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One of the research paths in the field of artificial intelligence is knowledge representation. There are different approaches, formalisms, methods and languages. They vary from simple to complex and from less semantically rich to very expressive. In their previous papers, the authors introduced a new method for knowledge representation named Nodes...
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Drawing inspiration from the perspective of a linked world and the techniques of network science, this study seeks to develop a new approach towards semantics. Constructing linguistic networks and grouping them by graph clustering techniques can efficiently identify both explicit and implicit relationships between words. As a network grouping metho...
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... For further research we plan to experiment with the NOK method [32] or some other graph based formalism for lexical relation representation [33]. Additionally, we would like to experiment with the approach that we try with an ontology-based information retrieval in which the classical VSM is projected onto a smaller vector space [34]. ...
Academic plagiarism is a serious problem nowadays. Due to the existence of inexhaustible sources of digital information, today it is easier to plagiarize more than ever before. The good thing is that plagiarism detection techniques have improved and are powerful enough to detect attempts of plagiarism in education. We are now witnessing efficient plagiarism detection software in action, such as Turnitin, iThenticate or SafeAssign. In the introduction we explore software that is used within the Croatian academic community for plagiarism detection in universities and/or in scientific journals. The question is: is this enough? Current software has proven to be successful, however the problem of identifying paraphrasing or obfuscation plagiarism remains unresolved. In this paper we present a report of how semantic similarity measures can be used in the plagiarism detection task.
... In addition to NOK, several formalisms have been developed: Diagram Node of Knowledge (DNOK)-formalism for graphical representation [15,16], Formalized Node of Knowledge (FNOK)-formalism for textual knowledge representation [17,18] and QFNOK-formalism for question representation. ...
The Node of Knowledge (NOK) method is a method for knowledge representation. It is used as a basis for development of formalism for textual knowledge representation (FNOK). FNOK was used for development of a Question Answering (QA) System whose research results are presented in this paper. The QA system is based on storing text in relational databases without losing semantics and it is implemented in Oracle. In this paper, we present the results of preliminary evaluation of the QA system for its independency on the language used. The system was tested using the same set of sentences and questions translated in English, German, Italian and Croatian language. Knowledge in the system was based on 26 simple sentences. 44 questions were set, and the system offered 62 answers for each language (some questions had more than one answer). Research results have shown that this QA system can be used for any of the four languages without the need to change functions and algorithms. It is only necessary to set the dictionary data for each language, implement synonyms and recognize different word forms.
... The Nodes of Knowledge (NOK) method [4], [5] belongs to semantic networks. Node of Knowledge also uses nodes and links, but is simpler than other methods (having fewer elements), more expressive (allows to display knowledge at different levels of abstraction) and easier to read (in the NOK method it is possible to read the knowledge starting from any node, but with the use of the link role) [6]. ...
... For further research we plan to experiment with the NOK method [32] or some other graph based formalism for lexical relation representation [33]. Additionally, we would like to experiment with the approach that we try with an ontology-based information retrieval in which the classical VSM is projected onto a smaller vector space [34]. ...
... The role of each word in the sentence is interpreted with the help of wh-questions. In addition to NOK, several formalisms have been developed: Diagram Node of Knowledge (DNOK)-formalism for graphical representation [7], [8], [9], Formalized Node of Knowledge (FNOK)-formalism for textual knowledge representation [10], [11] and QFNOK-formalism for question representation. Focus of the NOK is on research and analysis of natural human language. ...
The Node of Knowledge (NOK) method is a method for knowledge representation. It is used as a basis for development of formalism for textual knowledge representation (FNOK). Two versions of formalization methods and, respectively, two Question Answering (QA) systems are developed. The first system uses grammars; it is written and implemented in Python. The second, improved system is based on storing text in relational databases without losing semantics and it is implemented in Oracle. This paper presents the results of comparison of the two QA systems. The first system was tested using 42 sentences. It received 88 questions from users and provided answers. After improving the formalization method, the second system was tested with the same set of sentences and questions. The paper presents the results of the testing, the comparison of answers received from both systems and the analysis of correctness of the answers received.
... In their previous work, the authors described a new method of formalization of text-expressed knowledge (FMTEK) which translates textual knowledge in natural language into textual knowledge in formal language (Jakupović, Pavlić & Dovedan 2014). Its graphical version which uses textual knowledge to create conceptual schemes is also displayed, as well as its comparison to other graphical methods for knowledge representation (Jakupović, Pavlić, Meštrović & Jovanović, 2013;. ...
Data modelling is a complex process that depends on the knowledge and experience of the designers who carry it out. The lack of designers’ expertise in that process negatively affects the quality of created models which has a significant impact on the quality of successive phases of information systems development. This chapter provides an overview of data modelling, especially the entity relationship method, main actors in the modelling process, and highlights the main problems and challenges in this field. Knowledge based system for data modelling support has a potential to minimize and prevent most of the problems that occur in modelling process. Therefore, a systematic review of the existing KB systems, methods, and tools for the data modelling process is made. By summarizing their main characteristics, some important desirable features of the new KB system for data modelling support are identified. With this in mind, a new KB system for data modelling support is proposed, which applies formal language theory (particularly translation) during the process of conceptual modelling.
