Adams State University

The US Pacific Northwest is a major wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production region with widely ranging water availability across its dryland and irrigated cropping systems. There have been no evaluations of variation, plasticity, adaptation, and performance of wheat yield due to variety—collectively or individually—that consider the entire environmental gradient of the region, useful for yield gap analysis, informing breeding, and other applications. Our objectives were to provide these evaluations using a large variety trial dataset and an independent dataset. Using linear models covering site‐averaged yields (× variable) from about 1.50 to 12.0 Mg ha⁻¹, upper and lower yield boundaries due to differences in variety performance were characterized by the regression models y = 1.08x + 0.24 and y = 0.906x − 0.13, respectively. The accuracy and usefulness of these functions were validated by the close fit of an independent dataset. Yield plasticity and environmental adaptation of 45 individual wheat varieties were also evaluated using the Finlay–Wilkinson regression approach, which showed wide variation in varietal yield responses to environment and substantial differences in yield stability (i.e., variation around the yield trend). A limitation of this analytical approach has been that the regression coefficients are not directly useful for ranking varieties for yield performance across contrasting environments. A simple transformation procedure of the coefficients into a single metric was effective for rapidly providing such rankings. A limited analysis is presented quantifying the relative contributions of genotype (27%–58% within sites), environment (84% across sites), and their interaction (5% across sites) on regional yields, as well as yield analysis of club wheat. In summary, this work provides useful research tools and a region‐wide perspective on yield traits of Pacific Northwest wheat varieties.

This study investigated the potential of different wheat varieties to influence the performance of the subsequent wheat crop. In fall 2021, a single variety of winter wheat (cv. Norwest Tandem) was planted into standing wheat stubble in plots that were previously planted to five winter wheat varieties. At harvest, yield was significantly affected by the variety that had been planted in each plot during the first year of the trial. Specifically, wheat following the variety Pritchett yielded approximately 12% more than wheat following the variety Bobtail. While planting the second crop, residue from the winter wheat variety Norwest Duet caused the no‐till plot drill to plug (accumulate large amounts of soil and crop residue in front of openers) far more than residue from the other varieties. This indicates that varieties differ in their residue management requirements. These differences could be exploited to best fit different agricultural practices. This study highlights the potential importance of varietal effects that persist in the field after the field is harvested. However, more work is needed to understand varietal differences in residue management requirements and varietal effects of the successive crop before they can be fully leveraged in wheat breeding and genetics, wheat agronomy, variety testing programs, and eventually the producer's field.

According to the justified true belief (JTB) account of knowledge, people can truly know something only if they have a belief that is both justified and true (i.e., knowledge is JTB). This account was challenged by Gettier, who argued that JTB does not explain knowledge attributions in certain situations, later called “Gettier-type cases,” wherein protagonists are justified in believing something to be true, but their belief was correct only because of luck. Laypeople may not attribute knowledge to protagonists with justified but only luckily true beliefs. Although some research has found evidence for these so-called Gettier intuitions, Turri et al. found no evidence that participants attributed knowledge in a counterfeit-object Gettier-type case differently than in a matched case of JTB. In a large-scale, cross-cultural conceptual replication of Turri and colleagues’ Experiment 1 (N = 4,724) using a within-participants design and three vignettes across 19 geopolitical regions, we did find evidence for Gettier intuitions; participants were 1.86 times more likely to attribute knowledge to protagonists in standard cases of JTB than to protagonists in Gettier-type cases. These results suggest that Gettier intuitions may be detectable across different scenarios and cultural contexts. However, the size of the Gettier intuition effect did vary by vignette, and the Turri et al. vignette produced the smallest effect, which was similar in size to that observed in the original study. Differences across vignettes suggest that epistemic intuitions may also depend on contextual factors unrelated to the criteria of knowledge, such as the characteristics of the protagonist being evaluated.

Political polarization has been growing in many countries, including the United States, within recent years. Scholars note how, if not addressed, growing trends can compromise fundamental pillars of a functioning democratic society. While efforts have grown in researching how integrative complexity can successfully mitigate polarizing tensions in political divides, there is a lack of scholarly attention on how conscious and unconscious dimensions of integrative complexity affect such processes. This article proposes a framework to ground future research in this direction as well as inform depolarizing interventions on this topic.

