Al-Farabi Kazakh National University

The research aims to study the job satisfaction of doctors and paramedical personnel in public institutions of the Kyzylorda Region of Kazakhstan in the post-COVID period and identify factors affecting their increase, which can generally positively impact sustainable development. The considered region is characterized by complexity, recognized as an ecological disaster zone, enhanced by remote population areas that are difficult to access for medical care. These issues put forward a policy of caring for the region’s medical professionals, their status, and their level of satisfaction because medical workers are more vulnerable due to high workloads. The data were analyzed with the help of a survey among respondents, interviews with heads of public institutions, and statistical analysis. Out of 150 selected survey participants, 138 respondents represent public clinics in the region (92% of the research sample). The satisfaction of physicians was 59.1%, and the satisfaction of the paramedical personnel was 56%. Based on the research data, the authors conclude that the essential criteria for forming satisfaction and commitment to the work of public institutions’ medical workers in the Kyzylorda Region include remuneration (bonuses), professional development, and the possibility of combining jobs. This research, conducted in the post-pandemic period, identified factors that affect the job satisfaction of physicians and paramedical personnel working in public institutions in the Kyzylorda Region that have a negative ecological status.

In the late 1990s, Türkiye and Israel established a strategic cooperative relationship that deteriorated after 2000, particularly following Israel's “Operation Cast Lead” in Gaza in 2008. While existing literature has examined several factors influencing Türkiye–Israel relations, including their historical roots and various dimensions, few have focused on the role of state identity change and self‐image. This article seeks to explain the shift from cooperation to conflict by examining identity change as a crucial but often neglected factor in this relationship. The article argues that Türkiye's state identity underwent a significant change during the Justice and Development Party era, contributing to the conflict between Türkiye and Israel since the late 2000s. After briefly reviewing the literature on state identity change in international relations, the article examines the political factors that changed Türkiye's state identity over time. The article then provides four case studies that illustrate the impact of this identity change on Türkiye–Israel relations, including the 1996 Military Training Cooperation Agreement, Israel's Operation Cast Lead in Gaza in 2008, the “Davos incident” in 2009, the 2010 Mavi Marmara crisis, and the early Arab Spring. Finally, the article concludes by analyzing the implications of these case studies for the future of Türkiye–Israel relations.

This study examines the emergence of an ionization-attachment plasma instability in a geometrically symmetric capacitively coupled plasma reactor with stainless steel electrodes operated in oxygen. Periodic fluctuations in optical emission intensity were observed under varying conditions of pressure and voltage. To interpret the experimental data, a kinetic (PIC/MCC) simulation approach was employed, with a particular focus on the influence of external parameters, including the voltage amplitude and the O 2+ ion induced secondary electron emission coefficient (SEEC, γ). By varying the γ coefficient at fixed pressure and voltage amplitude, the aim was to achieve the best possible agreement between the measured and computed oscillation frequencies. The experimentally observed oscillation frequency of fin = 0.25 kHz at φ0 = 655 V voltage amplitude (with 13.56 MHz RF excitation) was reproduced in the simulation with γ = 0.0042 at φ0 = 600 V. The results highlight the critical role of these parameters in the onset and characteristics of plasma instability and correspond to a computationally assisted diagnostic to determine ion induced secondary electron emission coefficients.

The analysis of the existing literature demonstrates that in order to address the fundamental challenges associated with the origin of life, it is essential to consider this problem from a comprehensive perspective, specifically from the vantage point of the general theory of evolution of complex systems. From these positions, life should be regarded as a distinctive instance of an information storage and processing system that emerges naturally. Evolutionary processes should be examined from the vantage point of the coevolution of material and informational components, which has not been sufficiently emphasized hitherto. It is shown that a specific example in this respect is analogues of neural networks spontaneously formed in solutions of some hydrophilic polymers. Such systems lead to the formation of non-trivial information objects. A wide range of other examples is considered, proving that the processes occurring with the participation of hydrophilic polymers should be interpreted, among other things, from the point of view of formation of information objects, which, under certain conditions, influence the processes occurring at the molecular and supramolecular level. It is shown that it is reasonable to use the tools of classical dialectics to solve such fundamental problems as that of the origin of life.

