fully captured the three-dimensional facial geometry. Overall
trueness and precision of the facial scanners were significantly different (p < 0.001).
Seven scanners showed clinically acceptable scanning accuracy of less than or equal
to 2 mm. Cloner displayed the lowest deviation (0.61 ± 0.08 mm), fastest acquisition
time (0.40 ± 0.00 s), and was highly reliable (<1 mm). The texture map of the Vectra
H2 had the highest mean score of 8.50 and was the most realistic. The ICC between the
experts was 0.78 indicating good interexaminer reliability.
Conclusions: The more economical facial scanners within each scanning technology
(iPhone 13 Pro MAX, Cloner, Revopoint MINI, and Scaniverse app) showed clinically
acceptable accuracy with realistic texture maps for facial scanning and therefore could
be eligible substitutes for professional higher-cost scanners.
KEYWORDS
facial scanning, LIDAR, photogrammetry, structured light, texture map, three-dimensional facial model
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a recognized complication in patients receiving ovarian stimulation drugs for fertility treatment. However, rare cases of OHSS were reported with spontaneous pregnancy. Our case was a 19-year-old female (Gravida 1 Para 0) presenting to our hospital’s emergency room with severe abdominal pain, distension and dyspnea with a βhCGl evel = 54.000 IU/L, 2 days after undergoing dilatation and evacuation (D&E) of a partial vesicular mole. Her ultrasound prior to the D&E revealed a single viable fetus, abdominal collection and enlarged ovaries with bilateral theca lutein cysts. Conservative management with close follow-up was initiated with gradual improvement in clinical, radiological and lab findings. OHSS represents a rare complication of molar pregnancy, which can exacerbate following evacuation. Clinicians should maintain awareness of this potential occurrence to facilitate timely appropriate management.
Graphical Abstract
This study focused on the development of an indirect forced solar dryer that incorporates a three-sided flat plate solar collector (TSFPSC) specifically designed for increasing thermal efficiency, and the system used for drying salted tilapia fish fillets (STFF). The investigation analyzed three fillet thicknesses—4 mm, 8 mm, and 12 mm, employing both open sun drying (OSD) and the developed solar dryer (DSD), with a constant airspeed of 0.5 m/s. The research additionally developed thin-layer drying models (TLDM), assessed drying parameters, and performed an extensive techno-enviro-economic analysis. Results showed that the initial and final moisture content (MC) (w.b. %) of the STFF were 74.83 and 18.84%, respectively, and reached the equilibrium MC after 16–20.5 h for the DSD and 30–36 h for the OSD, which means the drying time reduced by about 53.3%, and 61.11% compared with the OSD. This reduction in drying time demonstrates the effectiveness of the developed solar dryer. The effective moisture diffusivity (EMD) of different STFF samples at both drying systems were 0.51 × 10–10 to 9.16 × 10–10 m²/s. In addition, all eleven basic TLDM were applied to predict the drying behavior of STFF during the drying process, while the combined Two-Term and Page model had the best fitting for the OSD system, and the modified Midilli II model and combined Two-Term and Page model had the best fitting for the DSD system. In terms of economic analysis, the annual capital and investment costs were calculated to be 21.334, respectively. Additionally, the environmental analysis indicated an energy payback (EP) period of 1.59 years, with a net CO2 mitigation of 14 tons realized over the operational lifetime of the DSD.
Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is the most common inflammatory disease affecting the eye's ocular surface, lid, conjunctiva, and cornea. However, effective ocular drug delivery remains challenging due to physiological barriers such as the corneal barrier. Ketotifen (KF), a widely used antihistamine and mast cell stabilizer, for treating AC and atopic asthma but belongs to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS II) have poor solubility. This study developed a multiple strategies approach for the first time, utilizing the spanlastics nano-vesicular carriers’ system (SP) containing KF using an ethanol injection method. The optimized KF-SP exhibited the smallest particle size, largest zeta-potential and entrapment efficiency ∼232.5 ± 1.9 nm, -28 ± 0.51 and 73 ± 0.02%, respectively were further incorporated into PVA/PVP polymeric dissolving microneedles (MNs) by using a micromolding technique. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed well-defined tips and morphology, and in vitro studies showed a controlled 93% cumulative release over 72 h, with a zero-order kinetic release profile, providing stable therapeutic levels. Pharmacodynamic evaluation using the Ovalbumin/Aluminium hydroxide-induced AC model demonstrated significant reductions in IgE, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels by 68.7%, 71.3%, and 67.6%, respectively, while TGF-β and IL-10 levels increased by 70.1% and 62.7% using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay). Gene expression analysis (IGF-1, Annexin A1, and Bcl2) further supported the therapeutic potential of this system. In this study, we proved the topical application of the multiple strategies approach KF-SP loaded PVA/PVP MNs patch offers a targeted, sustained release treatment for AC, with promising implications for prolonged ocular therapy.
