Table 5 - uploaded by Peter Schulman
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Tested the prediction of the reformulated learned helplessness model, which claims that the tendency to explain bad events by internal, stable, and global causes potentiates quitting when bad events are encountered. Two studies were conducted, using a total of 197 life insurance agents as Ss. Explanatory style, as measured by the Attributional Styl...
Similar publications
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2- (ERK1/2-) mediated cellular signaling plays a major role in synaptic and structural plasticity. Although ERK1/2 signaling has been shown to be involved in stress and depression, whether vulnerability to develop depression is associated with abnormalities in ERK1/2 signaling is not clearly known. The presen...
In 2010 a mathematics curriculum was introduced in Irish second level schools entitled ‘Project Maths’ (PM). It aimed to refocus second level mathematics teaching and learning away from an over emphasis on procedural mathematics towards problem solving and real understanding [Department of Education and Skills (DES). (2010). Report of the Project M...
- [...]
Background:
Chronic persistent airway inflammation has been associated with the comorbidity of asthma and bipolar disorder (BD). However, the direct relevance between airway inflammation and BD-like psychiatric comorbidity is almost unknown. Integrin β4 (ITGB4) is downregulated on the airway epithelial of asthma patients, which might play a critic...
This paper describes a Hungarian social microcredit programme, called Kiútprogram and discusses the major lessons drawn from its operation. It was launched some 10 years ago as an adaptation of the Grameen model to the Hungarian circumstances to decrease the level of prejudice and discrimination against the Roma and improve their living conditions...
Background
Previous studies have revealed that ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) may play an important role in the regulation of emotional behavior. However, it is not known what effect VLO damage will have on emotion regulation.
Results
Data showed that damage of VLO increased the anxiety-like behavior in open field test and elevated plus maze,...
Citations
... Explanations based on motivated cognition propose that people are inclined to believe in their own good-fortunes (Eil & Rao, 2011;Hughes & Zaki, 2015;Huys et al., 2012;Kunda, 1990;M. E. P. Seligman, 1991;Seligman & Schulman, 1986;Zuckerman, 1979). In support of this idea, people exhibit a range of self-serving biases (for a review see Bromberg-Martin & Sharot, 2020), and often minimize responsibility for their offensive behavior by blaming others or external circumstances (Maruna & Mann, 2006). ...
People often form polarized beliefs, imbuing objects (e.g., themselves or others) with unambiguously positive or negative qualities. In clinical settings, this is referred to as dichotomous thinking or "splitting" and is a feature of several psychiatric disorders. Here, we introduce a Bayesian model of splitting that parameterizes a tendency to rigidly categorize objects as either entirely "Bad" or "Good," rather than to flexibly learn dispositions along a continuous scale. Distinct from the previous descriptive theories, the model makes quantitative predictions about how dichotomous beliefs emerge and are updated in light of new information. Specifically, the model addresses how splitting is context-dependent, yet exhibits stability across time. A key model feature is that phases of devaluation and/or idealization are consolidated by rationally attributing counter-evidence to external factors. For example, when another person is idealized, their less-than-perfect behavior is attributed to unfavorable external circumstances. However, sufficient counter-evidence can trigger switches of polarity, producing bistable dynamics. We show that the model can be fitted to empirical data, to measure individual susceptibility to relational instability. For example, we find that a latent categorical belief that others are "Good" accounts for less changeable, and more certain, character impressions of benevolent as opposed to malevolent others among healthy participants. By comparison, character impressions made by participants with borderline personality disorder reveal significantly higher and more symmetric splitting. The generative framework proposed invites applications for modeling oscillatory relational and affective dynamics in psychotherapeutic contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
... Investigaciones sobre el estilo explicativo del optimismo han revelado que dicho estilo se asocia con menor ideación suicida (Hirsch & Rabon, 2015), mayor rendimiento académico (LaForge & Cantrell, 2003) y productividad (Seligman & Schulman, 1986). Rasmussen et al., (2009) realizaron una revisión metaanalítica para determinar la fortaleza de la asociación entre el optimismo y la salud física. ...
Las raíces del optimismo y la esperanza pueden remontarse históricamente a discusiones filosóficas a lo largo de las épocas. Dichos constructos están intrínsecamente relacionados con el propósito/significado y valor que las personas brindan a sus vidas. No obstante, el impacto del optimismo y la esperanza en la salud mental se comenzó a estudiar mucho tiempo después de la fundación de la psicología como ciencia. Este capítulo tiene como objetivo exponer una mirada a los constructos optimismo y esperanza. Se espera establecer una distinción entre ambos constructos, así como también discutir definiciones, modelos teóricos y las investigaciones conducidas en Puerto Rico sobre cada constructo con el propósito de exponer limitaciones y recomendaciones. Se concluye que existe una literatura incipiente en Puerto Rico sobre el optimismo que ha tomado lugar mayormente en el contexto laboral. Con relación a la literatura sobre el constructo esperanza es casi inexistente en Puerto Rico. Los estudios identificados han explorado a mayor profundidad la desesperanza en el contexto de la depresión. Aún resta largo camino por conocer sobre el optimismo y la esperanza en el pueblo puertorriqueño.
