TABLE 3 - uploaded by Douglas P Crowne
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Source publication
A new social desirability scale was constructed and correlated with MMPI scales. Comparison was made with correlations of the Edwards Social Desirability scale. The new scale correlated highly with MMPI scales and supported the definition of social desirability. Ss need to respond in "culturally sanctioned ways."
Context in source publication
Context 1
... Ss com- pleted all of the tests and 37 of them completed all but the derived MMPI scales. Table 3 presents the correlations between the M-C SDS and the Edwards SDS and the 17 MMPI validity, clinical, and derived scales. It is at once apparent that uniformly higher correlations obtain between the Edwards SDS and the various MMPI scales than between the M-C SDS and these MMPI variables. ...
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Citations
... Caregiver and child demographic information is collected at baseline including child age and sex; caregiver sex, age, relationship status, employment status, and educational attainment; and household composition and socioeconomic status. At posttest, we will include a social desirability index (SDI) measured using the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960). The SDI has been shown to correlate with self-reports of physical and psychological violence (Bell & Naugle, 2007;Fernández-González et al., 2013) and will be used to measure respondent's propensity to report in a socially desirable way when asked about their use of and attitudes to VAC. ...
Violence against children is a global public health issue that can lead to long-lasting negative consequences for child outcomes. The Irie Homes Toolbox (IHT) is an early childhood, violence prevention, parenting program designed for integration into early childhood educational services in Jamaica. We have previously shown that the program is effective in reducing child maltreatment when implemented by the research team. For wide-scale dissemination, the IHT needs to be delivered by preschool staff as part of their routine duties. We adapted the IHT using results from our previous evaluations, and we are conducting a mixed-method feasibility trial of the IHT fully integrated into preschool provision. Twenty-four basic schools in Kingston and St. Andrew, Jamaica, have been randomly assigned to intervention (n = 12) or wait-list control (n = 12) with 10 caregivers per school participating in the study (240 caregivers, 120/group). The intervention is delivered through 12 weekly, 1-hr sessions by a preschool teacher with groups of 10 caregivers of children aged 2–6 years. An ongoing process evaluation includes quantitative measures of caregiver attendance, teacher compliance, and fidelity of intervention implementation and qualitative measures of enablers and barriers to implementation and suggestions for improvement. In the impact evaluation, the primary outcome is the frequency of caregivers’ use of violence against their child. Secondary outcomes are caregiver attitudes to violence, preferences for harsh punishment, involvement with their child, and child conduct problems. All outcomes are measured through caregiver report. The results of the study will be used to inform revisions of the IHT for implementation at scale.
... Another nonsubstantial and significant moderator was whether studies were performed online or in person; the relationship between gender essentialism and system-justifying beliefs was stronger in online studies. This might be due to social desirability bias (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) which could be reduced when research is online and guarantees more anonymity (Buchanan, 2000(Buchanan, , 2001, but see also Gnambs & Kaspar, 2017). ...
Gender inequality remains a significant social issue, disproportionately impacting cisgender and heterosexual women as well as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual plus individuals. This meta-analysis aims to investigate the relationship between gender essentialism—a belief that views gender as biologically determined and immutable—and system-justifying beliefs (SJB) that sustain and legitimize existing social order. A four-level meta-analysis of 51 studies was conducted, comprising 118 samples and 327 effect sizes, with a total of 29,252 participants (sample sizes ranging from 21 to 2,803, 40% cisgender men, mean age of 29.52 years). Results revealed a moderately strong, significant, and positive association between gender essentialism and SJB, Zr = 0.391, SE = 0.029, t(326) = 13.499, p < .0001, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.334, 0.448]. This relationship was not significantly moderated by the participant’s group status (majority vs. minority) but was influenced by the type of SJB considered and the target of gender essentialism. Specifically, gender essentialist beliefs were more strongly related to justifications of gender asymmetry (e.g., sexism, heterosexism) than to general hierarchical attitudes (e.g., social dominance orientation). Additionally, this association was stronger for essentialism of marginalized individuals (e.g., transgender individuals and people with diverse gender identities) compared to relatively privileged groups (e.g., cisgender and heterosexual people). These findings suggest that gender essentialism may help both majority and minority groups to rationalize existing inequalities. This highlights the need for future research to focus on the social construction of gender to mitigate its impact on marginalized groups and reduce the reinforcement of social inequalities.
... The total score on the test was the sum of all scores. Score between 0-8 indicates low social desirability, 9-19 refers to moderate social desirability and 20 -33 means high level of social desirability (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960;Vu, 2010). ...
Background and Aim: Addiction leads to many problems which may adversely affect addicted people, their families and impose health care agencies with many challenges. This study aimed to examined quality of life (QoL), social desirability and their relationship among opium addicted persons in southeast of Iran. Material and Methods: In a cross-sectional study conducted from September 2012 to January 2013, 123 addicted people were studied. Date collection tools were; checklist of demographic data, Iranian version of the 36-item short form QoL (SF-36) and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC-SDS). Results: While mean score of QoL was 60.4±29.5, mean score of social desirability were 14.2±3.7. Low, moderate and high levels of social desirability were observed in 4.9%, 90.2% and 4.9% of participants, respectively. Pearson’s correlation were not significant between mean score of social desirability and mean score of QoL (p=0.969, r=0.004). Conclusion: Addicted participants of present study showed a moderate level of QoL and social desirability, without any significant relationship between QoL and social desirability. Further research is suggested in addicts with social and cultural differences.