Graphical Abstract
Background
Cervical cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide; it is ranked the 4th most common cancer among women globally. The current recommendation for cervical cancer (CC) screening involves the use of cytology examination methods like Pap smear. However, there is a lack of data on the practice of Pap smear screening in Egypt. Furthermore, understanding the knowledge, attitudes, and barriers related to cervical cancer screening among potential participants is crucial.
Methods
In this cross-sectional study, we conducted interviews with female patients aged 21 years or more who visited outpatient clinics in six university hospitals across Egypt. The survey aimed to assess participants’ compliance with CC screening guidelines, their knowledge of and attitude toward CC screening, and their perception of potential barriers.
Results
A total of 897 participants from the six study centers completed the survey. Only a small percentage (1.1%) of participants had undergone CC screening, although only (0.8%) of the participants were referred to do CC screening. The referral rate was more likely to be higher in participants who had one of their first-degree relatives or the surrounding people with a history of CC compared to those who have no one with CC (37.5% vs. 0.4%, P < 0.001; 5% vs. 0.6%, P = 0.035 respectively). Moreover, the referral rate was higher among participants who discussed CC and CC screening with their physicians (15.8% vs. 0.5%, P < 0.001; 23.5% vs. 0.3%, P < 0.001 respectively). Knowledge of CC screening was limited, with only 2.7% of respondents demonstrating good actual knowledge. However, after introducing the concept of CC screening to all participants, the majority (74.6%) showed a positive attitude towards undergoing the procedure. Lack of knowledge about the procedure, its tool, the place to do it, and financial burden were cited as the most common barriers to CC screening (79.8%, 65.9%, 64.2%, and 53.2%, respectively).
Conclusion
Despite inadequate knowledge about CC screening, there is a positive attitude toward it among eligible participants in Egypt. This lack of knowledge likely contributes to low compliance with current CC screening guidelines and calls for national-level efforts to address this issue.
Introduction
Cervical cancer presents a significant global public health challenge, particularly affecting low- and middle-income countries like Egypt. Despite the availability of effective screening methods such as Pap smears and HPV testing, the incidence of cervical cancer remains high in Egypt. Health literacy, which refers to the ability to access, understand, and utilize basic health information and services to make informed decisions, is crucial in influencing individuals’ health behaviors, including their participation in cancer screening programs.
Objectives
To examine the correlation between health literacy levels and cervical cancer screening behaviors among women.
Methods
This study employed a multi-site cross-sectional research design from September 2023 to January 2024. The research was conducted at four primary health care (PHC) facilities in the Damanhur district of Egypt. Three hundred fifty women participated in the study, completing a comprehensive questionnaire that included a Woman’s Social and Health Form, a Cervical Cancer Knowledge Scale, a Cervical Cancer Screening Behaviors Scale, and a Health Literacy Scale (HLS-SF12).
Results
The study revealed significant relationships between the importance of health literacy (HL) in understanding cervical cancer (CC) knowledge and screening behaviors among Egyptian women. A positive correlation was found between Knowledge and HL (r = 0.507, p < 0.001). Conversely, perceived barriers negatively correlated with knowledge and HL (r = -0.172, p < 0.05; r = -0.277, p < 0.01). The regression analysis revealed that higher levels of HL were significantly associated with greater knowledge about CC (B = 0.148, p < 0.001). Conversely, knowledge about CC was also found to be a strong predictor of higher HL levels (B = 1.205, p < 0.001). These results highlight the bidirectional relationship between HL and knowledge, where improvements in one can enhance the other.
Conclusion
Addressing misconceptions and increasing knowledge about the importance of regular screenings, mainly through accessible and culturally appropriate channels, could lead to an improved uptake of cervical cancer screening services. Overall, this study lays a foundation for future research to continue exploring ways to improve cervical cancer prevention and control efforts among women.
Clinical trial number
Not applicable.
Salsola plants are halophytic crops that are distributed worldwide, with more than 100 species figured out in Asia, the Mediterranean region and North Africa. Different Salsola species were reported to exert marked anti-inflammatory activities, whereas the potential anti-inflammatory activities of the three species, S. tetrandra, S. tetragona and S. vermiculata, have not been evaluated. This study provides a comprehensive metabolic study of the shoots and roots of those three species to identify potential anti-inflammatory candidates. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass-mass spectrometry (UHPLC MS/MS) method in conjunction with multivariate analysis principles was utilized in an attempt to decipher their bio-active metabolites and their relevant anti-inflammatory activities. Eighty metabolites were identified in the tested extracts, where nitrogenous compounds and phenolics were highly detected in S. tetragona samples, meanwhile, saponins and phenolic acids were highly dominant in S. tetrendra sample and S. vermiculata samples have a similar chemical profile as S. tetrandra. Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extracts, the safety margin of all the tested extracts was higher than that of the standard drug piroxicam. The shoots of the three species demonstrated more potent anti-inflammatory activities compared to the roots. The shoot extract of S. tetrandra was the most biologically active fraction. The obtained results revealed the shoots of the three Salosla species to be promising anti-inflammatory drug candidates of high safety and efficacy that could be used in the pharmaceutical industry.
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