The use of antibiotics in camels is generally based on the doses applied to cattle, despite the known differences in plasma pharmacokinetics between camel and cattle. The demand for camel milk increased due to the belief that traditional camel farming practices produce safe milk with health benefits. For assessing the importance of antibiotic residues in camel milk and to propose a convenient withdrawal period, a trial was conducted on 10 lactating camels (7–12 years old; 450 kg life weight (LW), 7–8 liter of milk production per day) at mid-lactation receiving an injection of 40 mL of Pen-strep® (benzylpenicillin-procaine 200,000 IU/1 ml and dihydrostreptomycin sulfate 200 mg/1 ml) and Nitox® (oxytetracycline dihydrate 200 mg/1 ml). The antibiotic residues were measured in the milk 30 min after injection then on day 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 14, 19, 24 and 56 by using HPLC-MS/MS. Results showed that penicillin’s mean residual concentration (0.3 ± 0.013 mg/kg) remained 7.5 times above the maximum residue limit (MRL) even on 56th day. In contrast, streptomycin fell below the MRL within 30 minutes and averaged 1 µg/kg by day 56. Oxytetracycline levels exceeded the MRL (0.1 mg/kg) until day 14 but dropped to a safe level of 0.018 ± 0.01 mg/kg by day 24. In conclusion, the decline in streptomycin concentration post-injection appeared rapid and efficient, the elimination of penicillin and tetracycline was slow. These preliminary results lead to considering the necessity to adapt the waiting time to the dairy camel.

This article discusses the problem of numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations, the heat conduction equation, and the transport equation in the orthogonal coordinates of a free curve. Since the numerical solution domain is complex, the curvilinear mesh method was used. To do so, first, a boundary value problem was posed for the elliptic equation to automate the creation of orthogonal curved meshes. By numerically solving this problem, the program code for the curvilinear mesh generator was created. The motion of a liquid or gas through a porous medium was described by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations in freely curvilinear orthogonal coordinates. The transformation of the Navier–Stokes equation system, written in the stream function, vorticity variables, and cylindrical coordinates, into arbitrary curvilinear coordinates, was considered in detail by introducing metric coefficients. To solve these equations, the coefficients of which vary rapidly, a three-layer differential scheme was developed. The approximation, stability, and compactness of the differential scheme were previously studied. The considered problem was considered to be the mathematical model of a car catalytic converter, and computational experiments were conducted. Calculations were performed with the developed program code in different geometries of the computational domain and different values of grid size. The Reynolds number was changed from 100 to 10,000, and its effect on the size of the backflow in front of the porous medium was discussed. The software code, which is based on the differential equation of the Navier–Stokes equations written in the orthogonal coordinates of a curved line, and its calculation algorithm can be used for the mathematical and computer modeling of automobile catalytic converters and chemical reactors.

This paper proposes a design and optimization scheme for an Internet of Things (IoT)-based cloud platform aimed at enhancing the communication efficiency and operational performance of autonomous agricultural machinery. The platform integrates the dual communication capabilities of Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and 5G, where NB-IoT is utilized for low-power, reliable data transmission from environmental sensors, such as soil information and weather monitoring, while 5G supports high-bandwidth, low-latency tasks like task scheduling and path tracking to effectively address the diverse communication requirements of modern complex agricultural scenarios. The cloud platform improves operational efficiency and resource utilization through real-time task scheduling, dynamic optimization, and seamless coordination between devices. To accommodate the diverse operational demands of agricultural environments, the system incorporates a real-time data feedback mechanism leveraging sensor data for path tracking and adjustment, enhancing adaptability and stability. Furthermore, a multi-machine collaborative scheduling strategy combining Dijkstra’s algorithm and an improved Harris hawk optimization (IHHO) algorithm, along with a multi-objective optimized path tracking method, is introduced to further improve scheduling efficiency and resource utilization while improving path tracking accuracy and smoothness and reducing external interferences, including environmental fluctuations and sensor inaccuracies. Experimental results demonstrate that the IoT-based cloud platform excels in data transmission reliability, path tracking accuracy, and resource optimization, validating its feasibility in smart agriculture and providing an efficient and scalable solution for large-scale agricultural operations.

