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Supplementation of nutritional deficiencies helps to improve immune function and resistance to infections in malnourished subjects. However, the suggested benefits of dietary supplementation for immune function in healthy well nourished subjects is less clear. Among the food constituents frequently associated with beneficial effects on immune funct...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... expected, tetanus-specific IgG increased markedly after vaccination. Compared to baseline, titers were 17-fold increased in the control group, 23-fold in micronutrient group, 27-fold in colostrum group and 37-fold in micro- nutrient + colostrum group 2 weeks after vaccination (week 8 of the intervention) (Table 3). However, none of the treatments significantly affected the mean titers, the percentage of vaccine-responders (81%, 91%, 94% and 97% at week 10 for control, colostrum, micronutrient, micronutrient + colostrum, respectively), or the mean tit- ers of the responders (data not shown). ...
Context 2
... the oral typhus vaccination, specific IgG and IgA tit- ers in serum were increased in all groups 2 weeks after vac- cination (week 8 of the intervention) after which titers tended to decrease by 4 weeks after vaccination (week 10 of the intervention). The specific IgG antibody titers were significantly higher in the micronutrient groups com- pared to the non-micronutrient groups, but this signifi- cant difference was already present at baseline and could therefore not be attributed to the treatments (Table 3). Increase compared to baseline values was comparable in all groups and treatments did also not significantly affect the percentage of responders (74%, 75%, 60% and 70% for IgG and 42%, 64%, 53% and 59% for IgA at 2 weeks after vaccination for control, colostrum, micronutrient, micronutrient + colostrum, respectively), or the mean titer of the responders (data not shown). ...
Citations
... Hormones and metabolism; catabolic energy metabolism Weight management; insulin sensitivity and adaptation carb/lipid switch and adipokine and free fatty acid release Gastro-intestinal functionality; satiety, bowel function Repair and regeneration capacity; oxidative and ER stress Physical health; muscle function (proteolysis) (15,16) E. coli, vaccination, endotoxin (LPS), Rhinovirus challenge; immunity, inflammation Immune function; innate and adaptive immune responses, immune cell modulation Resistance to infection; infection induced symptoms, such as diarrhoea, gastrointestinal complaints (31,34,40,63,64) VO 2 max challenge, endurance challenge Physical fitness and cardiovascular function Physical health; physical capacity and fitness, muscle function, physical performance Immune function; inflammation Repair and regeneration capacity; oxidative stress, muscle injury control Gut barrier; intestinal barrier and gut permeability Immune function; innate and adaptive immune responses, immune cell modulation Cognitive performance; post exercise executive functioning, such as decision making and short term memory (25,27,65,66) Cold pressure test; hormonal stress response Cardiovascular health; blood pressure regulation, arterial stiffness, vasodilation Physical health; exercise pressor response/metaboreflex Neural mechanisms (28,55) ER, endoplasmic reticulum; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell. ...
... In a thorough review focusing on markers to measure immunomodulation in human intervention studies, vaccine-specific serum antibody production, vaccine-specific or total secretory IgA production in saliva were amongst the biomarkers classified with high suitability (30) . However, to date examples using vaccinebased challenge tests to evaluate nutritional immunomodulation were only applied in studies conducted between 2003 and 2006 with no recent intervention studies that included vaccine-based challenge tests for health benefit substantiation for food and nutrition (31,32) . Indeed, the authors of the study published in 2006 concluded that demonstrating immune function improvement in a relatively healthy population with optimal nutritional status and immunity is probably limited (31) . ...
... However, to date examples using vaccinebased challenge tests to evaluate nutritional immunomodulation were only applied in studies conducted between 2003 and 2006 with no recent intervention studies that included vaccine-based challenge tests for health benefit substantiation for food and nutrition (31,32) . Indeed, the authors of the study published in 2006 concluded that demonstrating immune function improvement in a relatively healthy population with optimal nutritional status and immunity is probably limited (31) . In a follow-up review, providing guidance in biomarkers for the evaluation of immune modulation by nutrition further refined immunomodulation by nutrition into two distinct immune system functions applicable to the general public, which are (1) defence against pathogens and (2) control of low-grade (metabolic) inflammation, where for the first category vaccination challenges were again identified as very useful and for the second category pro-inflammatory (metabolic) challenges with the evaluation of a panel of cytokines, although clinical relevance for such an approach should still be established (33) . ...
