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In this study, 110 mothers and 110 fathers of 5- to 12-yr old boys and girls completed the Parenting Sense of Competence (PSOC) scale and measures of child behaviour, parenting style, and marital satisfaction. The authors replicated the factor structure of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, and provided evidence that the Satisfaction and Effi...
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... Cronbach's α = .80 [57] To assess parental self-efficacy. T1, T3 ...
Background
Close body contact interventions such as Kangaroo Mother Care have been shown to improve maternal mental health following birth. Infant carriers (‘slings’) facilitate hands-free close body contact. No studies have specifically examined whether sling use improves maternal mental health. A full-scale efficacy study is needed to examine whether sling use is beneficial to maternal mental health. The current study is a feasibility study designed to gather information to support the design of a future RCT, such as acceptability and study parameters, including recruitment rates, consent rate and attrition.
Method
Mothers of infants aged 0–6 weeks were randomised to one of two conditions: intervention ( n = 35) vs. waitlist control ( n = 32). Intervention participants received sling training, support, and free sling hire for 12 weeks. Participants completed self-report measures of mood, wellbeing and parenting at baseline (Time 1), and 6- (Time 2) and 12- (Time 3) weeks post-baseline.
Results
Eligibility and consent rates met feasibility objectives, though there were some difficulties with retention of participants in the study. Preliminary effectiveness analyses showed a non-significant improvement with a small effect size in postnatal depression from T1 to T3, and a significant improvement with a medium effect size in maternal self-efficacy from T1 to T3. Qualitative feedback indicated acceptability of the intervention and study participation. Intervention participants attributed greater autonomy, bonding with their baby, and parental self-confidence, to the intervention.
Conclusions
These findings indicate a randomised study of the impact of a sling and related support intervention upon maternal mental health is feasible. These findings should be interpreted within the context of sampling bias (due to the use of volunteer sampling methods), an absence of feedback from those who discontinued participation in the study, and the study not being adequately powered.
Trial registration
Registration number ISRCTN88575352 .
... We used the eight items of the subscale of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC; Johnston & Mash, 1989), and the parents were sent different items on this subscale every other week. The self-efficacy subscale of the PSOC has shown strong psychometric properties, with factor loadings ranging from .48-.72 (Ohan et al., 2000) and an internal consistency of .78 (Rogers & Matthews, 2004). ...
... The mother's parental sense of competence was measured via 10 adapted selected items from the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) (Gibaud-Wallston & Wandersman, 1978). The PSOC is an instrument commonly used to measure parental self-efficacy and satisfaction with parenting (also see Johnston & Mash, 1989;Ohan et al., 2000;Oltra-Benavent et al., 2020). The PSOC is a 17-item scale, with 2 sub-scales: satisfaction and efficacy. ...
The purpose of this article is to determine the predictors of positive and negative parenting practices among mothers of two-to-three-year-old children in Tirana, Albania. Cross-sectional data were obtained from a representative sample of 328 mothers of two-to-three-year-old children recruited through eight randomly selected public nurseries in Tirana. Results from bivariate regressions showed significant associations between the key relevant maternal characteristics and maternal parenting practices, in line with previous studies conducted in Western societies. Results from multiple regressions showed that maternal attitudes towards child maltreatment were a dominant significant predictor of negative parenting practices (punitive parenting, inconsistent parenting, and child maltreatment) and that maternal sense of parental competence was a dominant significant predictor of positive parenting practices. The findings suggest a strong, consistent link between maternal belief systems and parenting practices among mothers of toddlers in Tirana and call for the implementation of parent training programmes that address attitudes towards child maltreatment and sense of parental competence in the Albanian society.
... The PSOC extracts an Overall Parenting Competence Perception Score. According to various studies, the indices of internal consistency reliability for the Total Score range from 0.75 to 0.80, demonstrating that this scale possesses an acceptable level of reliability [68][69][70]. Also, according to the creators of PSOC [67,68], the content validity of the tool stems from the fact that it is based on a theory stating that parental self-confidence is composed of self-efficacy and satisfaction, which, in turn, regulates/moderates the parent-child relationship and their ability to effectively cope with the child's challenging behavior. ...