Background/Objectives: Solid organ transplantation remains a critical life-saving treatment for end-stage organ failure, yet it faces persistent challenges, such as organ scarcity, graft rejection, and postoperative complications. Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to address these challenges by revolutionizing transplantation practices. Methods: This review article explores the diverse applications of AI in solid organ transplantation, focusing on its impact on diagnostics, treatment, and the evolving market landscape. We discuss how machine learning, deep learning, and generative AI are harnessing vast datasets to predict transplant outcomes, personalized immunosuppressive regimens, and optimize patient selection. Additionally, we examine the ethical implications of AI in transplantation and highlight promising AI-driven innovations nearing FDA evaluation. Results: AI improves organ allocation processes, refines predictions for transplant outcomes, and enables tailored immunosuppressive regimens. These advancements contribute to better patient selection and enhance overall transplant success rates. Conclusions: By bridging the gap in organ availability and improving long-term transplant success, AI holds promise to significantly advance the field of solid organ transplantation.

The theoretical part of the paper examines the paradigms of process simulation that have become standard by analysing the features of “time” and “state”. The authors define two more paradigms of process modelling that have long been used in practice but are rarely mentioned in textbooks and scientific publications. As a result, the list of real-life paradigms of process modelling will look like this: Discrete-Event, Agent-Based, System Dynamics, Dynamic Systems, Discrete Time and Discrete Rate. The practical part of the work describes a simulation model of container train movement processes across the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Although the model exhibits the features of the Discrete-Event and System Dynamics paradigms, the authors prove that it belongs to the Discrete Time paradigm. The selected level of detail for displaying processes occurring in a real system allows us to classify the developed model as a mesoscopic model.

The most essential factors should be defined to increase the effectiveness of sustainable energy financing. Otherwise, businesses may face some financial and operational problems due to not using resources effectively. However, only a limited number of studies in the literature have identified these important factors. This situation shows a need for a new study to determine the variables that have the greatest impact on the effectiveness of sustainable energy financing. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify significant determinants that affect the effectiveness of sustainable energy financing. For this situation, a 3-stage model is constructed to reach this purpose. The first stage prioritizes the experts with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). The second stage weights the assessment criteria of sustainable energy financing by quantum spherical fuzzy M-SWARA. Finally, the balanced scorecard-based project priorities of sustainable energy financing are ranked with quantum spherical fuzzy WASPAS. The main contribution of this study is that a detailed evaluation is performed to understand significant strategies for the improvements of sustainable energy financing with a novel model. Calculation of the expert weights with AI increases the quality and originality of the model. Similarly, considering M-SWARA, WASPAS, quantum theory, and spherical fuzzy sets also increases the effectiveness of the model because of managing uncertainties more effectively. The technical competence of the enterprise and Funding diversification are found as the most important items in increasing the effectiveness of sustainable energy financing. Additionally, according to the ranking results, it is determined that financial issues and customer needs are the most significant alternatives.

The dependence of polyethylene deformation on applied mechanical stress under varying load conditions and radiation doses was investigated experimentally. Obtained results reveal significant alterations in the mechanical properties of polyethylene following irradiation with krypton ions at doses of 1.5 × 10⁶, 1.6 × 10⁷, 5.0 × 10⁸, and 1.0 × 10⁹ ions/s. The stress–strain curves obtained for both the unirradiated and irradiated samples are numerically modeled using frameworks developed by the authors. The findings indicate that irradiation with krypton ions at an energy level of 147 MeV exerts a pronounced impact on the deformation and strength characteristics of polyethylene. Notably, increasing the radiation dose to 10⁹ particles/s results in a 2.5-fold increase in the rate of mechanical stress. Furthermore, the degree of deformation distortions in molecular chains induced by high-energy Kr¹⁵⁺ ion irradiation has been quantified as a function of irradiation fluence. Increasing the irradiation fluence from 10⁶ ion/cm² to 10⁷ ion/cm² causes only minor variations in deformation distortions, which are attributed to the localized isolation of latent tracks and associated changes in electron density. A comparative analysis of the mechanical behavior of irradiated polymer materials further revealed differences between ion and electron irradiation effects. It was observed that Teflon films lose their plasticity after irradiation, whereas polyethylene films exhibit enhanced elongation and tearing performance at higher strain values relative to their non-irradiated counterparts. This behavior was consistently observed for films irradiated with both ions and electrons. However, an important distinction was identified: high-energy electron irradiation degrades the strength of polyethylene, whereas krypton ion irradiation at 147 MeV does not result in strength reduction.

