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The minimal occupancy level (θmin) of the clathrate lattice of gas mols. is defined as the no. of guest mols. in the host clathrate lattice, which can stabilize the thermodynamically unstable empty cage by covering the energy demand of the transformation of hexagonal ice into empty clathrate lattice (ΔHtrans). The θmin values for chlorine hydrate w...
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... Partial phase diagram for Cl2-H2O mixture. Redrawn from data in ref.[72] ...
We present a quantitative bibliometric study of flow battery technology from the first zinc-bromine cells in the 1870’s to megawatt vanadium RFB installations in the 2020’s. We emphasize, that the cost advantage of RFBs in multi-hour charge-discharge cycles is compromised by the inferior energy efficiency of these systems, and that there are limits on the efficiency improvement due to internal cross-over and the cost of power (at low current densities) and due to acceptable pressure drop (at high current densities). Differences between lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are discussed from the end-user perspective. We conclude, that the area-specific resistance, cross-over current and durability of contemporaneous VRFBs are appropriate for commercialization in multi-hour stationary energy storage markets, and the most import direction in the VRFB development today is reduction of stack materials and manufacturing costs. Chromium-iron RFBs should be given a renewed attention, since this seems to be the most promising durable low-cost chemistry. see also 10.1149/1945-7111/acb8de .
... Davy reported that the aqueous solution of chlorine freezes more readily than pure water, but the pure gas dried over calcium chloride underwent no change whatever, at temperatures below -30 °C. The intensive development of the chemistry of chlorine hydrate started from this point [11]. ...
This paper is devoted to the history of exploration of sintezed and natural gas hydrate. Academic, engineering and energy periods of the history of gas hydrates studies are described. The most significant researches in this area are described. The main practical projects in the world for the study and production of gas hydrates are reviewed.
Platinum group metals are widely used in the manufacture of advanced materials due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Especially, palladium (Pd), platinum(Pt), and rhodium(Rh) are used as catalysts for automobiles. In general, combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical process is necessary to recover PGMs. In this work, the separation of Pd, Pt, and Rh from the metallic mixture was investigated by selective dissolution using HCl solutions containing oxidizing agents such as H2O2 and NaClO3. As a diluent for the leaching medium, either water or ethylene glycol (EG) was employed and the dissolution behavior of the three metals was compared. Selective dissolution of 99.9% Pd from the metallic mixture was achieved by using 1 M HCl and 1.225 M M H2O2 (H2O medium, 40°C, 30 min), while that of 99.9% Pt was possible by using 5 M HCl and 0.5 M NaClO3 (H2O medium, 60°C,120 min). By these two-step dissolution, Rh metal remained in the residue. A simple process was proposed to separate Pd, Pt, and Rh from their metallic mixture by selective dissolution.
We present a quantitative bibliometric study of flow battery technology from the first zinc-bromine cells in the 1870s to megawatt vanadium redox flow battery (RFB) installations in the 2020s. We emphasize that the cost advantage of RFBs in multi-hour charge-discharge cycles is compromised by the inferior energy efficiency of these systems, and that there are limits on the efficiency improvement due to internal cross-over and the cost of power (at low current densities) and due to acceptable pressure drop (at high current densities). Differences between lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow batteries are discussed from the end-user perspective.
We present a quantitative bibliometric study of flow battery technology from the first zinc-bromine cells in the 1870’s to megawatt vanadium RFB installations in the 2020’s. We emphasize, that the cost advantage of RFBs in multi-hour charge-discharge cycles is compromised by the inferior energy efficiency of these systems, and that there are limits on the efficiency improvement due to internal cross-over and the cost of power (at low current densities) and due to acceptable pressure drop (at high current densities). Differences between lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are discussed from the end-user perspective. We conclude, that the area-specific resistance, cross-over current and durability of contemporaneous VRFBs are appropriate for commercialization in multi-hour stationary energy storage markets, and the most import direction in the VRFB development today is the reduction of stack materials and manufacturing costs. Chromium-iron RFBs should be given a renewed attention, since it seems to be the most promising durable low-energy-cost chemistry.
We present a quantitative bibliometric study of flow battery technology from the first zinc-bromine cells in the 1870’s to megawatt vanadium RFB installations in the 2020’s. We emphasize, that the cost advantage of RFBs in multi-hour charge-discharge cycles is compromised by the inferior energy efficiency of these systems, and that there are limits on the efficiency improvement due to internal cross-over and the cost of power (at low current densities) and due to acceptable pressure drop (at high current densities). Differences between lithium-ion and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) are discussed from the end-user perspective. We conclude, that the area-specific resistance, cross-over current and durability of contemporaneous VRFBs are appropriate for commercialization in multi-hour stationary energy storage markets, and the most import direction in the VRFB development today is reduction of stack materials and manufacturing costs. Chromium-iron RFBs should be given a renewed attention, since it seems to be the most promising durable low-cost chemistry.
CO2 hydrate slurry can be used in a lot of practical applications such as CO2 capture, CO2 storage-transportation and CO2 sequestration processes. However, CO2 hydrate slurry is generally formed at low temperature and high pressure. The objectives of this study are to develop new absorbents to form CO2 hydrate at atmospheric pressure, and to evaluate the effects of surfactants and additives on the formation rate and the induction time of CO2 hydrate. THF (Tetrahydrofuran) is used as a surfactant and SDS (Sodium dodecyl sulfate) and nano particles such as Al2O3 are used as the additives. It is found that the maximum CO2 hydrate formation rate is enhanced up to 3.74 times by adding 0.6 wt% of SDS and 0.2 wt% of Al2O3 nanoparticles compared to the formation rate without the surfactants. Finally, it is concluded that THF 10 wt% and SDS 0.6 wt% with Al2O3 0.2 wt% is the optimum condition for CO2 hydrate formation rate enhancement.