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) results in various functioning impairments in children's lives and families. Parents of children with ADHD report high levels of parenting stress, low levels of parental self-efficacy, and use of more authoritarian and/or permissive parenting practices than parents of typically developing children. Intervention programs need to address both children's and parents' needs and multimodal intervention programs could cover this demand. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of "Child ViReal Support Program"-a multi-level evidence-based comprehensive program-on parenting stress, parental self-efficacy, parenting practices , and the core symptoms of children's ADHD. Families with a child diagnosed with ADHD (n = 16) were randomly allocated to two groups (PC and CP; P = parent training, C = child training), and a cross-over design was utilized. Participating parents completed, in four different times during the study, the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, the Par-enting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire-Short Version, and the parent form of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV. Parents from both groups, after their participation in the parent training, demonstrated reduced parenting stress, enhanced parental self-efficacy, and increased the employ of democratic parenting practices. More than that, they reported decreased levels of inattention and impulsiv-ity/hyperactivity for their children. Evidence-based multi-level intervention programs could produce positive effects on parents and children by incorporating effective methods and tools in accordance with the needs and the demands of the family context.
... miento parental(Albanese et al., 2019;Deković et al., 2010;Ohan et al., 2000;Vance & Brandon, 2017) y actúa como amortiguador ante circunstancias de dificultad, frente a los sentimientos relacionados con el estrés parental o la depresión(Padilla et al., 2010;Vance & Brandon, 2017). Así pues, entre otros aspectos positivos, el sentimiento de competencia parental se asocia a que los cuidadores se muestren involucrados en la crianza, pongan en marcha prácticas parentales apropiadas y utilicen un estilo educativo democrático (ver Albanese et al., 2019, para una revisión). ...
... Researchers have elaborated on the structure of mothers' scaffolding in conversations and especially the role of primary caregivers' behaviours in child outcomes, but less is known about the relative importance of mothers' cognitions about these conversations. Since maternal cognitions have been emphasized as being determinative for maternal behaviours, many measurement tools have been developed for assessing general parental cognitions in child-rearing (Johnston & Mash, 1989;Ohan et al., 2000;Seçer et al., 2008). However, there is a dearth of measures with established psychometric properties that address this specific issue in the context of reminiscing. ...
... For example, people with high levels of self-efficacy are argued to have more predictable behaviours, and those with high levels of self-efficacy also display lower risks of emotional and behavioural problems (Ross & Hill, 2002). In the context of parenting, it is argued that maternal selfevaluations of confidence indicate mothers' abilities to cope with children's problems and difficult situations in caregiving, and they lead to less frequent expressions of selfblame and feelings of helplessness due to parenting roles (Johnston & Mash, 1989;Ohan et al., 2000). To explain, mothers with more positive self-evaluations of their parenting roles are expected to generate better child outcomes, such as fewer problem behaviours or less negativity in parent-child relations due to their consistent and successful coping skills and the provision of a more optimal environment for child development. ...
... The results of Study 2 reconfirmed the four-factor structure of the MCRS based on a separate pool of data. In the literature, factors of competency, involvement and satisfaction were typically included in scales assessing general parental attitudes (Johnston & Mash, 1989;Ohan et al., 2000;Seçer et al., 2008). Researchers have argued that parents' cognitive appraisals of their satisfaction, efficacy and involvement are significant determinants of parenting behaviours and child development outcomes (Albanese et al., 2019;Darling & Steinberg, 1993). ...
Objective:
Mother-child participation in conversations about past events in early childhood has an invaluable influence on child development. While previous studies have focused on the investigation of maternal styles of talking about the past, the role of maternal attitudes towards reminiscing has been overlooked. This paper presents two studies on the development and validation of two separate scales that assess maternal attitudes in mother-child conversations: the Maternal Attitudes Towards Mother-Child Reminiscing Scale (MCRS) and MCRS-Context.
Design:
In Study 1, we have investigated the factor structure of the MCRS (N = 312) and MCRS-Context (N = 278) with a sample of mothers whose children aged between 3 and 7. In Study 2, we aimed to test the factor structure obtained by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in Study 1 using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and we have investigated the psychometric properties of the scales with a different sample of 223 mothers.
