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... The impacts of DSVA are wide ranging, for both individuals and society. DSVA damages both physical [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] and mental health [7,[15][16][17][18][19], financial stability, relationships, and housing security [20][21][22]. Societal costs include strain on the criminal justice system, health and social services, and police. ...
Background
Domestic and sexual violence and abuse (DSVA) is prevalent and harmful. There are a range of support services and interventions available to those affected by it, but evidence of their effectiveness is uncertain. We synthesised evidence on the effectiveness of UK-based interventions and services for DSVA.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review and, where possible, meta-analysis. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Social Policy and Practice, ASSIA, IBSS, Sociological abstracts, SSCI and grey literature sources for publications published from inception to July 2023. We included randomised controlled trials, non-randomised comparative studies, pre-post studies, and service evaluations of support interventions or services for adults who had experienced or perpetrated DSVA. The intervention typology and selection of outcomes was determined based on co-production with stakeholders. The quality of the studies was assessed independently by two reviewers. Where meta-analysis was not possible, we synthesized studies with vote counting based on the direction of effect.
Results
Twenty-nine UK-based studies were included: 11 on advocacy, five on outreach, six on psychological interventions or services for victims-survivors, and six on perpetrator programmes. Meta-analyses showed benefits, with 58.7% (95% CI 53.6, 63.8) of advocacy and 46.2% (95% CI 39.1, 53.3) of outreach intervention and service participants reporting cessation of abuse at case closure. Vote counting was performed for psychological support interventions and perpetrator programmes, and showed positive effects on self-esteem and attitudes towards sexual offending. Most studies had a high risk of bias.
Conclusions
There appear to be benefits of UK-based advocacy and outreach services, psychological support interventions, and perpetrator programmes. However, risk of bias and methodological heterogeneity means that there is uncertainty regarding the estimated effects. There is need for more robust research, and a co-produced core-outcome set to facilitate future research in this field.
Trial registration
PROSPERO (CRD42022339739).
... Sexual violence (SV) remains a significant public health problem for young women and men (Black et al., 2011;Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998), and both cause short-and longer-term psychological and physical health consequences (Black et al., 2011). SV may influence college dropout and unemployment rates (Mengo & Black, 2016) for both victims and perpetrators. ...
... Sexual violence (SV) remains a significant public health problem for young women and men (Black et al., 2011;Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998), and both cause short-and longer-term psychological and physical health consequences (Black et al., 2011). SV may influence college dropout and unemployment rates (Mengo & Black, 2016) for both victims and perpetrators. ...
Purpose
Campus Sexual Violence Elimination Act required American colleges to implement bystander training to reduce sexual violence (SV). Our team investigated whether campuses with greater bystander programming coverage and skill-building indicators had lower SV perpetration and victimization rates.
Methods
Surveys and interviews with key informants charged with selecting and implementing bystander programming were used to create bystander programming coverage and skill building indicators. Electronic surveys were sent to undergraduates (2017–2019) to measure bystander training coverage, SV perpetration, and victimization.
Results
Of 100,846 surveys completed across 17 campuses, SV rates measuring physically forced sex ranged from 2.3–2.8% for victimization and 0.2% for perpetration. SV rates measuring drug or alcohol facilitated sex victimization ranged from 2.5–2.9% and 0.5–0.8% for perpetration. Using linear regression and adjusting for student population and campus crime rates, greater bystander training coverage and increased skill-building indicators were not associated with lower SV rates for campus level analyses. Similarly, at the student-level, there were no statistically significant reductions in SV perpetration nor victimization rates associated with increased bystander skill-building indicators.
Conclusions
Greater bystander skill-building indicators were not associated with lower sexual violence rates among undergraduate students. Key informant data suggested that campuses with higher SV rates required students to complete bystander training. We address the challenge of large implementation evaluations concurrent with a federal mandate for bystander training (Campus SaVE) and its impact on training variance within and across campuses. Future prospective evaluations of Campus SaVE are recommended.
... 1 Unfortunately, IPV is a leading cause of death and disability across the world. 2 Approximately one in three women and one in four men will experience IPV in their lifetime in the United States (US), as suggested by a 2010 report by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 3 While certain populations may have a slightly higher association with IPV; in general, IPV is prevalent regardless of nationality, race, ethnicity, religion, or socioeconomic status. 4 Studies demonstrate that in half of female murder cases, the perpetrator was an intimate partner, and homicide rates among women are 15 times more likely to be with someone they know, 62% of whom are wives or girlfriends of the offender. 5,6 Therefore, appropriate identification of IPV can be a life-saving intervention. ...
