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This theory paper probes the intersections of Lean, Mass Production and conventional
Construction, Lean Construction, the Simple Framework for Integrating Project Delivery
model, and Virtual Design and Construction (VDC). The authors argue that Toyota
recognized that integration was necessary to achieve the goal of global optimization in
design...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... occurs when its components are part of an integrated approach rather than being used in isolation. For example, it is common to find BIM and Lean areas or departments in projects and companies. If people in these two areas or departments work in isolation from each other, we cannot say that VDC is being applied. Figure 5 shows the relationships between VDC elements, making the point that it is not enough to adopt each of its components in an isolated way. BIM+ and PPM jointly support collaboration during ICE sessions which are intended to achieve metrics aligned with project objectives supporting client goals. ...
Context 2
... occurs when its components are part of an integrated approach rather than being used in isolation. For example, it is common to find BIM and Lean areas or departments in projects and companies. If people in these two areas or departments work in isolation from each other, we cannot say that VDC is being applied. Figure 5 shows the relationships between VDC elements, making the point that it is not enough to adopt each of its components in an isolated way. BIM+ and PPM jointly support collaboration during ICE sessions which are intended to achieve metrics aligned with project objectives supporting client goals. ...
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Citations
... Ele ainda pode auxiliar na operação e manutenção das plantas industriais (XU; XU; LI, 2018). De acordo com Rischmoller et al., (2018) no VDC o gerenciamento da produção do projeto é utilizado para organizar e controlar as atividades de trabalho. Quando comparado aos métodos convencionais, ele aplica ferramentas e técnicas normalmente empregadas na gestão industrial e de produção (incluindo materiais, informações, equipamentos e mão de obra) e busca-se com isso, otimizar o desempenho para alcançar avanços na qualidade, reduzindo custos e prazo, eliminando o desperdício, melhorando a produtividade nas atividades realizadas. ...
As tecnologias digitais representam avanços para o setor da construção civil e podem promover o seu processo de transformação com edificações mais sustentáveis. Nesse sentido, estratégias como Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) integradas ao Building Information Modeling (BIM) e ao Advanced Work Packaging (AWP), destacam-se como potenciais caminhos para a criação de um sistema de produção limpo, colaborativo e compartilhado. Tais estratégias, buscam maior eficiência no uso de recursos naturais como água, energia e materiais, além de melhoria para a qualidade de vida das pessoas. Nesse artigo, um estudo de caso descreve os meios e os métodos utilizados na interface entre o BIM e AWP além do estado da arte dos assuntos abordados. Os resultados mostraram que mudanças no modelo de gestão tradicional permitem a integração do BIM e AWP e podem promover transformações no setor em todas as etapas de uma edificação com qualidade, produtividade, confiabilidade e segurança.
... Also, Brioso et al. (2019) presented a preliminary methodology for integrating Lean Construction and VR in the planning phase of structural interventions in heritage structures. Lastly, Rischmoller et al. (2018) discussed the use of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) as a lean strategy for integration in construction projects, without mentioning VR in the context of Lean Construction. While several studies have investigated various aspects of VR applications in Lean Construction, including enhancing learning and training (Jacobsen et al., 2021;Liu et al., 2022), project planning and design (Brioso et al., 2019, Spisakova et al. 2020, and project integration and delivery (Rischmoller et al., 2018;Trivedi et al., 2022), there appears to be a lack of comprehensive research that holistically links the use of VR to the overarching philosophy, principles, and methods of Lean Construction. ...
... Lastly, Rischmoller et al. (2018) discussed the use of Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) as a lean strategy for integration in construction projects, without mentioning VR in the context of Lean Construction. While several studies have investigated various aspects of VR applications in Lean Construction, including enhancing learning and training (Jacobsen et al., 2021;Liu et al., 2022), project planning and design (Brioso et al., 2019, Spisakova et al. 2020, and project integration and delivery (Rischmoller et al., 2018;Trivedi et al., 2022), there appears to be a lack of comprehensive research that holistically links the use of VR to the overarching philosophy, principles, and methods of Lean Construction. This indicates a research gap where a structured study could provide a more integrated perspective on how VR can be systematically aligned with and support the broader objectives of Lean Construction. ...