Phenotypic flexibility is a methodology that accurately assesses health in terms of mechanistic understanding of the interrelationship of multiple metabolic and physiological processes. This starts from the perspective that a healthy person is better able to cope with changes in environmental stressors that affect homeostasis compared to people with a compromised health state. The term ‘phenotypic flexibility’ expresses the cumulative ability of overarching physiological processes to return to homeostatic levels after short-term perturbations. The concept of phenotypic flexibility to define biomarkers for nutrition-related health was introduced in 2009 in the area of health optimisation and prevention and delay of non-communicable disease. The core approach consists of the combination of imposing a challenge test to the body followed by time-resolved analysis of multiple biomarkers. This new approach may better facilitate nutritional health research in intervention studies since it may show effects on early derailed physiological markers and the biomarker response can be extended by perturbing the system, thereby making them more sensitive in detecting health effects from food and nutrition. At the same time, interindividual variation can also be extended and compressed by challenge tests, facilitating the bridge to personalised nutrition. This review will overview where the science is in this research arena and what the phenotypic flexibility potential is for the nutrition field.
... Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что коровье молозиво оказывает профилактическое действие против инфекций верхних дыхательных путей. В 2 исследованиях изучали влияние коровьего молозива на иммунный ответ на иммунизацию у здоровых людей [60,61]. В рандомизированном исследовании 18 здоровых добровольцев получали 100 мл стерильного фильтрованного коровьего молозива в день в течение 7 дней или воду, окрашенную пищевым красителем рибофлавином [60]. ...
Colostrum (or immune milk) is the first milk that mammals produce after childbirth, and its composition differs markedly from milk obtained later in lactation. Colostrum is a rich source of immunoglobulins and other biologically active components. The purpose of this literature review is to systematize research on methods of treatment and prevention of human infectious diseases using immunomodulatory and immunoprotective properties of colostrum. The open sources hosted in PubMed, Researchgate and eLibrary databases were studied. The history of the use of colostrum from hyperimmunized cows as a treatment for human diseases can be traced back to the 1950s. Many studies on the use of colostrum have explored its potential in both the prevention and treatment of various infectious diseases. The data obtained indicate the high efficiency of the use of cow colostrum and its components both for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Colostrum is capable of producing a heterologous transfer of passive immunity. The immunization protocols used in the production of immune milk can be highly variable. This is especially true for the timing of immunization. Working on immunization protocols that expose animals to specific antigens can result in enhanced humoral immune responses in the mammary gland. The most relevant is the search for ways to use immune milk as a means to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The literature review provides a description of antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and growth-stimulating factors in bovine colostrum. Examples and descriptions of homologous and heterologous transmission of passive immunity are given.
... He et al. [66] reported that colostrum supplementation may enhance the production of specific IgA following an oral Salmonella vaccine, although this did not reach statistical significance. Wolvers et al. [67] examined the effects of BC supplementation (1.2 g/day) on responses to tetanus and typhoid vaccines. They also observed trends for augmented antibody responses (e.g., IgG responses-tetanus: control, week 8 = 17-fold increase; week 10 = 25-fold increase; BC, week 8 = 26-fold increase; week 10 = 31-fold increase; typhoid: control, week 8 = 3.7-fold increase; week 10 = 3.2-fold increase; BC, week 8 = 4.2-fold increase; week 10 = 3.6-fold increase). ...
... Satyaraj et al. [68] found that bovine colostrum enhanced the response to the canine distemper virus (CDV) vaccine in sled dogs (working animals with very high daily activity levels). Hence, despite the lack of significance in the human trials [66,67], the vaccine response model should be further explored in athletes (possibly with doses up to 20 g/d) to examine the utility of colostrum in the context of augmenting vaccine responses in highly active humans. ...