... The instrument contains 13 items (α = .76), all of which are in a true/false format (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960). The MCSD is widely used to assess trait-based social desirability and has demonstrated an acceptable degree of both reliability and validity across many studies and samples (Beretvas et al., 2002). ...
Asian Americans suffered from heightened amounts of racial prejudice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although they comprise one of the fastest growing racial minorities in the United States, empirical research on anti-Asian bias has failed to meet the growing needs of the community. Existing measures of racial prejudice tend to focus solely on the perspectives of those who suffer from microaggressions and racism and the psychological or physical harm that results from these encounters. While this research is critical to better serving communities that are harmed from these experiences, it is equally important to explore the attitudes of those who engage in racist behaviors. However, current methods of assessing prejudice are heavily influenced by social desirability response biases; respondents are unlikely to answer self-report questionnaires honestly when it comes to sensitive topics such as racism. To address this issue, this study aimed to create and preliminarily validate a behavior-oriented assessment of racial prejudice known as the East Asian American situational judgment test (EAA-SJT). The item development process was driven by theories on microaggression, and the proposed measurement structure stemmed from psychometric research of situational judgment tests. To provide initial evidence for the validity of the EAA-SJT, a representative sample of 400 participants completed an online survey consisting of multiple measures. An exploratory factor analysis of the EAA-SJT items provided evidence for a three-factor solution categorized into three response types: challenging microaggressions, ambivalence toward microaggressions, and reinforcing microaggressions. Additionally, there was promising evidence for convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity.
... Only individuals who scored 16 points or below on the Beck Depression Inventory-Revised (BDI-IA; Beck & Steer, 1993) were retained because previous research had suggested that masked threat effects in anxiety might be attenuated by higher levels of depression (e.g., Bradley et al., 1995). Because social desirability has shown to be associated with a unique pattern of attentional deployment (see Weinberger, Schwartz, & Davidson, 1979), participation was restricted to those with a score of five or lower socially desirable responses on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale-Form XI (MCSDS; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960;Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972). At the request of the university ethics committee, participants whose www.ccsenet.org/ijps ...
The effect of state anxiety and trait anxiety on selective attention for threatening, neutral and happy schematic faces was investigated. A student sample was assigned to high trait anxious (HTA) or low trait anxious (LTA) groups using questionnaire scores and state anxiety was manipulated through the threat of electric shock. Stimulus materials were presented both outside (using a backward masking procedure) and within awareness. A novel version of a probe classification task was developed to assess performance when distracting information and the central task were spatially separated. For the masked trials, the LTA group were slower to identify the status of the probe on happy face trials relative to threat face trials in the shock safe condition, and slower on threat face trials relative to happy face trials in the shock threat condition. For the HTA group, performance on the probe status task was unaffected by shock condition status or item valence for the masked exposures. During the unmasked exposure trials neither trait anxiety status, item valence nor shock condition affected response latencies to the probes. Results are interpreted with respect to contemporary models of attention and anxiety.
... One of the techniques commonly used by researchers and also employed in this study to mitigate that bias was to include an independent measure on social desirability. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS, Crowne, & Marlowe, 1960) was one of the most widely used measures for social desirability response style, and its psychometric properties were evaluated in numerous studies (Ventimiglia & MacDonald, 2012). The short form of MCSDS (Fischer & Fick, 1993) consisting of 13 items was employed in this study. ...
In recent years there is a growing concern on drug offenders in Hong Kong. Despite its over-representation in prison and recidivists, drug offending has seldom been studied systematically in risk factor research. The issue as to whether drug offending has specific psychological risk factors or they share a common set of risk factors with general offending remains largely unaddressed. This research applied a longitudinal design to investigate this issue. Using a data-set on young offenders’ psychological characteristics established in 2004 in the Hong Kong Correctional Services, and re-conviction data retrieved 11 years later in 2015, ANCOVA with planned orthogonal contrasts and Discriminant Function Analysis, Correlation and Regression analyses were used to analyze factors predicting post-release outcomes including recidivism, drug offending, and crime severity. Results revealed two sets of psychological risk factors with little overlap that could predict general recidivism (of all types of crime) and future drug offending. Recidivism could be predicted by low Future Time Perspective and Empathy, and high Assertiveness. Low Empathy was predictive of post-release crime severity of non-drug offending recidivists. Drug offending, in contrast, could be predicted by high Impulsiveness and Social Problem-solving deficits during adolescence. These two variables, together with low Assertiveness, also predicted post-release crime severity of drug-offending recidivists. Implications to future intervention and research were discussed.
... Many questions across the different rating scales might be considered as asking participants to rate themselves as having undesirable characteristics. The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) was included within the regression analyses to control for the possibility that any association between these comorbid behaviors and the measures of ADHD might just be due to a negative response bias across measures. ...