... The current research suggests that ocular injuries related to IPV are highly prevalent; given studies suggest 45% of IPV injuries involve the eye and surrounding ocular structures, and approximately one in three women and one in four men will experience IPV in their lifetime. 3 Annually, 1.6 million people lose their sight due to ocular injury in general, thus the long term visual outcomes related to IPV ocular injury are likely significant and underreported. 34 IPV-related ocular injuries range in presentation and severity, affecting nearly every anatomical region of the eye. ...
Purpose of Review
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a leading cause of death and disability across the world. We sought to investigate the prevalence and clinical presentation of ocular injuries in IPV.
Recent Findings
Literature review revealed 16 published studies that evaluated ocular injuries in IPV, of which the study types included 9 retrospective studies, 2 prospective, 1 review, 1 invited commentary, 2 case reports, and 1 population-based cross-sectional survey. These studies suggest that 45% of IPV incidents involve ocular injury. Various injury types have been described including traumatic cataract, dislocated lens, retinal detachment, intraocular hemorrhage, orbital and zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures, optic nerve avulsion, and open globe injuries. Implementation of IPV screening programs in various clinical settings, including an emergency department evaluating ocular trauma, suggests a positive association with identification of IPV and improving access to resources.
Summary
Within IPV, ocular injuries are a prevalent and important cause of vision loss. Various injuries have been reported affecting nearly every anatomical region of the eye. Routine screening for IPV among patients that present with ocular injuries and evaluating for visual complaints among patients experiencing IPV are both important. Future work focused on prospective studies and evaluation of screening techniques may be impactful.
... psychedelic sexuality with the sole aim of pleasure and experience therefore remains a powerful taboo. A US National report in 2010 showed that 18.3% of American women and 1.4% of men have been raped at some time in their lives (Black et al 2011). There is no denying the more radical need for women to address and heal from this reality. ...
In this article we initiate a conversation between scientific and humanities-oriented studies of sexuality and psychedelics. Drawing on three recent studies which indicate a positive connection between the use of psychedelics and sexual well-being, the article argues that taking account of sexuality as culturally produced, historically contingent and geographically specific would improve the reliability and efficacy of future studies. The need for socially and culturally attuned research grounded in contemporary sexual politics in this area is urgent, as in recent years—despite little reporting of sexuality in clinical research—the psychedelics field has had to grapple with the ethics of the relationship between psychedelic states and sexual interactions in therapeutic spaces and the ‘underground’. There is also scant attention to date paid to the gendered dynamics of sex and sexuality, and how this may impact perceptions of the relationship between psychedelic therapeutic repair versus enhancement. We unpack some of these dilemmas and outline some key concerns and potential priorities for future research into sexuality and psychedelics in a post-#MeToo era.
... La violencia de pareja íntima (VPI) es un problema omnipresente que afecta a las mujeres en todo el mundo (Valdez-Santiago et al., 2013). La violencia de pareja se refiere a un patrón de agresión física y psicológica que incluye actos de golpear, morder, patear, acechar, controlar y manipular conductas, amenazas, abuso verbal y agresión sexual (Black et al., 2011) coerción o privación arbitraria de la libertad, en el fuero privado o público, por parte de alguien que está o ha estado relacionado con la mujer afectivamente (Heise, 2011), incluso si el perpetrador y la mujer no viven juntos (Sardinha et al., 2022;World Health Organization, 2021b). ...
El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo con el objetivo de analizar la percepción de las mujeres aimaras de tres municipios de Bolivia acerca de las barreras para buscar ayuda por violencia de pareja íntima. Los hallazgos contribuyen al Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 5 (ODS 5): Lograr la igualdad de género y empoderar a todas las mujeres y niñas. Se adopto un enfoque cualitativo y se usó el apoyo de Atlas. Ti 22. Participaron 17 mujeres indígenas aimaras con edades entre 21 a 70, seleccionadas intencionalmente, procurando lograr la homogeneidad grupal. Los hallazgos del estudio actual ilustran la emergencia de cuatro categorías que constituyen barreras para la búsqueda de ayuda formal en mujeres aimaras de Bolivia: acceso limitado a los servicios de ayuda formal, tolerancia sociocultural del abuso, estigma social y dependencia económica desde la perspectiva de las sobrevivientes de VPI. Estas barreras a menudo podrían estar superpuestas, lo que impide que las mujeres víctimas de VPI buscar ayuda o abandonar relaciones abusivas.