There has been a great deal of interest in bovine colostrum within sports nutrition over the last 25 years. Studies have investigated the effects on body composition, physical performance, recovery, gut damage and permeability, immune function, and illness risk. This narrative review considers available evidence in each of these areas. Although some studies have shown protection against performance decrements caused by periods of intensified training, there is limited evidence for effects on body composition and physical performance. There is stronger evidence for benefit on gut permeability and damage markers and on immune function and illness risk, especially during periods of intensified training. The balance of available evidence for gut permeability and illness risk is positive, but further research is required to fully determine all mechanisms responsible for these effects. Early suggestions that supplementation with bovine colostrum products could increase systemic IGF-1 levels are not supported by the balance of available evidence examining a range of doses over both short- and long-term periods. Nevertheless, dose–response studies would be valuable for determining the minimum efficacious dose, although this is complicated by variability in bioactivity between products, making any dose–response findings applicable only to the specific products used in such studies.
... Finally, if some work suggests that the improvement of immune parameters in a population with a generally good immune and nutritional status is limited (Wolvers et al., 2006), the results of the present study confirm, at least in elderly populations, the positive effects on the immune system of the supplementation used and thus, its possible role in the decrease of duration and severity of infections as was previously suggested. Moreover, these vitamin supplementations seem useful to rejuvenate the immune system, since they bring the values of immune parameters studied closer to those of adult subjects. ...
With aging the immune response is impaired. This immunosenescence, in which an alteration of the redox state of the immune cells appears, is involved in the rate of aging. Since leukocyte function is a good marker of health and predictor of longevity, the effects of daily oral administration of the antioxidant vitamin C (500 mg), or both vitamin C (500 mg) and vitamin E (200 mg) on several blood neutrophil (adherence, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and superoxide anion levels) and lymphocyte (adherence, chemotaxis, proliferation, interleukin-2 secretion and natural killer activity) functions were studied in healthy elderly men and women. These parameters were analysed before supplementation, after 3 months of supplementation, and 6 months after the end of supplementation. The results showed that vitamin C, in elderly participants, improved the immune functions studied which achieved values close to those of young adults. These effects were maintained in several functions after 6 months without supplementation. Similar effects were found in the elderly supplemented with both vitamin C and E. Thus, a short period of vitamin C or vitamin C and E ingestion, with the doses used, improves the immune function in elderly men and women and could contribute to a healthy longevity.
... A systematic review identified 16 RCTs that assessed the effect of vitamin C supplementation on neutrophil function as primary or secondary outcomes only showed a positive effect in 44% of the studies [54]. In healthy individuals, consumption of vitamin C at 375 mg/day for 10 weeks did not affect either phagocytosis or oxidative burst and the same was observed in children consuming up to 100 mg/day over eight weeks [55,56]. Furthermore, consumption of gold kiwifruit (about 360 mg/day vitamin C) by older adults did not affect neutrophil phagocytosis [57]. ...
Older adults are at increased risk for vitamin and mineral deficiencies that contribute to age-related immune system decline. Several lines of evidence suggest that taking a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement (MVM) could improve immune function in individuals 55 and older. To test this hypothesis, we provided healthy older adults with either an MVM supplement formulated to improve immune function (Redoxon® VI, Singapore) or an identical, inactive placebo control to take daily for 12 weeks. Prior to and after treatment, we measured (1) their blood mineral and vitamin status (i.e., vitamin C, zinc and vitamin D); (2) immune function (i.e., whole blood bacterial killing activity, neutrophil phagocytic activity, and reactive oxygen species production); (3) immune status (salivary IgA and plasma cytokine/chemokine levels); and (4) self-reported health status. MVM supplementation improved vitamin C and zinc status in blood and self-reported health-status without altering measures of immune function or status or vitamin D levels, suggesting that healthy older adults may benefit from MVM supplementation. Further development of functional assays and larger study populations should improve detection of specific changes in immune function after supplementation in healthy older adults. Clinical Trials Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02876315.
... One possibility is the use of nucleotides, where positive effects were already established during the fetal period and during breast feeding [12,13]. These findings resulted in implementation of milk formulas with nucleotides [14] with clear manifestation of mucosal improvements, higher level of immune function [15][16][17], and healing of immune conditions [18]. In addition, reparation of the parenchyma in the liver [1,19] and expansion of secretory system [20][21][22] have been observed. ...
... Two studies investigated the effects of micronutrient supplementation on neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst activities in healthy individuals [37,38]. Wolvers et al. [38] found that the consumption of micronutrient (with~375 mg/day of vitamin C for ten weeks) did not affect the phagocytosing or oxidative burst activities of neutrophils in any of the treatment groups of healthy volunteers. ...