... However, the literature asserts entrepreneurial confidence as a double-edged sword. While having confidence has positive correlations with several encouraging outcomes such as more innovation (Hirshleifer et al., 2012), better opportunity identification (Koellinger et al., 2007) and higher entrepreneurial resilience (Seligman & Schulman, 1986); exhibiting more than an optimal level of confidence has its downsizes with less survival rate (Camerer & Lovallo, 1999), poor decisionmaking (Hayward & Hambrick, 1997) and escalation of commitment (Nouri, 2020;Whyte et al., 1997). Trevelyan (2008) attributed such contrasting evidence to the two constituting constructs of entrepreneurial confidence-optimism and overconfidence. ...
Obstacles and threats are common occurrences for entrepreneurs in their journey of starting and surviving a venture. These challenges often induce a fear of failure in entrepreneurs, sometimes affecting their mental well-being. Although coping literature lists several explicit mechanisms to mitigate the adverse impact of entrepreneurial fear of failure, empirical evidence suggesting the role of some intrinsic typical entrepreneurial characteristics such as overconfidence and optimism is missing from the extant knowledge bank. Our study joins those missing links by studying the role of entrepreneurs’ confidence elements—overconfidence and optimism in entrepreneurial fear of failure. We adopted stress appraisal theory and experience sampling methodology to explore the hypothesized relations. We triangulate our results with semi-structured interviews with entrepreneurs. Our findings reveal the positive side of entrepreneurs’ confidence in dealing with stress and fear of failure. Therefore, we contribute to the entrepreneurial well-being literature and provide a reason for practicing entrepreneurs to build on their confidence.
... They are also less likely to be depressed and anxious (Cohn et al., 2009;Fredrickson et al., 2008;Mak, Ng, & Wong, 2011). Resilient individuals are also less more to engage in presenteeism -that is, they remain fully functioning in the workplace rather than working while distracted (Thogersen-Ntoumani et al., 2017) -and they also avoid other self-defeating work behaviors (Seligman et al., 1986;Van Katwyk, Fox, Spector, & Kelloway, 2000). Importantly, resilience is malleable and can be learned and nurtured (Kim-Cohen,2007). ...
Compared to the general population, science trainees experience significant challenges and stressors that increase negative mental health outcomes. With COVID-19, the stressors of social distancing, isolation, truncated lab time, and uncertainty about the future have all likely exacerbated the effect. Now, more than ever, practical and effective interventions are vitally needed to address the core causes of science trainee stress and to increase resilience amongst trainee populations. This paper discusses a new resilience program targeted to biomedical trainees and scientists - Becoming a Resilient Scientist Series (BRS), a 5-part workshop coupled with facilitated group discussions dedicated to increasing resilience, specifically focusing on academic and research environments. Results show that BRS increases trainee resilience (primary outcome), with reductions in perceived stress, anxiety, and work presenteeism, and increases in ability to shift and persist, self-awareness, and self-efficacy (secondary outcomes). Furthermore, participants in the program reported high level of satisfaction, would highly recommend the program to others, and perceived positive changes in their resilience skills. To our knowledge, this is the first resilience program explicitly targeted for biomedical trainees and scientists, catering to the unique professional culture and environment in which these individuals work.
... Perseverance is more often studied as an outcome than as a predictor. For example, perseverance in difficult or impossible tasks has served as the dependent variable in studies of optimistic attribution style, self-efficacy, goal orientation, and depletion of self-control resources (see, e.g., Bandura, 1977;Baumeister et al., 1998;Elliott & Dweck, 1988;Seligman & Schulman, 1986). However, the study of perseverance as a predictor, in particular as a stable individual difference, was of keen interest to psychologists in the first half of the 20th century. ...
This study examines grit-trait-level perseverance and prolonged passion for primary goals-in a foreign language learning context. The participants of this study were 384 English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners from different academic majors studying at Yazd University. They had enrolled in General English (GE) courses. A questionnaire and an inventory were administered to assess their grit and a set of five assumed predictors, respectively. This investigation sought two main objectives: to examine (a) the relationships between grit and big five personality traits, and (b) the roles of grit and big five personality traits as predictors of L2 achievement. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we explored links among grit, five predictors of grit, and L2 achievement. The results indicated that three variables of big five personality traits (conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness to experience or intellect) are important predictors of grit in language learning. Furthermore, grit as a novel construct considerably predicted L2 achievement to a large extend and mediated the influence of the five predictive factors on L2 achievement. Grit, thus, constitutes a predictor of L2 learning and acts as an essential yet under-investigated role for success in language learning that is conceptually and empirically different from existing constructs.