... Defects are reduced through detailed simulations, allowing for early identification of design flaws (Trivedi et al., 2022). VR aids in accurate demand assessment, which helps prevent overproduction (Jacobsen et al., 2021), and streamlines project timelines to reduce waiting times (Rischmoller et al., 2018). It also promotes the utilisation of talent by visualising every team member's contribution, and assists in reducing unnecessary transportation and motion by enabling precise planning (Noghabaei et al., 2020). ...
This study delineates the integration of Virtual Reality (VR) within Lean Construction, emphasising its application across the philosophy, principles, methods, and tools of Lean Construction. By conducting a systematic literature review, this research considers the utilisation of VR to enhance construction processes, specifically focusing on its role in mitigating waste, maximising value, continuous improvement, and respect for people. The investigation reveals VR's capacity to bridge the theoretical and practical aspects of Lean Construction, offering a novel perspective on its implementation. The results demonstrate VR's potential in advancing Lean Construction practices through its philosophy, principles, methods, and tools. Also, the utilisation of VR, particularly in SCRUM, Set Based Design and Visual Management, underlines a transformative potential for enhancing construction project efficiency and value. The paper concludes by highlighting the contributions of VR to Lean Construction, proposing actionable insights for practitioners and suggesting avenues for future research. This approach provides a comprehensive review for integrating VR in construction projects, aligning with Lean Construction for enhanced project outcomes
... Promotion opportunities are fundamental to a worker's life since they can affect other facets of the work experience [45,46]. The employee's creativity feeds the organization's innovation; however, it must be carried out under a framework of motivation and resources from the organization [8,47]. Employee Training and Development allows to improve personal productivity, but also that of the organization [48]; identifying the right learning opportunities for employees will help organizations improve their competitiveness in the market [49]. ...
The construction sector has historically had lower productivity rates than other industries. This situation has led to the implementing new technologies and tools to increase the sector’s added value. One of the significant trends has been digital transformation, adopting technological methodologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Drones, Automation, Apps, the Internet of Things, and Big Data. Implementing these technologies has improved processes; however, this change process has been slow and gradual and has not generated radical transformations. One of the most significant problems is the resistance to change at the organizational level. Therefore, the primary goal of this research is to analyze the interaction between organizational structure and digital transformation; this relationship could substantially improve construction services and products. A survey was designed and distributed to companies in the Colombian construction sector, using 13 variables that impact digital transformation and organizational structures. Three hundred thirty-two valid responses were collected; they were analyzed using descriptive statistics, factorial analysis, and logistic regressions. The results show that the main aspects impacting the digital transformation processes are Employee Training and Development, Promotion Opportunities, Business Strategy, Leadership Styles, Cloud Services, and Integrated Organizational Innovation. Companies should understand the advantages of digital transformation and the necessary changes to reach an optimal organizational structure; these improvements will directly relate to improving construction services and products.
... Second, metrics and controllable factors must be established. Setting metrics is the first step after defining the project and work process objectives (Rischmoller et al., 2018). Metrics are aspects of project performance that a team can frequently measure (on an hourly, daily, or weekly basis) and use to rate the degree to which previous management choices are progressing toward the project's ultimate goals. ...
The architecture, engineering, and construction industry has been characterized in recent years by large losses of resources, time, and costs. One of the main reasons for this problem is the lack of integration and collaboration between project stakeholders in different areas and specialties. The design, coordination and installation of mechanical, plumbing, electrical (MEP), and fire protection (FP) systems represent one of the main areas of improvement in the construction industry, especially in complex projects. The present research implements the Virtual, Design and Construction (VDC) methodology as an empowering agent in the optimization of time in the design and execution processes of plumbing systems in a 6-floor building of approximately 2,120 square meters in Lima, Peru. Initially, the traditional workflow for designing and executing sanitary systems was mapped. Then, an optimized workflow was developed considering the principles of the VDC methodology. As a result of the optimized workflow, it is possible to foresee a 5% reduction in design time and a 23% reduction in execution time.