... Interpretation of our findings is limited to the sexual assault of young women by young men, given that the perpetrator and victim in our vignettes were also seemingly young, since the target age of participants was 18-30 years old. While young adults are at especially high risk (Black et al., 2011), sexual assault can happen at any age. The race of the victim and perpetrator was unspecified, and we were unable to assess whether this impacted generalizability of these findings. ...
Objective: Bystanders are often present at the early signs of sexual risk, before a sexual assault occurs, positioning them to prevent sexual violence. However, few reliable and validated measures assess whether individuals intervene at the first indicators of risk. To address this gap, we developed the Bystander Reactions to Early Assault Cues Tool (B-REACT), a vignette measure that assesses intervention intentions in response to early cues for sexual assault risk. Method: Data were collected in two studies with a community sample of young adults recruited from MTurk (N = 755). Participants read and responded to newly developed vignettes, which depicted varying levels of sexual risk ambiguity from the perspective of a bystander. Bystander intentions were assessed using both quantitative (i.e., closed-ended items) and qualitative (i.e., content-coded responses) measures. Results: Results provided evidence that the B-REACT is a reliable and valid means of assessing bystander intentions in response to sexual risk. Specifically, a coding scheme was created and implemented to identify the presence or absence of an intervention intention with high interrater reliability, and a measure of prototypic bystander behaviors showed strong internal consistency. Responses on the B-REACT were predicted by situational determinants of intervention derived from bystander theory and established individual difference variables (i.e., bystander efficacy, rape myth acceptance, perceived barriers, gender), supporting the B-REACT’s validity. Conclusion: By incorporating a bystander’s first-person perspective, ambiguous cues for preassault sexual risk, and both qualitative and quantitative assessments, the B-REACT is among a limited number of validated and standardized measures of bystander intentions.
... Према подацима Центра за контролу и превенцију болести (CDC) 4 , више од 50% жена и око 30% мушкараца доживело је сек суално насиље које је укључивало физички контакт 5,6 (скоро по ло ви на тих особа имала је мање од 18 година), док је једна од шест же на била жртва силовања или покушаја силовања. Слични по да ци добијени су и у другим студијама спроведеним у САД, према ко јима је више од 78% жртава доживело силовање пре 25. године жи вота, од чега скоро 40% у доба малолетства (Breiding et al., 2014). ...
... Подаци из Националне анкете о интимним партнерима и сексуалном насиљу (НИСВС) 7 показују да је у САД више од 18% же на (скоро 22 милиона) и око 1,5% (1,6 милиона) мушкараца до жи вело силовање (Black, 2011). Такође се наводи да је око 1,5% же на и мање од 1% мушкараца било жртва силовања или поку ша ја силовања у години која је претходила истраживању (Dworkin, Kra hé, Zinzow, 2021), као и да је 44% жена и око 23% мушкараца има ло искуство са другим облицима сексуалног насиља (Breiding et al., 2014). ...
2013. до 2022. године. Анализа је спроведена ради прегледа броја подне тих кривичних пријава за пунолетна и малолетна лица током на ве деног периода, као и анализе кретања инциденције кривичног де ла силовања према регионима Републике Србије. Подаци кори ш ће ни у истраживању потичу од Републичког завода за ста ти с ти ку. У периоду од 2013. до 2022. године пријављено је укупно 903.010 кривичних дела, од чега су 4.442 кривична дела (0,49%) про тив полне слободе. Резултати показују да је укупан број под не тих кривичних пријава релативно низак, али се примећује његов раст након 2016. и 2017. године. Про це нат кривичних пријава против пунолетних лица био је између 82,47% и 93,26%, док је број пријава против малолетних лица опадао, посебно у 2021. (6,74%) и 2022. (7,59%) години. Највећи број пријава односи се на кри вична дела недозвољених полних радњи и силовања, при чему за кривично дело недозвољених полних радњи проценат за 1 milanoljaca@ff.uns.ac.rs 2 valentina.
... This aligns with broader societal expectation on men to take on the role of "initiators" in alcohol-involved sexual situations. In contrast, women may place less emphasis on their own intoxication levels within this advice framework because they are less frequently seen as the aggressors in these encounters (Black et al., 2011). Instead, women are often expected to focus on clearly communicating their consent or refusal, in response to a request by men (Jozkowski & Peterson, 2013;Sakaluk et al., 2014). ...