The bioconversion of salinized land into healthy agricultural systems by utilizing low-rank coal (LRC) is a strategic approach for sustainable agricultural development. The aims of this study were: (1) to isolate bacterial strains associated with the rhizosphere of native plants in coal-containing soils, (2) to characterize their plant growth-promoting (PGP) and coal-solubilizing capabilities under laboratory conditions and (3) to evaluate their influence on the germination and growth of chia seeds under saline stress. Fourteen bacterial cultures were isolated from the rhizosphere of Artemisia annua L. using culture media containing salt and coal. Based on their PGP activities (nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, siderophore and indole-3-acetic acid production), five strains were selected, belonging to the genera Bacillus , Phyllobacterium , Arthrobacter , and Pseudomonas . Solubilization assays were conducted to confirm the ability of these strains to utilize coal efficiently. Finally, the selected strains were inoculated with chia seeds ( Salvia hispanica L.) to evaluate their ameliorating effect under saline stress conditions in coal-containing media. Inoculation with A. subterraneus Y1 resulted in the highest germination and growth metrics of chia seeds. A positive but comparatively weaker response was observed with P. frederiksbergensis AMA1 and B. paramycoides Lb-1 as inoculants. Coal inoculated with halotolerant bacteria can serve as the foundation for humified organic matter in salt-affected environments. The selected halotolerant bacteria enhance coal biotransformation while exhibiting PGP traits.

A solution to the initial-boundary value problem for the heat equation with a discontinuous coefficient and a general conjugation condition is verified using the Fourier method. The problem considered in the paper models the process of heat propagation of a temperature field in a thin rod of finite length, consisting of two sections with different thermal-physical characteristics. In this case, not only the boundary conditions of the first kind are taken into account, but also general conditions at the point of contact of the two media. The existence and uniqueness of a classical solution to the studied problem are proved.

The article considers the significance of the development of the institute of tax administration in the context of cardinal transformation of the tax system of Kazakhstan. To ensure the financial stability of the country it is necessary to ensure effective tax administration and optimization of the activities of tax authorities. The authors describe tax administration as a multifaceted socio-economic and political phenomenon reflecting the development of market infrastructure, improvement of public administration mechanisms and principles of civil society. The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan acts as a key source of information for the formation of national tax policy and strategic planning. The article analyzes the indicators used to assess progress in achieving national goals, and considers the impact of reducing and simplifying administrative barriers. In addition, various forms and methods of tax administration are studied. In conclusion, the authors propose a number of principles of tax system design aimed at its optimization and further improvement.

With the Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s (SCO) progressive enlargement, its geographic scope extends from Central Asia to South Asia and adjacent regions. This broadening highlights the necessity of developing a standardized data governance architecture as the cornerstone for digital economic advancement within the SCO framework. The current landscape, characterized by heterogeneous regulatory approaches among member nations and insufficient multilateral coordination mechanisms, necessitates urgent institutional innovation. Three foundational pillars emerge for establishing this cooperative regime: Formulating cross-border data governance protocols; Creating multi-tiered legislative coordination structures; Implementing comprehensive collaborative security standards. Given China’s prominent role in digital transformation, it should proactively advance its strategic blueprint through multilateral platforms, proposing innovative solutions in SCO negotiations while fostering collective security paradigms that benefit all stakeholders.