... It is a project management framework developed in 2001 at the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) at Stanford University (Kunz & Fisher,2017). With its integrative nature, it aims to improve the traditional and obsolete work methodology by one that seeks to have people collaborate to solve complex problems supported by technological tools and new ways of working to obtain a more integrated perception of the project, hence improving construction projects' planning, design, construction, and operation (Rischmoller et al., 2018;Del Savio et al., 2022) This research seeks to determine the benefits of applying the VDC methodology in constructing a multipurpose building, answering the question, "Will it be possible to optimize the construction schedule of the concrete elements of a multipurpose building through the use of the VDC methodology?" ...
... Through metrics, a team can gain control over how to achieve a project's objectives (Shawn et al., 2004). Establishing metrics is the first thing to do once the client's objectives have been understood and the project objectives have been decided (Rischmoller et al., 2018). The team must translate these objectives into metrics that will allow the performance or progress of the project to be evaluated (Fischer et al., 2017). ...
The construction industry is an engine of economic and social development; however, it has grown the least in terms of productivity in comparison with other industries. Furthermore, it is characterized by inefficiencies that lead to time and cost overruns. This research seeks to optimize the execution time of a multipurpose building's concrete columns, beams, and slabs by applying the Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) methodology. The VDC framework was developed to establish the client's objectives, the project's objectives, production metrics, and controllable factors. As a result, 60 possible clashes among 2 disciplines (structure & MEP) were identified before construction and solved in a collaborative environment. In addition, the execution time of the structure's concrete beams, slabs, and columns was shortened by 37% compared to the baseline from the execution of the first work lot.
... The methodology for integrating project delivery is called the Virtual Design Construction (VDC) framework, defined as "the use of multi-disciplinary performance models of design construction projects, including the Product (i.e., facilities), Work Processes and Organization of the design -construction -operation team to support business objectives." (Rischmoller et al., 2018). The development of the SCDF is based on the VDC methodology. ...
Multi-planetary life is one of humanity's audacious dreams. A key challenge towards achieving such a space mission is the design and construction of space habitats, for instance, on Mars. This paper presents a virtual space construction decision framework (SCDF) prototype developed and tested to address the question: "How can space construction project partners make informed decisions and leverage new construction methods and cutting-edge technologies that are developed and transform the AEC terrestrial industry?" We consider six practical and theoretical points of departure reflecting knowledge and technology and their application towards developing SCDF: General Contractor Workflow; BIM; Generative Scheduling and Construction Schedule Optimization; Construction Robotics; 3D Printing; Virtual Reality (VR) and Visualization. SCDF development applied virtual design and construction (VDC) to model - simulate - optimize - visualize - validate a space construction project by exploring the solution space in the context of extra-terrestrial construction environments from concept design to construction completion in the virtual environment before any mission is launched. Results confirm that insights from terrestrial construction apply to extra-terrestrial construction and vice versa. These insights contribute to the six points of departure at three levels: 1. The SCDF; 2. Extensions to existing technology platforms; 3. New approaches and methods.
... Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) is a methodology created by the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) at Stanford University in 2001. According to Del Savio et al. (2022) and Rischmoller et al. (2018), VDC refers to utilizing multidisciplinary performance models in design and construction projects. VDC is composed of: Client Objectives, Project Objectives, Production Objectives (Production Metrics), Controllable Factors, Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE), Building Information Modeling (BIM), and Project Production Management (PPM) (Del Savio et al., 2022). ...
... By fulfilling their controllable factors and production objectives, the PPM, ICE, and BIM components seek the success of the project's objectives, which, consequently, also achieve the client's objectives since they are directly linked to each other. According to Rischmoller et al. (2018), process (PPM), organizational (ICE), and information (BIM) knowledge must be integrated to produce the highly integrated systems necessary for a high-performance project. ...
A Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) framework proposal is presented for time optimization in diamond drilling operations for a mining exploration project. The mining project is located in the Huancavelica region of Peru and is currently in the underground exploration phase through diamond drilling drillholes. The geology team uses diamond drilling samples to estimate the total mineral reserves of the mine, and they have projected 13,278 meters to be drilled. The VDC framework proposal’s application allowed a better understanding of diamond drilling processes to support the variability source reduction related to equipment, maintenance and operational tasks. The results showed a time optimization in the diamond drilling operation of 10%.
... Future research should investigate whether the understanding of BIM in the industry is limited to visualization or whether professionals consider non-visual information as part of BIM too. Previous researchers have stated that the focus of BIM, and VDC, should be on integration, rather than tools (Hjelseth, 2017, Rischmoller, 2018. In order to achieve integration, project team members need to have a common vocabulary. ...
... Despite an increase in the adoption of VDC, it has been difficult to compare and learn from VDC practices across projects and companies. Existing research indicates that projects which use all the three elements of VDC, i.e., BIM, PPM and ICE, achieve a better outcome than those which use them in isolation (Rischmoller et al. 2018). With the understanding that professionals measure practices which they find useful, this paper compiled and categorized production metrics reported by 107 professionals working for general contractors in Norway from 2018-2021. ...
... Next, the VDC framework and the table of interrelationships between its main components were developed. Rischmoller et al. (2018) mentioned that the main VDC components are the client and project objective, BIM (Building Information Modeling), ICE (Integrated Concurrent Engineering), PPM (Project Production Management), and metrics. Then, the traditional workflow, without the VDC, was mapped. ...
The Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) industry has shown low productivity levels, mainly due to the fragmentation between the agents involved. Given this, the industry is modernizing and implementing collaborative methodologies to improve the development of projects. One of them is the VDC (Virtual Design and Construction) methodology. VDC allows us to improve design, construction, operation, and maintenance management, changing paradigms within traditional processes. This research shows how implementing VDC can help to optimize the construction process time of a reinforced concrete reaction slab in a civil engineering laboratory. As a main result, an optimized process was developed, generating a 44-day reduction in the construction time of the reaction slab.
... The term "BIM+" in the VDC framework is attributed to advanced BIM applications, such as performing 4D planning and scheduling the product or a cost estimate based on the BIM. However, the concept can be extended to more complex and novel uses, such as virtual/augmented reality or robotic process automation [35,45]. ...
... Effective communication and collaboration among designers are critical for the success of a project, something that cannot be achieved by coordination meetings or BIM coordinators alone [47]. The value of BIM as part of VDC resides less in the models themselves than in how much people learn as they create and test the models collaboratively over time, and the interactions that the models invite [35]. Therefore, BIM as part of VDC will be practical only if integrated with ICE sessions and PPM use. ...
... The idea of this place is that those involved can share information and solve problems effectively and directly by working face-to-face with the necessary resources [47,52,53]. Moreover, there is the fundamental use of BIM because the ICE session is one of the main spaces where all participants can interact and learn directly with the models [35]. ...
Compared with other industries, construction has maintained one of the lowest growth rates in productivity and innovation over the last decades. Moreover, low compliance with schedule targets has remained a common issue throughout projects. Therefore, although methodologies developed have benefited productivity in design, construction and operation, meeting client and project objectives becomes challenging without properly integrating organization, information, systems and processes. This perspective introduces the Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) framework. First, this paper studies and reviews VDC since its creation at the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE) of Stanford University in 2001. After that, a comprehensive bibliographical review of the VDC framework is presented and updated with examples of its application in construction projects, delving into its elements: Client Objectives, Project Objectives, Production Objectives, Controllable Factors, Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE), Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Project Production Management (PPM). Finally, the main benefits and project outcomes when applying the VDC framework are presented and discussed, followed by the conclusions and recommendations for future research.
