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There are strong interactions between energy consumption at home, in the office, and in the traffic system. For example, workers can telecommute, saving the energy at the office and in the transport system, but on the other hand increasing energy consumption at home. As an alternative measure, making working hours less flexible and thus forcing eve...
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... Since the set point temperature for heating in Norway is 15 • C, the heating system operates even when the building is unoccupied. These results are in line with the findings of [41,101,102]. They mentioned that energy saving and space saving could be achieved when teleworking and remote working are implemented properly. ...
This study investigates the impact of different space utilization on energy use intensity, heating load, cooling load, and thermal comfort of occupants using a combination of empirical data gathering and simulation-based studies. The increasing worldwide preoccupation with energy consumption and environmental sustainability has led to increased attention on optimizing interior spaces to mitigate total energy demand. The considered case study for conducting this research was the Norwegian living lab namely Zero Emission Building (ZEB) Flexible Lab in Trondheim, Norway. In this study, 10 different scenarios of occupancy schedules based on flexible arrangements from standard workweeks to extensive remote work configurations were designed and analyzed using IDA ICE 5.0. The findings demonstrate significant reductions in energy use across scenarios with increased teleworking and compressed work weeks. The remote scenario achieved the most significant decrease in Energy Use Intensity (EUI), with a reduction of 46% compared to the base case. Similarly, the implementation of flexible hours and remote working in scenarios resulted in a reduction of electric heating demand by up to 23%, underscoring the potential of occupancy-based strategies in enhancing building energy efficiency. However, uncomfortable hours increased by 59% in the 2-day remote working scenario compared to the base case, demonstrating the need to consider climate conditions when implementing remote work. The research offers valuable insights into the complex connections between flexible arrangements and energy efficiency, considering many elements such as occupancy schedule and use dynamics. This article offers a comprehensive analysis that may give architects, building managers, and policymakers valuable insights. This study contributes to the developing sustainable architecture by emphasizing the impact of dynamic occupancy on the energy performance of office buildings.
... Early findings determined lower vehicle usage on telecommuting days [40][41][42][43], although a few have included a potential rebound or substitution effect where transportation increases due to non-work travel and urban sprawl [44,45]. Later work incorporated teleworking effects on macro-energy use in residential and commercial sectors [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. Yet, previous studies have largely overlooked changes in behavior and time-use due to telework, excluding how it impacts an individual's daily routine. ...
... We can distinguish between top-down and bottom-up approaches. The former typically divide aggregate domestic energy use by the number of residents at home, and then adjust by the assumed teleworking frequency, e.g., one-day teleworking will save 1/7 of total domestic energy [39,35,46,53,17,38,45]. The bottom-up method typically: a) assumes the teleworker's weekly usage patterns for different types of equipment (hours/day); b) assumes the energy efficiency of that equipment (e.g. ...
... The bottom-up method typically: a) assumes the teleworker's weekly usage patterns for different types of equipment (hours/day); b) assumes the energy efficiency of that equipment (e.g. HVAC, lighting, ICT); and c) estimates the total energy use and/or emissions from these activities [45,30,38,2,18,46]. ...
... As a result, the studies provide no consensus on whether teleworking saves energy or reduces emissions. Seven studies find that the energy and emission savings from reduced commuting and office use outweigh the increased energy use and emissions at home [39,30,35,32,46,53,17,31]. Röder and Nagel [45], however, cast doubt on the possibility of overall savings, since they assume that office energy use is unaffected by teleworking, and find that the increase in home energy use approximately offsets the savings in transport energy use. Two studies on Japan and one study on Canada also agree that overall energy savings depend upon whether there are any office-related energy savings [38,48,29]. ...
... While the concept of telework has been around for more than five decades, its potential in saving energy has been controversial [3]. For instance, Röder and Nagel showed telework has the potential to reduce energy consumption by 10% [4]. Similarly, Williams showed promising results when teleworking strategies are implemented in Japan [5]. ...