Natural polysaccharides (PSs) have shown inhibitory effects on differentiated cancer cells (DCCs), but their activity against cancer stem cells (CSCs) remains poorly understood. Here, we report that PSs from wheat cell cultures (WCCPSs) inhibit the proliferation of both DCCs and CSCs derived from HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. Among them, NA and DC fractions showed the strongest anti-CSC activity. NA, rich in xylose, was effective at lower concentrations, while DC, enriched in xylose and galacturonic acid (GalUA), exhibited higher potency, with a lower IC50 and preferential activity against CSCs at higher doses. WCCPSs reduced β-catenin levels, and some fractions also downregulated Ep-CAM, CD44, and c-Myc. Notably, DC increased caspase-3 without inducing cytochrome C and caspase-8 overexpression, suggesting a mechanism promoting CSC differentiation rather than apoptosis. Correlation analysis linked xylose content to reduced c-Myc expression, and GalUA levels to increased caspase-3. These results suggest that WCCPS bioactivity may be related to their monosaccharide composition. Overall, our findings support the potential of wheat-derived PSs as CSC-targeting agents that suppress self-renewal and promote differentiation, offering a promising approach to reduce tumor aggressiveness and recurrence.

The phase compositions and structural transformations in the Fe73Ga27 alloy with trace amounts (~ 0.1 − 0.2 at%) of rare earth (RE) elements (Er, Pr, Sm, Tb, Yb) have been analyzed in neutron diffraction experiments performed over a wide temperature range. In the initial as-cast state, all Fe-Ga-RE alloys, except for the composition with Yb, are in a metastable state with the structure of the D03 phase. In the alloy with Yb, a noticeable amount (17%) of the L12 phase is present even in the initial state. When the alloys are slowly heated to 900 °C (2 °C/min), the structural transformations generally occur similarly to the initial Fe73Ga27 alloy. Upon subsequent cooling to room temperature, an equilibrium L12 phase is formed in all alloys with RE elements and suppression of the HCP-phases (A3/D019) formation is observed, which is especially strong in the compositions with Pr, Sm and Tb, whereas in the Fe73Ga27 alloy the L12 and D019 phases are present in approximately equal proportions. The microstructure of the alloys, with the exception of Fe-Ga-Tb, is homogeneous in the initial state with large (> 3000 Å) characteristic sizes of coherent scattering domains (CSDs) and a small (< 0.001) level of microstrains. In the alloy with Tb, the microstructure is a matrix of a partially ordered B2 phase with dispersed embedded clusters of the ordered D03 phase with characteristic CSD sizes of ~ 400 Å. No traces of the L60 tetragonal phase were found in the neutron diffraction patterns of the studied Fe73Ga27-RE alloys.

The problem of spatial inequality in the regions of Kazakhstan has been relevant for many years and in recent years this problem has worsened due to socio-economic changes in the areas, the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, the negative impact of inflationary processes, increased internal migration and other factors. The purpose of this study is to analyze spatial inequality between 16 regions of Kazakhstan covering the period from 2001 to 2017. The following scientific methods were used in the study: historical method, and statistical method. During the research, a new class of spatial econometric models was developed, which are modifications of the Durbin spatial model. These models are characterized by variable coefficients with spatial lags of the dependent and independent variables. The models were evaluated based on information about Kazakhstan’s regions, using the regional gross domestic product per capita as a dependent variable. The findings of the study show the advantages of the SDM model with fixed effects compared to alternative models, which is confirmed by the results of the assessment using the criteria of the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Bayes (BIC). According to the SDM model, a 1% increase in gross regional product per capita in the base year leads to an increase in the growth rate of gross regional product per capita, all other things being equal. It is also worth noting that an increase in the unemployment rate by 1% contributes to an acceleration in the growth rate of the gross regional product per capita by 0.451, all other things being equal. An increase in government spending per unit in the region contributes to a decrease in the growth rate of the gross regional product per capita in the neighboring region, all other things being equal. The spatial lag coefficient indicates that changes in the indicators of the domestic regional product per capita in one region have an impact on changes in the domestic regional product per capita in the neighboring region. The results of the study indicate the need to use spatial weights when evaluating regional regression models.