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Visualization of NDI differences between multiple sclerosis and NMOSD. Significant differences in mean NDI (Welch's t-test). (A) White matter fibres traversing through white matter lesions showing significantly lower NDI values in multiple sclerosis patients when compared with NMOSD patients [CC_6, t(31.66) = −2.56, P = 0.04]. (B) White matter fibres not traversing through white matter lesions showing significantly lower NDI values in multiple sclerosis patients when compared with NMOSD patients [CC_6, t(37.73) = −2.70, P = 0.04; CST_left, t(37.98) = −3.08, P = 0.02; ICP_left, t(36.14) = −3.40, P = 0.01; ILF_left, t(34.90) = −2.99, P = 0.02; MCP, t(31.67) = −3.11, P = 0.02; POPT_left, t(36.08) = −2.73, P = 0.04]. NMOSD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders; MS, multiple sclerosis; CC_6, isthmus; CST, corticospinal tract; ICP, inferior cerebellar peduncle; ILF, inferior longitudinal fascicle; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncle; POPT, parieto-occipital pontine tract.

Visualization of NDI differences between multiple sclerosis and NMOSD. Significant differences in mean NDI (Welch's t-test). (A) White matter fibres traversing through white matter lesions showing significantly lower NDI values in multiple sclerosis patients when compared with NMOSD patients [CC_6, t(31.66) = −2.56, P = 0.04]. (B) White matter fibres not traversing through white matter lesions showing significantly lower NDI values in multiple sclerosis patients when compared with NMOSD patients [CC_6, t(37.73) = −2.70, P = 0.04; CST_left, t(37.98) = −3.08, P = 0.02; ICP_left, t(36.14) = −3.40, P = 0.01; ILF_left, t(34.90) = −2.99, P = 0.02; MCP, t(31.67) = −3.11, P = 0.02; POPT_left, t(36.08) = −2.73, P = 0.04]. NMOSD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders; MS, multiple sclerosis; CC_6, isthmus; CST, corticospinal tract; ICP, inferior cerebellar peduncle; ILF, inferior longitudinal fascicle; MCP, middle cerebellar peduncle; POPT, parieto-occipital pontine tract.

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Multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders are distinct autoimmune CNS disorders with overlapping clinical features but differing pathology. Multiple sclerosis is primarily a demyelinating disease with the presence of widespread axonal damage, while neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders is characterized by...

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... white matter fibres traversing through white matter lesions, NDI was decreased in multiple sclerosis in only one out of 50 white matter tracts (isthmus of the corpus callosum) when compared to NMOSD (M = 0.58, SD = 0.05 versus M = 0.63, SD = 0.04, P = 0.04, Fig. 3A, Supplementary Table 1 and Figs. 2 and ...