This paper uses scenario analysis to investigate the broader impact of teleworking in four scenarios including the COVID-19 pandemic, worst-, moderate-, and best-case scenarios on building-level energy use, energy consumption in transportation, and information and communication technology (ICT) usage by using the databases of the Government of Canada. The COVID-19 scenario relies on the available data for the pandemic period. The worst-case scenario is when telework has an adverse effect on energy use while the moderate-and best-case scenarios are when the minimum and maximum savings are achieved by telework. The data includes commuting distances, electricity and natural gas consumption for offices and residential buildings, and ICT usage. Then, the associated GHG emissions are calculated for transportation, residential and office buildings, and ICT and the analysis are carried out by applying a potential fraction of saving to the associated GHG emissions of each domain and scenario. This paper demonstrates the potential energy savings of teleworking significantly depends on teleworker behavior to a degree that in the worst-case scenario no potential saving is observed while the savings are significant in the best-case scenario. Therefore, the impact of telework is highly uncertain and complicated and current statistics are insufficient for accurate estimates.
... Other studies (e.g. Röder & Nagel (2014)) fail to state either the proportion of the population teleworking or their frequency of teleworking, making it impossible to extrapolate useful lessons from their results. ...
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) increasingly enable employees to work from home and other locations ('teleworking'). This study explores the extent to which teleworking reduces the need to travel to work and the consequent impacts on economy-wide energy consumption. The paper provides a systematic review of the current state of knowledge of the energy impacts of teleworking. This includes the energy savings from reduced commuter travel and the indirect impacts on energy consumption associated with changes in non-work travel and home energy consumption. The aim is to identify the conditions under which teleworking leads to a net reduction in economy-wide energy consumption, and the circumstances where benefits may be outweighed by unintended impacts. The paper synthesises the results of 39 empirical studies, identified through a comprehensive search of 9000 published articles. Twenty six of the 39 studies suggest that teleworking reduces energy use, and only eight studies suggest that teleworking increases, or has a neutral impact on energy use. However, differences in the methodology, scope and assumptions of the different studies make it difficult to estimate 'average' energy savings. The main source of savings is the reduced distance travelled for commuting, potentially with an additional contribution from lower office energy consumption. However, the more rigorous studies that include a wider range of impacts (e.g. non-work travel or home energy use) generally find smaller savings. Despite the generally positive verdict on teleworking as an energy-saving practice, there are numerous uncertainties and ambiguities about its actual or potential benefits. These relate to the extent to which teleworking may lead to unpredictable increases in non-work travel and home energy use that may outweigh the gains from reduced work travel. The available evidence suggests that economy-wide energy savings are typically modest, and in many circumstances could be negative or non-existent.
... As noted by several other researchers (Matthews and Williams 2005, Röder and Nagel 2014, Nakanishi 2015, the real impact on office energy use is highly dependent on the details of implementing teleworking and office space management. If a space is not occupied to capacity (e.g., because of long lease periods and expansion/contraction in workforce), technologies still exist to minimize energy use in vacant spaces. ...
... However, such simplified approaches tend not to be climate-dependent (considering internal gains may be useful or adverse depending on whether heating or cooling is needed). Röder and Nagel (2014) relied on empirical data from one building to estimate the relationship between occupancy and office building energy use. Nakanishi (2015) took the approach of dividing HVAC and office equipment into two categories: those which are elastic to occupancy (desk lamp and personal computers) and those which are inelastic (and area lighting). ...
Teleworking has been widely perceived as a more sustainable mode of working for knowledge workers compared to the status quo of commuting to centralized offices because of its reduced dependency on transportation and centralized office space. However, the situation is far more complex than would appear on the surface, when the scope is expanded to include home office energy use, the Internet, long-term consumer choices, and other so-called rebound effects. Few studies have quantified home, office, transportation, and communications energy or GHG emissions implications of telecommuting simultaneously. To make progress in answering the question of whether telecommuting results in less energy use and greenhouse gas emissions than conventional centralized office working, this paper reviews results and research methods of primarily quantitative studies of any and all four domains that consider operating energy and/or greenhouse gas emissions. The results ultimately show that this problem is complex, and that current datasets and methods are generally inadequate for fully answering the research question. While most studies indicate some benefit, several suggest teleworking increases energy use – even for the domain that is thought to benefit most: transportation.