This study investigated whether problem behaviors, typically associated with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD, would also be associated with subclinical ADHD symptoms within a non-clinical college sample. These are symptoms characteristic of ADHD, which are insufficient to warrant a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD. Self-ratings of behaviors known to be comorbid with ADHD (Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD) behaviors, risk-taking, and Executive-Functioning (EF) problems) were examined as predictors of self-ratings of ADHD symptoms. Measures of ODD symptoms, risk-taking, and EF behavioral problems (related to poor management of time) significantly predicted ADHD symptoms, as measured by Barkley’s ADHD Combined Subscale. These predictors accounted for 26% of the variance. The same measures predicted symptoms of ADHD, Inattentive type, as measured by Barkley’s Inattentiveness (IA) Subscale, and accounted for 30% of the variance. For the Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Subscale (HI), the ODD measure significantly entered the equation, while the other two measures were borderline significant, accounting altogether for 10% of the variance. As hypothesized, the EF measure was the strongest predictor for IA, and the ODD measure was the strongest predictor for HI. In conclusion, problem behaviors comorbid with a formal clinical ADHD diagnosis were found to be significantly associated with subclinical ADHD symptoms within a non-clinical sample of college students, as indicated by the substantial proportion of the variance they accounted for in predicting the Barkley’s’ Combined and Inattentiveness Subscales, and to a lessor extent for the Hyperactivity/Impulsivity Subscale. This indicates that college students with ADHD symptoms may have substantial problems not only with their ADHD symptoms, but also with executive functioning and externalizing behaviors associated with these symptoms.
... Additionally, since cultural intelligence is a socially desirable trait, responses given may be biased and many self-reports may be socially desirable (Crowne & Marlowe, 1960) and respondents may respond the way one expects them to respond. It is conceivable that one may not openly express one's attitudes towards other cultures and other groups openly so the self-report method may not be the best way to measure CQ. ...
Cultural intelligence is a relatively new area in cross-cultural research. In this paper we describe the construct of cultural intelligence (Cultural Quotient, CQ) and examine the need for more research on cultural intelligence in Asia. We propose that there are many areas that need to be examined as there is a dearth of research in the Asian countries on this subject. We identify specific cultural contexts and environments in Asia where future research on CQ could be done and justify why these specific cultural contexts in Asia may be relevant to CQ research. Four important areas that need to be examined, the measurement of CQ, CQ and its relation to culture-specific variables, CQ and Emotional labor and CQ Education and Training in Asia are briefly discussed. Some recommendations and new directions for future research which will enhance the knowledge basefor both CQ theory and CQ practice in Asia are also discussed.
... Other studies rely on self-report measures for assessing engagement including questionnaires [4,38] and interviews [4,30,36]. However, research on the risk of socialdesirability bias in self-report data is well-documented [29,[52][53][54]79] and such biases may impact on the reliability of reported long-term HRI engagement results. Further work is needed to be able to assess the reliability of the measures used, not only in terms of evaluating an HRI study's ability to achieve an intended outcome (e.g., learning) but also the ability for the robot to sustain engagement throughout longterm duration of the HRI. ...
While the field of human–robot interaction (HRI) continues to evolve, an ongoing challenge in social robot research lies in the ability to sustain long-term HRI. The purpose of this review is to investigate the role of empathy in long-term HRI, with a particular focus on emotion understanding. After conducting a systematic search across 7 databases, a total of 674 records published up to August 2023 were identified. After applying our eligibility criteria, 11 empirical studies were selected for the review. Our findings highlight how emotion understanding is primarily used to help inform a social robot’s adaptive responses to help sustain user engagement. While the review demonstrates varying approaches to operationalising emotion understanding in empathy, some key considerations for future long-term HRI research in social robots include how long-term should be defined, how emotions are analysed and measured, and experimental design considerations for empirical HRI research. A specific area warranting further investigation is how accuracy of emotion understanding could impact long-term HRI.
... In the future, research should include a socially desirable response scale in the field study. And by assessing the correlation between participants' scores on the social desirability scale and their responses to moral credentials and moral credits (Crowne and Marlowe, 1960), the impact of social desirability can then be excluded. ...
Purpose
The aim of this study is to examine when and why employee creative behavior leads to unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). Drawing on research on moral licensing, we argue that the relationship between employee creative behavior and UPB is indirectly mediated by moral licence.
Design/methodology/approach
The data were collected from 214 employees and their immediate supervisors, and the theoretical hypotheses were tested by correlation and a hierarchical regression analysis.
Findings
We found that: (1) employee creative behavior is positively correlated with their moral credentials and moral credits; (2) it supported the mediating role of moral credentials between creative behavior and UPB but did not support the relationship between creative behavior and UPB through moral credits and (3) the indirect relationship between creative behavior and UPB is strengthened through moral credentials when perceptions of organizational valuing of creativity are high.
Originality/value
This study responds to calls from researchers to explore more detrimental outcomes of creativity, and we extend existing research by empirically showing that creativity can promote some unethical pro-organizational behavior. We also contribute to explore the mediated role of moral licensing and the moderated role of the perceived organizational valuing of creativity to explain the creative behavior–UPB relationship.