... Conversely, only a single woman mentioned this perspective, emphasizing the need for a partner to assess someone else's level of intoxication. This discrepancy could imply that men are socialized and expected to take responsibility for recognizing when someone is too intoxicated to consent, likely due to their more frequent role as perpetrators of sexual assault (Abbey, 2017;Black et al., 2011) or sexual initiators (Jozkowski & Peterson, 2013). While men should be attentive to their partners' intoxication levels, such advice overlooks the fact that men themselves may be drinking and, as a result, their cognitive capacity to interpret or determine consent is impaired. ...
Because alcohol use is often involved in both consensual and non-consensual sexual encounters, college students may develop internalized guidelines for how to navigate these experiences safely. The goal of this study was to solicit advice college students would provide to their peers regarding how to navigate alcohol-involved consensual sexual behavior. College students (n = 30, 15 cisgender women, 13 cisgender men, two gender-queer ages 18–30 years) from a large mid-western university were recruited to complete a one-hour interview on alcohol and sexual decision-making. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using reflective thematic analysis. College students provided three areas of advice regarding alcohol-involved consensual sex. First, they recommended their peers make sure they and the other person is sober “enough” for sexual activity by: (1) knowing your limits with alcohol, (2) relying on your friends, and (3) evaluating how intoxicated the other person is. Second, use explicit and verbal consent and refusal communication by: (1) being clear in what you are willing (or not) to do and (2) explicitly asking your partner several times, before sex occurs. Finally, students recommended evaluating the larger context of the situation. College students offered advice centered on leveraging past experiences, relying on friends for assistance in these scenarios, and doing one’s own personal evaluation of the situation. Additionally, they underscored the importance of clear, verbal communication, along with checking in and actively listening to their sexual partners during these encounters. The cumulative guidance provided by college students yields valuable insights that can inform harm reduction prevention efforts related to alcohol use and sexual consent.
... In the first month following a sexual assault, nearly three-quarters (74.58%) of people develop posttraumatic symptoms severe enough to meet diagnostic criteria for PTSD (Dworkin et al., 2023). Sexual violence victimization is also associated with both immediate and long-term physical health concerns (Black et al., 2011;Jakubowski et al., 2021;Jina & Thomas, 2013), as well as personal economic costs (Peterson et al., 2017). On college and university campuses, students who have been sexually assaulted are more likely to face academic difficulties (Potter et al., 2022;Stermac et al., 2020), have lower GPAs (Jordan et al., 2014) and drop out altogether (Mengo & Black, 2016). ...
Sexual violence is prevalent on college and university campuses, constituting one of the most urgent issues faced by institutions of higher education. Most students who have experienced sexual violence avoid seeking support from their institutions, despite the availability of resources. Institutional betrayal, which occurs when institutions betray those who depend on them by failing to prevent harm or respond supportively to reports of harm, may play a role in discouraging students from using campus services. The purpose of the current study was to bridge parallel literatures on institutional betrayal and students’ barriers to reporting and service use. Associations between institutional betrayal, barriers to campus service use, and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among sexual assault survivors were investigated. A two-factor model of institutional betrayal—Institutional Climate and Institutional Response—was used for analyses. Results from a sample of 178 undergraduates who experienced campus sexual assault revealed both factors of institutional betrayal were associated with PTSD symptoms and service use barriers. Multiple regression analyses indicated that Institutional Climate, but not Institutional Response, was uniquely related to PTSD symptoms after controlling for sexual assault history. Multiple regression also identified Institutional Climate as a significant predictor of barriers related to fear of negative treatment. These findings emphasize the connection between institutions’ rape-supportive climate and sexual assault survivors’ distress and suggest that institutional responses could play a part in service use barriers. Addressing both factors of institutional betrayal through campus policies and practices is essential in combating high rates of sexual violence in higher education.
... IPV was assessed using questions derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NIPSVS) [25]. The survey consisted of 30 items that examined four categories of IPV behavior: 1) psychological aggression (e.g. ...
This study examined the effectiveness of virtual delivery of the Strength at Home (SAH) intervention program for intimate partner violence in a sample of 605 military Veterans across 69 Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers through a national implementation of the program. Outcome measures included physical IPV, psychological IPV, coercive control behaviors, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and alcohol misuse. Significant pre-intervention to post-intervention reductions were found for all outcomes, with similar effect size estimates relative to a prior investigation of in-person delivered SAH through the same national VA implementation. Study findings suggest that virtual delivery of SAH may be as effective as in-person delivery which has important implications for program access and impact.