... Two studies investigated the effects of micronutrient supplementation on neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst activities in healthy individuals [37,38]. Wolvers et al. [38] found that the consumption of micronutrient (with~375 mg/day of vitamin C for ten weeks) did not affect the phagocytosing or oxidative burst activities of neutrophils in any of the treatment groups of healthy volunteers. Nieman et al. [37] showed that breakfast cereal fortified with varying levels of micronutrients (low, medium and high groups containing 0.8, 20, and 100 mg/day of vitamin C respectively) given over two months to healthy children also did not affect the pattern of change in granulocyte phagocytosis or oxidative burst. ...
... Overall, nine of the 16 RCTs included in this review reported no effect of supplementation with vitamin C alone, or in combination with other micronutrients or antioxidants, on various neutrophil functions [19,26,[28][29][30][31][36][37][38]. The seven studies which did show effects of supplementation on the neutrophil functions assessed (i.e., chemotaxis, oxidative burst activity, antioxidant enzyme activity and apoptosis) were in hospitalized patients or outpatients [25,27,33,34] or athletes [32,35,39]. ...
Vitamin C is known to support immune function and is accumulated by neutrophils to millimolar intracellular concentrations suggesting an important role for the vitamin in these cells. In this review, the effects of vitamin C, as a mono- or multi-supplement therapy, on neutrophil function were assessed by conducting a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Specifically, trials which assessed neutrophil migration (chemotaxis), phagocytosis, oxidative burst, enzyme activity, or cell death (apoptosis) as primary or secondary outcomes were assessed. A systematic literature search was conducted using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE, Embase Classic, Joanna Briggs Institute EBP, Ovid MEDLINE®, Ovid MEDLINE® In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid Nursing Database, CINAHL and PubMed database, which identified 16 eligible RCTs. Quality appraisal of the included studies was carried out using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Three of the studies assessed neutrophil chemotaxis in hospitalised patients or outpatients, two of which showed improved neutrophil function following intravenous vitamin C administration. Ten RCTs assessed neutrophil phagocytosis and/or oxidative burst activity; five were exercise studies, one in smokers, one in myocardial infarction patients and three in healthy volunteers. Two of the multi-supplement studies showed a difference between the intervention and control groups: increased oxidative burst activity in athletes post-exercise and decreased oxidant generation in myocardial infarction patients. Two studies assessed neutrophil enzyme activity; one showed deceased antioxidant enzyme activity in divers and the other showed increased antioxidant enzyme activity in athletes. One final study showed decreased neutrophil apoptosis in septic surgical patients following intravenous vitamin C administration. Overall, 44% of the RCTs assessed in this review showed effects of vitamin C supplementation on neutrophil functions. However, the studies were very heterogeneous, comprising different participant cohorts and different dosing regimens. There were also a number of limitations inherent in the design of many of these RCTs. Future RCTs should incorporate prescreening of potential participants for low vitamin C status or utilize cohorts known to have low vitamin status, such as hospitalized patients, and should also comprise appropriate vitamin C dosing for the cohort under investigation.
... However, this beneficial effect disappears with a concomitant disease, like allergic rhinitis [57] or causes a hypersensitivity response [58] or even harmful effects in adult smokers [59,60]. ...
Vitamin E was proposed as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease many years ago. However, the effectiveness of the drug is not clear. Vitamin E is an antioxidant and neuroprotector and it has anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic properties, driving to its importance for brain health. Moreover, the levels of vitamin E in Alzheimer’s disease patients are lower than in non-demented controls. Thus, vitamin E could be a good candidate to have beneficial effects against Alzheimer’s. However, evidence is consistent with a limited effectiveness of vitamin E in slowing progression of dementia; the information is mixed and inconclusive. The question is why does vitamin E fail to treat Alzheimer’s disease? In this paper we review the studies with and without positive results in Alzheimer’s disease and we discuss the reasons why vitamin E as treatment sometimes has positive results on cognition but at others, it does not.