Zinc (Zn) fertilization of hard red and soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is uncommon in the low precipitation zone of the inland Pacific Northwest. It is uncommon because there have been no indications of deficiency. Soil test data, however, show Zn levels have been declining over time. We conducted a four‐site‐year experiment to evaluate effects of fertilization on early‐season tissue Zn concentration (TZC), dry matter accumulation (DMA), Zn uptake (ZNU), the grain test weight (TWT), protein content (PRO), and yield (YLD) of two regionally adapted cultivars. Planting occurred late in September or early in October. Zinc fertilizer, placed with the seed while planting, was applied at rates of 0 and 5 kg Zn ha⁻¹. Application of 5 kg Zn ha⁻¹ increased TZC and ZNU at one of two sites. There were corresponding trends of increased DMA and improved YLD. Response to fertilization occurred on a relatively shallow soil that had a diethylenetriamine‐pentaacidic acid–extractable Zn test level of 0.3 mg kg⁻¹.

Sexual behavior in animals fulfills reproductive and social functions, extending beyond the traditional focus on reproduction. Same-sex sexual behavior, defined as genital contact or manipulation between individuals of the same sex, occurs in various primate species. In spider monkeys, grappling, a behavior involving prolonged mutual embraces, face greeting, tail intertwining, and genital manipulation, occurs primarily between males. Here, we report a novel incidence of same-sex sexual behavior and grappling between two subadult male brown-headed spider monkeys ( Ateles fusciceps fusciceps ). Our observation contributes to the understanding of the social functions of sexual behavior and to the broader appreciation of primate sexuality.

Objective Populations of eastern Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis face threats from several sources, such as habitat fragmentation, climate change, and competition with introduced salmonids. As a native species, understanding how these populations will respond to disturbances is paramount to their management and effective conservation. A population's ability to respond to disturbance, its resilience, is influenced by several factors. One such group of factors is population genetics. Methods We calculated population resilience metrics based on transient dynamics using population projection matrix models. Long‐term demographic data from 23 headwater stream Brook Trout populations were used to parameterize models. Genetic data were collected, and genetic indices were calculated. Partial redundancy analysis was then used to evaluate relationships between resilience metrics and genetic indices. Result Inbreeding coefficient, rarefied allelic richness, pairwise genetic differentiation ( F ST ), and effective population size were all found to be important variables in predicting resilience. Conclusion Our results suggest that genetic isolation may increase the demographic resilience in Brook Trout through faster generation times and higher juvenile survival, but this likely comes at the cost of increased extinction risk and truncated size structures. Genetic indices can provide insight into gene flow between populations, thus the relationship between population connectivity and resilience. Given the importance of connectivity to population resilience, restoring and maintaining movement corridors could affect resilience in headwater Brook Trout populations.

Diverse patterns of climate and edaphic factors challenge detection of soil property change in the US Great Plains. Because detectable soil change can take decades, insights into the trajectory of soil properties frequently require long‐term site monitoring and, where available, associated soil archives to enable comparisons with initial or baseline states. Unfortunately, few multi‐decadal soil change investigations have been conducted in this region. Here, we document effects of dryland cropping on a suite of soil properties by comparing matched historic (1947) and contemporary (2018) soil samples from the Haas Soil Archive at three sites in the US Great Plains: Moccasin, MT, Akron, CO, and Big Spring, TX. Current analytical methods were used to provide insight into changes in soil texture, pH, carbon, and micronutrients at 0‐ to 15.2‐cm and 15.2‐ to 30.5‐cm depths. Changes in direction and magnitude of soil properties over 71 years were site specific. Changes in textural class occurred at all sites, with Moccasin and Akron transitioning from loam to clay loam and Big Spring from sandy clay loam to sandy loam. The soil pH reaction class changed from slightly alkaline to moderately acid at Akron and slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline at Big Spring. At 0–15.2 cm, soil organic carbon decreased by 15% and 36% at Moccasin and Big Spring, respectively, but increased by 15% at Akron. Soil micronutrients generally declined at all sites. Weather‐related variables derived from air temperature and precipitation records were not correlated with soil change. Inferred factors contributing to soil change included on‐site management, inherent soil features, weather metrics not evaluated, or a combination thereof.