Results:
EFA and CFA results have suggested four theoretically consistent factors of the MCRS (interest, competency, satisfaction and difficulty) and a one-factor structure for the MCRS-Context (general positive attitudes in comparison to other mothers). To test construct validity, the relationships with related independent scales were investigated, indicating generally significant and theoretically expected correlations. The test/re-test, Cronbach alpha and composite reliability scores indicated acceptable internal consistency for both scales.
Conclusions:
The findings of both studies provided evidence for the validity and reliability of these scales in evaluating maternal attitudes towards mother-child conversations. It is thought that the studies presented here will provide useful insight for future studies for understanding the link between maternal cognitions and reminiscing practices in mother-child conversations and the effect of that link on child development.
... The cognitive component, drawn from Bandura's (1982) self-efficacy terminology, addresses the parents' expectations regarding their capability to handle parenting tasks successfully and is defined as parental efficacy. The affective component addresses the parents' quality of affect regarding their parental role or the extent of contentment they feel toward their parenthood (Johnston & Mash, 1989;Ohan et al., 2000). Parental competence, including both affective and cognitive aspects, is constantly associated with better parent and child outcomes (Jones & Prinz, 2005). ...
Objective
Guided by Self‐Determination Theory, the study explored how maternal and paternal prenatal childbearing motivations relate to toddlers' adjustment via parental competence and parenting style.
Background
Although considerable research shows consistent effects of parenting styles on child adjustment, why some parents adopt any specific style is unclear. To explore this, two broad types of childbearing motivations (autonomous and controlled) were conceptualized as early markers of parental competence, specific parenting styles, and subsequent child adjustment.
Method
One‐hundred and fifty‐five married, heterosexual, Israeli couples ( N = 310) participated in a 2‐year longitudinal study from pregnancy through 20 months postpartum. Childbearing motivations were measured during pregnancy (T1), parental competence at 4 months postpartum (T2), and parenting styles and child behavior problems at 20 months postpartum (T3).
Results
A dyadic longitudinal path model revealed that childbearing motivations of both parents were positively associated with an adaptive, authoritative parenting style via parental competence. Moderate indirect effects of controlled childbearing motivations on toddlers' behavior problems were evident through the less adaptive—authoritarian and permissive—parenting styles.
Conclusion
This study underscores the importance of childbearing motivations as early indicators of future parenting styles and child adjustment and sheds light on parenting as a complex dyadic process.
... Para além do tempo, estes pais tendem a procurar estratégias e práticas ajustadas às caraterísticas e competências das crianças, e promotoras do seu desenvolvimento (Gilmore & Cuskelly, 2008). Embora não seja clara a relação entre a satisfação parental e o envolvimento do pai, esta dimensão tem sido associada, tanto para pais, como para mães, a práticas parentais mais positivas (e.g., McEachern et al., 2012), a um menor stress parental (Pérez et al., 2010), e a níveis mais baixos de dificuldades internalizantes e externalizantes das crianças (Ohan et al., 2000). ...
O presente trabalho pretendeu contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do papel do pai, visando identificar perfis de envolvimento, relativamente à mãe, em diferentes atividades diárias relacionadas com a criança, e que implicam interação direta. Visou, ainda, explorar as diferenças entre os perfis obtidos em função de caraterísticas do pai, da criança e da família. Participaram 175 casais, com crianças em idade pré-escolar. A análise de agrupamento em duas etapas revelou dois perfis de envolvimento, considerando três dimensões – Cuidados Diretos, Ensino/Disciplina e Brincadeira: Perfil 1 (n = 67) – Pai auxiliar nos cuidados e parceiro de brincadeira; Perfil 2 (n = 108) – Pai cuidador e parceiro de brincadeira. Os pais do Perfil 2 apresentaram valores significativamente mais elevados, do que os pais no Perfil 1, em todas as dimensões de envolvimento. Comparando os dois perfis, verificou-se que existem diferenças nas habilitações literárias e eficácia parental do pai, nas horas de trabalho da mãe, e no rendimento familiar, com o Perfil 2 a apresentar valores significativamente superiores. Os resultados sublinham a importância de compreender as caraterísticas associadas a um maior envolvimento do pai (em múltiplos domínios), considerando o papel de diferentes níveis de variáveis. Tal permitirá promover um envolvimento ativo e positivo do pai com impacto no bem-estar do indivíduo, da família, e no desenvolvimento ajustado da criança.