... Seligman Seligman 1990Hoorens & Buunk, 1993Peterson & de Avila, 1995;Peterson, Seligman & Vaillant, 1988 Aydin;Hilsman & Garber, 1995;Peterson & Barrett;1987;Yates, Yates, & Lippett, 1995Belt & Peterson, 1991Lee & Seligman, 1997Seligman & Schulman, 1986 Nolen-Hoeksem ...
... Girgus & Seligman, 1992;Peterson & de Avila 1995;Peterson, Seligman & Vaillant, 1988Hilsman Garber, 1995Seligman & Schulman, 1986Lee & Seligman, 1997Seligman & Schulman, 1986;Trotter, 1987 Abramson Abramson , et al., 1978;Bush, Ballard & Fremouw, 1995;Bry Krinsley, 1990;Fincham & Cain, 1986 Twinsburg 1/4 1/2 Seligman, 1990Seligman, /1997Seligman, , 1995Seligman, /1999Seligman, 1993 product press/ pressure Torrance, 1995, p. 66 Amabile, 1996Feldman, Csikszentmihalyi & Gardner, 1994;Sternberg & Lubart, 1995/1999Csikszentmihalyi, 1996/1999Amabile, 1996Gruber & Davis, 1988;Csikszentmihalyi, 1990;Sternberg & Lubart, 1995/1999(Amabile, 1996 Peterson Peterson & Ulrey, 1994;Seligman, 1991Norem 200119962000Amabile, 1988, 1996Feldhusen, 1995;Runco & Walberg, 1998;Sternberg & Lubart, 1996 transformation Stipek, 1998Stipek, 1998Deci & Ryan, 1993--Sternberg Lubart 1996Gardner Gruber 1982 Amabile 1996 Midgley, Kaplan, & Middleton, 2001;Stipek, 1998,p. 125 Amabile 1983 Amabile, Conti, Lazenby & Herron, 1996;Csikzentmihalyi, 1996Csikzentmihalyi, /1999Sternberg & Lubart, 1996Seligman 1990/1999, 2002/2003Seligman 2003Authentic Happiness Bryan & Bryan, 1991Cervone, Kopp, Schunk, 1998Bandura 1996self-efficacy 2000Amabile, 1996Runco & Walberg, 1998Harackiewicz, Barron, Pintrich, Elliot & Thrash 2002Midgley, Kaplan & Middleton, 2001Pintrich, 2000Garner & Alexander, 1989Moely, Santulli & Obach, 1995Heyman Dweck 1992(Schunk, 1989Weiner,1992) Dweck, 1999200020002000Amibile, 1988Amabile, Conti, Lazenby, & Herron, 1996;Oldham & Cummings, 1996Goldman 1995/1996/1999 Csikszentmihalyi 1996 ...
... Girgus & Seligman, 1992;Peterson & de Avila 1995;Peterson, Seligman & Vaillant, 1988Hilsman Garber, 1995Seligman & Schulman, 1986Lee & Seligman, 1997Seligman & Schulman, 1986;Trotter, 1987 Abramson Abramson , et al., 1978;Bush, Ballard & Fremouw, 1995;Bry Krinsley, 1990;Fincham & Cain, 1986 Twinsburg 1/4 1/2 Seligman, 1990Seligman, /1997Seligman, , 1995Seligman, /1999Seligman, 1993 product press/ pressure Torrance, 1995, p. 66 Amabile, 1996Feldman, Csikszentmihalyi & Gardner, 1994;Sternberg & Lubart, 1995/1999Csikszentmihalyi, 1996/1999Amabile, 1996Gruber & Davis, 1988;Csikszentmihalyi, 1990;Sternberg & Lubart, 1995/1999(Amabile, 1996 Peterson Peterson & Ulrey, 1994;Seligman, 1991Norem 200119962000Amabile, 1988, 1996Feldhusen, 1995;Runco & Walberg, 1998;Sternberg & Lubart, 1996 transformation Stipek, 1998Stipek, 1998Deci & Ryan, 1993--Sternberg Lubart 1996Gardner Gruber 1982 Amabile 1996 Midgley, Kaplan, & Middleton, 2001;Stipek, 1998,p. 125 Amabile 1983 Amabile, Conti, Lazenby & Herron, 1996;Csikzentmihalyi, 1996Csikzentmihalyi, /1999Sternberg & Lubart, 1996Seligman 1990/1999, 2002/2003Seligman 2003Authentic Happiness Bryan & Bryan, 1991Cervone, Kopp, Schunk, 1998Bandura 1996self-efficacy 2000Amabile, 1996Runco & Walberg, 1998Harackiewicz, Barron, Pintrich, Elliot & Thrash 2002Midgley, Kaplan & Middleton, 2001Pintrich, 2000Garner & Alexander, 1989Moely, Santulli & Obach, 1995Heyman Dweck 1992(Schunk, 1989Weiner,1992) Dweck, 1999200020002000Amibile, 1988Amabile, Conti, Lazenby, & Herron, 1996;Oldham & Cummings, 1996Goldman 1995/1996/1999 Csikszentmihalyi 1996 ...