This study aimed to develop a scale to assess counselors’ ability to provide counseling to address the mental health impacts of climate change. Over three studies, we provide reliability and validity evidence for a Climate Change Counseling Scale (3CS) in a large representative sample of counselors across the US. In study one and two, an overinclusive item pool was developed using a theoretical framework and were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. In study three, confirmatory factor analytic models and corollary analysis were utilized to establish construct validity and convergent validity, respectively. Two factors with seven items each were supported across studies. The first factor represented Climate Change Knowledge. The second factor represented skills and abilities consistent with Climate Informed Counseling. Reliability and validity were acceptable by standard convention in all three studies. The 3CS represents the first measure to assess counseling skills to mitigate mental health impacts of climate change.

This study explores the psychological effects of Christian teachings about sin and hell. Little is known regarding factors predicting whether religious involvement will increase or decrease overall distress, especially for minoritised groups. The researcher developed the Christian Teachings about Sin and Hell Scale (CTASH) and recruited 683 former or current self-identified Christians via convenience sampling. A MANOVA was conducted to determine whether population means for scores on the CTASH differed significantly based on age, gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, race, church denomination, and religious identity. Individuals who had disaffiliated with Christianity, were LGBTQ±, were female, were nonbinary, and who had deconstructed their beliefs reported significantly increased overall distress related to the Christian teachings about sin and hell. Certain groups also differed significantly on specific CTASH items. Findings illuminate the interactions between intersectional identity, religious identification, and exposure to teachings about sin and hell as they impact psychological distress.

The cosmopolitan angiosperm genus Stellaria L. (Caryophyllaceae) occurs across the Arctic and is most diverse in the high southern Asian mountains, including presence at the most extreme latitudinal and elevational limits of vascular plants. Using the primary fossil record and double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing data, we estimated divergence times of Stellaria and relatives across the Caryophyllaceae. We then used ancestral area and ancestral state reconstructions to interpret the biogeographical history of the group. We found that Stellaria originated in the Miocene and gave rise to repeated New World lineages, mostly from temperate Old World regions and probably via Bering Land Bridges. Circumboreal lineages were recovered of recent, Pleistocene origin and several might have originated in southerly mountains of both the Old World and the New World before subsequently colonizing the Arctic. Ancestral state reconstruction of inhabitance of cold vs. temperate climates and of wet vs. dry habitats revealed repeated evolutionary transitions across these extremes by members of the genus worldwide. Our study, which samples nearly all species within a diverse and cosmopolitan lineage of flowering plants, recovers a group characterized by niche lability and helps to support prior findings of temperate origins of many cryophilous plant lineages. Pre-adaptation to cold might have been a prerequisite for colonization of the Arctic.

Background The prevalent and repeated use of acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase)‐inhibiting herbicides for Bromus tectorum L. control in fine fescue (Festuca L. spp) grown for seed has selected ACCase‐resistant B. tectorum populations. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the response of nine B. tectorum populations to the ACCase inhibitors clethodim, sethoxydim, fluazifop‐P‐butyl, and quizalofop‐P‐ethyl and the acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor sulfosulfuron and (2) characterize the resistance mechanisms. Results Bromus tectorum populations were confirmed to be resistant to the ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides tested. The levels of resistance varied among the populations for clethodim (resistance ratio, RR = 5.1–14.5), sethoxydim (RR = 18.7–44.7), fluazifop‐P‐butyl (RR = 3.1–40.3), and quizalofop‐P‐ethyl (RR = 14.5–36). Molecular investigations revealed that the mutations Ile2041Thr and Gly2096Ala were the molecular basis of resistance to the ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides. The Gly2096Ala mutation resulted in cross‐resistance to the aryloxyphenoxypropionate (APP) herbicides fluazifop‐P‐butyl and quizalofop‐P‐ethyl, and the cyclohexanedione (CHD) herbicides clethodim, and sethoxydim, whereas Ile2041Thr mutation resulted in resistance only to the two APP herbicides. All B. tectorum populations were susceptible to sulfosulfuron (RR = 0.3–1.7). Conclusions This is the first report of target‐site mutations conferring resistance to ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides in B. tectorum. The results of this study suggest multiple evolutionary origins of resistance and contribute to understanding the patterns of cross‐resistance to ACCase inhibitors associated with different mutations in B. tectorum. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.