... PSOCS total scores range from 16 to 96. The PSOCS has adequate to excellent internal consistency, good test-retest reliability, and good construct validity [93][94][95]. ...
Background
Children of parents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at increased risk of adverse psychological outcomes. An important risk mechanism is impaired parental functioning, including negative parenting behavior, perceived incompetence, and lack of social support. Several parenting interventions for trauma-exposed parents and parents with psychiatric disorders exist, but none have specifically targeted parents with PTSD. Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of a blended care preventive parenting intervention for parents with PTSD.
Methods
The intervention was adapted from an existing online intervention, KopOpOuders Self-Help. In co-creation with parents with PTSD and partners, the intervention was adapted into KopOpOuders-PTSD, by adding PTSD-specific content and three in-person-sessions with a mental health prevention professional. Effectiveness will be tested in a randomized controlled trial among N = 142 parents being treated for PTSD at Arkin Mental Health Care (control condition: treatment as usual, n = 71; intervention condition: treatment as usual + intervention, n = 71). Online questionnaires at pretest, posttest, and three-month follow-up and ecological momentary assessment at pretest and posttest will be used. Intervention effects on primary (parenting behavior) and secondary outcomes (perceived parenting competence, parental social support, parenting stress, child overall psychological problems and PTSD symptoms) will be analyzed using generalized linear mixed modeling. We will also analyze possible moderation effects of parental PTSD symptoms at pretest on primary and secondary outcomes.
Discussion
This study protocol describes the randomized controlled trial of KopOpOuders-PTSD, a blended care preventive parenting intervention for parents with PTSD. Findings can contribute to understanding of the effectiveness of parenting support in clinical practice for PTSD.
Trial registration
This protocol (Version 1) was registered on 11-02-2022 at ClinicalTrials.gov under identification number NCT05237999.
... A critical component of understanding the barriers and facilitators to treatment gain maintenance for adolescents' post-discharge from RT is understanding the family's role and the strengths and challenges families face. Parents with a high sense of competence (i.e., high satisfaction with parenting and perceive their parenting as effective; Ohan et al., 2000) are motivated to learn and apply knowledge, persist in implementing effective parenting practices and persevere despite adversity (Albanese et al., 2019). A low parental sense of competence can result in poor outcomes rather than positive outcomes when implementing behavior management strategies (Albanese et al., 2019). ...
... Parental sense of competence was assessed with the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) (Ohan et al., 2000). The PSOC consists of 17-items and is designed for parents with children aged birth to 17. Parents rate each item on a 6-point scale (1 = strongly disagree to 6 = strongly agree). ...
... Three-quarters of parents identified as female (n = 53, 75%), with the satisfaction and parental self-efficacy, and higher total scores indicate a greater parental sense of competence. Internal consistency is acceptable (α = 0.80), and total scores have been correlated with adolescent externalizing behavior and family function (Ohan et al., 2000). ...
Purpose: Adolescents in residential treatment (RT) encounter multiple obstacles upon discharge that can make maintaining treatment gains in the community challenging. This study examined relationships among parenting (sense of competence, practices), household chaos, and adolescent behavior problems in a sample of parents with adolescents in RT. Method: This exploratory cross-sectional study used convenience sampling to recruit 71 parents through Facebook. After providing informed consent, parents completed a battery of self-report instruments. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and linear regression. Results: Parents reported several strengths, including high involvement and consistent discipline, and low levels of corporal punishment. Parental sense of competence was relatively high, and household chaos was moderate. Adolescent inattention behaviors were positively associated with inconsistent discipline, corporal punishment, and parental sense of competence. Adolescent internalizing behaviors were positively associated with parent involvement and positive parenting and negatively associated with household chaos. Adolescent externalizing behaviors were positively associated with inconsistent discipline, corporal punishment, and parental sense of competence. Discussion: Findings suggest that there are numerous parenting strengths; however, some aspects of parenting could be promoted through evidence-based interventions such as parent training. Future research should also comprehensively study the home environment beyond self-report to understand environmental factors that may promote or inhibit adolescent behavior problems.