... Fourth, our investigation explored negative consequences of talent terminology but neglected its potential advantages. For example, while our investigation highlighted undesirable outcomes associated with fixed mindsets, some scholars argue that believing one's positive traits are stable actually improves motivation (e.g., Seligman & Schulman, 1986). In our experiments, participants were only presented with hypothetical scenarios in which talent (or skill) was lacking. ...
... First, it influences success outcomes (Hales & Johnson, 2018). For example, optimists are typically more successful in tasks like sales compared to the average person (Dixon & Schertzer, 2005;Medlin & Green, 2009;Seligman & Schulman, 1986;Strutton & Lumpkin, 1993). Similarly, findings suggest dispositional optimism in athletes and entrepreneurs is a key predictor of high performance (Nicholls et al., 2008). ...
In the last three decades, the theory of strategic conflict management has been developed so that it is a strong framework for considering the factors that influence an organization’s response to crises and identifying the importance for dynamic and flexible approaches to crisis decision-making and communication. While leadership is considered one of the critical internal contingency factors but individual characteristics of key decision-makers, like the CEO, are also one of the most understudied ones. At the same time, the concept of optimism has long been explored as a factor influencing performance and positive outcomes in many arenas, but with scant evidence in the application to senior-level leadership or crisis contexts. In fact, in the crisis literature where optimism and pessimism is addressed, it largely argues that crisis leaders should adopt a pessimistic mindset. For this study senior-leaders in multinational companies responsible for managing employees in an average of 70 countries each and with extensive crisis leadership experience reflect on their own experiences during crises. Findings indicate that optimism is a critical trait in successful crisis leadership connecting to positive outcomes for the teams and organizations. These data also provide critical insights that develop a stronger understanding of contingency planning in crisis management because we have identified a trait that amongst an elite group of managers with extensive crisis experience was consistently attributed to their own success as crisis leaders.
... İyi serlik ireyi gele eğe dair olu lu ekle ti duy aları ı ifade ede ir kavram olarak değerle diril ektedir (Carver, et al., 2010). Sözko usu olu lu ekle ti kişi i a a ı a ulaş adaki gayreti e ısrar ı davra ışı a yol aç aktadır S heier&Carver, Selig a ve S hul a 'ı yap ış oldukları çalış ada iyi ser akış açısı a sahip ola çalışa ları iş perfor a sları ı daha yüksek olduğu, kötü ser akış açısı a sahip çalışa ları iyi ser çalışa lara göre işi ırak a ora ları ı daha yüksek olduğu sapta ıştır (Seligman & Schulman, 1986). ...
The aim of the research is to examine the relationship between positive psychological capital and organizational trust and emotional commitment. There are a number of field surveys of employees' positive job attitudes and behaviors and their impact on organizational performance. The tendency of positive psychology to lead individuals to happiness causes positive psychological capital to be born. Organizational trust is interpreted as a desire to remain vulnerable in the business environment in which the employee is working, in the sense that he will not suffer any damage to himself or that he will not be subjected to malicious behavior. Emotional commitment refers to the fact that employees are willing and willing to operate businesses that they work with. It is desired to conduct research with the expectation that the positive psychological capital will affect the variables of organizational trust and emotional attachment positively. A conceptual
framework was given in the study and the implementation was carried out on 8 teahouse management employees operating in the private sector in the Eastern Black Sea region. The survey form prepared in this context was applied on 180 employees. In the analysis of the data, the IBM SPSS STATISTICS 20 package program was used and correlation and multiple regression analyzes were used to determine the relationships between the variables. Analysis results indicate that there is a significant correlation between positive psychological capital and positive job attitudes and behaviors of employees. Positive psychological capital has positive effects on organizational trust and emotional commitment. The results support other work done in the field.
... Perseverance is more often studied as an outcome than as a predictor. For example, perseverance in difficult or impossible tasks has served as the dependent variable in studies of optimistic attribution style, self-efficacy, goal orientation, and depletion of selfcontrol resources (see, e.g., Bandura, 1977;Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, & Tice, 1998;Elliott & Dweck, 1988;Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister, 1998;Seligman & Schulman, 1986). However, the study of perseverance as a predictor, in particular as a stable individual difference, was of keen interest to psychologists in the first half of the 20th century. ...