... But some studies estimate the decrease of energy consumption assuming the reduction of office space. For example, Romm (1999), Avaya (2009), Masaki (2011 and Röder & Nagel (2014) estimated the decrease of energy consumption using statistical data concerning office space and energy consumption and the estimation of reduction area. Sun Microsystems (2009) and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2011) calculated the decrease amount of energy by actual measurement of companies which introduced telework (Table 1). ...
... Mokhatarian, Handy & Salomon (1995), Romm (1999) and Masaki (2011) estimated the energy increase by summing up the electric power of equipment at home. Matthews & Williams (2005) and Röder & Nagel (2014) estimated the increase of energy consumption using national statistical data. Sun Microsystems (2009) and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2011) calculated the amount of energy increase at home by distributing measuring device to teleworkers. ...
... However, these papers do not consider how many people share the appliances at home. Röder & Nagel (2014) pointed out the possibilities of overestimation of energy consumption at home because not every teleworkers is living alone. Röder & Nagel (2014) All home apliances 7.5kWh Ÿ2.8kWh ...
Although telework is expected as an effective tool for energy saving, the effect of telework on the energy consumption depends on the usage of the equipment. There are two opposite possibilities of the effect of telework because energy consumption increases at home while energy consumption
decreases in the office by telework. In order to evaluate the effect of telework, the energy consumption model of telework was proposed. In the model, the energy saving effect is estimated according to the type of equipment. Type A equipment is used by each teleworker in the workplace independently. Personal computers and the desk lamps are the Type A equipment. Type B equipment is shared and used by several persons including teleworkers and their family members at home. Air-conditioners, ceiling lights and computer servers are the Type B equipment. As for Type A equipment, the effect of telework is decided by the energy efficiency of appliances. As for Type B equipment, the effect of telework on energy is affected by the number of people who share the equipment. There are 4 cases of using Type B equipment. These cases are determined by the office space reduction and the number of people at home. In order to evaluate the effect of telework, it is necessary to know the usage of equipment at home such as the number of people who share the equipment in the workplace. A survey was conducted to know the sharing situation of the equipment. According to the survey, 64% of teleworkers work alone in the workplace at home and use the energy. The energy consumption at home may increase by 73-85% of the energy decrease attained by the office closure. It was clarified that following conditions are the keys to the energy-saving by home-based telework: 1) the equipment with high energy efficiency should be used at home, 2) the large scale telework with office closure or office space reduction should be introduced, and 3) high energy consuming equipment such as air-conditioner should be shared with family members at home.
... But some studies estimate the decrease of energy consumption assuming the reduction of office space. For example, Romm (1999), Avaya (2009), Masaki (2011 and Röder & Nagel (2014) estimated the decrease of energy consumption using statistical data concerning office space and energy consumption and the estimation of reduction area. Sun Microsystems (2009) and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2011) calculated the decrease amount of energy by actual measurement of companies which introduced telework (Table 1). ...
... Mokhatarian, Handy & Salomon (1995), Romm (1999) and Masaki (2011) estimated the energy increase by summing up the electric power of equipment at home. Matthews & Williams (2005) and Röder & Nagel (2014) estimated the increase of energy consumption using national statistical data. Sun Microsystems (2009) and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2011) calculated the amount of energy increase at home by distributing measuring device to teleworkers. ...
... However, these papers do not consider how many people share the appliances at home. Röder & Nagel (2014) pointed out the possibilities of overestimation of energy consumption at home because not every teleworkers is living alone. Röder & Nagel (2014) All home apliances 7.5kWh Ÿ2.8kWh ...