... There was no evidence that vitamin A given to mothers post partum, 26 selenium capsules, 27 or oral iodine 28 had an effect on OPV immunogenicity, and giving multiple micronutrients had no effect on response to oral typhoid vaccine. 29 Six studies assessed withholding breastfeeding for 1-10 h (mean 3·5, SD 3·4) around the time of oral vaccination; five were eligible for meta-analysis (one on OCV, three on RVV, one on OPV). There was no evidence of benefit for seroconversion to OCV, RVV, or OPV (overall RR 0·93, 95% CI 0·75-1·14; appendix p 15). ...
Background
Oral vaccines underperform in low-income and middle-income countries compared with in high-income countries. Whether interventions can improve oral vaccine performance is uncertain.
Methods
We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions designed to increase oral vaccine efficacy or immunogenicity. We searched Ovid-MEDLINE and Embase for trials published until Oct 23, 2017. Inclusion criteria for meta-analysis were two or more studies per intervention category and available seroconversion data. We did random-effects meta-analyses to produce summary relative risk (RR) estimates. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42017060608).
Findings
Of 2843 studies identified, 87 were eligible for qualitative synthesis and 66 for meta-analysis. 22 different interventions were assessed for oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), oral rotavirus vaccine (RVV), oral cholera vaccine (OCV), and oral typhoid vaccines. There was generally high heterogeneity. Seroconversion to RVV was significantly increased by delaying the first RVV dose by 4 weeks (RR 1·37, 95% CI 1·16–1·62) and OPV seroconversion was increased with monovalent or bivalent OPV compared with trivalent OPV (RR 1·51, 95% CI 1·20–1·91). There was some evidence that separating RVV and OPV increased RVV seroconversion (RR 1·21, 95% CI 1·00–1·47) and that higher vaccine inoculum improved OCV seroconversion (RR 1·12, 95% CI 1·00–1·26). There was no evidence of effect for anthelmintics, antibiotics, probiotics, zinc, vitamin A, withholding breastfeeding, extra doses, or vaccine buffering.
Interpretation
Most strategies did not improve oral vaccine performance. Delaying RVV and reducing OPV valence should be considered within immunisation programmes to reduce global enteric disease. New strategies to address the gap in oral vaccine efficacy are urgently required.
Funding
Wellcome Trust, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, and WHO Polio Research Committee.
... On the contrary, others reported that in HIV patients, β-carotene (60 mg/d orally three times daily and at 1 month and 3 months) did not change T cell subsets and NK, despite the increase in serum β-carotene [175]. Contrasting results came from supplementation with β-carotene in doses ranging from 60 mg/d to 180 mg/d on CD4 count in HIV patients ↑ NK activity [157] ↔ production of IL-12 and IFN-γ (50, 90 mg) [157] ↔ DTH (50 and 90 mg), production of IL-2 [158], and lymphocyte proliferation [158,159] Smokers (RCT) ↔ lymphocyte proliferation, ROS production [166] ↔ DHT [167] β-Carotene (30 mg), lycopene (15 mg), and lutein (9 mg), 5 wk ↓ IL-2 [167] and ROS [167,168] ↑ IL-2 versus depletion (arm carrot juicetomato juice) [169] ↔ lymphocyte proliferation and IL-4 production [169,170] ↑ NK activity [169] Healthy (longitudinal) Dried spinach powder 10 g (11.3 mg lutein and 3.1 mg β-carotene), ...
Vegetables and fruits contain non-provitamin A (lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) and provitamin A ( β -carotene, β -cryptoxanthin, and α -carotene) carotenoids. Within these compounds, β -carotene has been extensively studied for its health benefits, but its supplementation at doses higher than recommended intakes induces adverse effects. β -Carotene is converted to retinoic acid (RA), a well-known immunomodulatory molecule. Human interventions suggest that β -carotene and lycopene at pharmacological doses affect immune functions after a depletion period of low carotenoid diet. However, these effects appear unrelated to carotenoids and retinol levels in plasma. Local production of RA in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, as well as the dependency of RA-induced effects on local inflammation, suggests that personalized nutrition/supplementation should be considered in the future. On the other hand, the differential effect of RA and lycopene on transforming growth factor-beta suggests that lycopene supplementation could improve immune functions without increasing risk for cancers. However, such preclinical evidence must be confirmed in human interventions before any recommendations can be made.