... Here came the generation of OSM, CSM and CFRM, the models that we have generated in our earlier research works. Though we have a plenty of knowledge representation models [11], [15], [16], it is mandatory to review the models in order to analyze its features, functionalit ies, approaches and functional relevancy with other models. ...
... Moreover an array of process nodes can also be used to represent the knowledge expressed in a sequence of sentences. The objective of this model is generating a knowledge network for text based sentences [16]. ...
Data and Information has seen exponential
growth in the past few years which has led to its
importance in processing it in the creation of knowledge.
Representing knowledge in a required format is the need
for the building a knowledgebase (KB) for Expert
Systems. In this paper we carried a survey on the
knowledge representation models that will help us choose
a suitable model for designing and developing a KB. A
detailed study is conducted on six models and
comparison of the models on some non-functional
attributes are carried out to enable knowledge workers to
decide on the model selection
... The first version of the new graphical method for text-expressed knowledge representation, named Node of Knowledge, is presented in Pavlić , Jakupović , and Meštrović (2013a). Comparison of new NOK method with other graphical methods for knowledge representation is presented in Jakupović , Pavlić , Meštrović , and Jovanović (2013) and Pavlić , Meštrović , and Jakupović (2013b). Application of NOK method in modeling a text written in two different languages -Croatian and English, is presented in Rauker, Pavlić , and Jakupović (2014). ...
The paper describes the development of a system for receiving questions from users and providing answers, which is a part of a larger knowledge-based (KB) system based on Node of knowledge (NOK) conceptual framework for KB system development. A part of NOK conceptual framework is described, as well as a new method of text-expressed knowledge representation - formalised NOK (FNOK). Furthermore, the structure of system for user interaction and NOK based KB system named Question Answering NOK (QANOK) is presented. The paper answers the question whether it is possible to create a part of QANOK over FNOK formalised knowledge which would accept user questions using natural language and provide answers in natural language. Three algorithms were developed - an algorithm which translates text-expressed knowledge in natural language into FMTEK (Formalised Method for Text Expressed Knowledge) formalised notation, an algorithm which translates a question in natural language into qFMTEK (question FMTEK) formalised knowledge notation, and an algorithm which uses qFMTEK formalised question to find an answer within FMTEK formalised knowledge. Algorithms were tested against a predefined set of sentences and questions in English language. Limitations of developed algorithms are also presented, as well as further development of QANOK system.
... Its main features are simplicity, the ability to display many different types of human knowledge, the ability of automatic detection of new knowledge from existing knowledge, the ability of guided input of new knowledge and the ability of simple creation of user queries over the knowledge base [15]. ...
This paper presents research results on transformation of database structure and its content into new representation by using the Node of knowledge method (NOK method). It describes the way an Entity-relationship model and its relational database can be transformed into a NOK model. The rules that enable this transformation of entity-relationship concepts into NOK concepts are defined. Research results are important for future development of an intelligent information system. © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
... Basic Conceptual Graphs (BG) -consisting of nodes (conceptual and relational) which are connected with links [24,25] Multi-layered extended semantic networks (MULTINET) -a very complex method in which nodes are classified using the method of conceptual ontology [25,26] Hierarchical Semantic Form (HSF) -consisting of group and link. The concept of the group is used in the labeling of a particular character, group of characters, words, semantic categories and complex patterns [23, 25, 27] Resource Description Framework (RDF) -a method that shows the relation between web resources (data, documents, images, etc.) by applying the appointed characteristic and its value [25, 28] Nodes of Knowledge (NOK) [5, 25, 29] Comparison of these methods with the NOK method is analyzed in [25]. ...
... Basic Conceptual Graphs (BG) -consisting of nodes (conceptual and relational) which are connected with links [24,25] Multi-layered extended semantic networks (MULTINET) -a very complex method in which nodes are classified using the method of conceptual ontology [25,26] Hierarchical Semantic Form (HSF) -consisting of group and link. The concept of the group is used in the labeling of a particular character, group of characters, words, semantic categories and complex patterns [23, 25, 27] Resource Description Framework (RDF) -a method that shows the relation between web resources (data, documents, images, etc.) by applying the appointed characteristic and its value [25, 28] Nodes of Knowledge (NOK) [5, 25, 29] Comparison of these methods with the NOK method is analyzed in [25]. ...
... Basic Conceptual Graphs (BG) -consisting of nodes (conceptual and relational) which are connected with links [24,25] Multi-layered extended semantic networks (MULTINET) -a very complex method in which nodes are classified using the method of conceptual ontology [25,26] Hierarchical Semantic Form (HSF) -consisting of group and link. The concept of the group is used in the labeling of a particular character, group of characters, words, semantic categories and complex patterns [23, 25, 27] Resource Description Framework (RDF) -a method that shows the relation between web resources (data, documents, images, etc.) by applying the appointed characteristic and its value [25, 28] Nodes of Knowledge (NOK) [5, 25, 29] Comparison of these methods with the NOK method is analyzed in [25]. ...
Knowledge representation is one of the areas covered by artificial intelligence. Method Nodes of Knowledge (NOK) is one of the methods which allows a graphical representation and organization of knowledge in the form of a DNOK diagram (Diagram of Nodes Of Knowledge) as a network of nodes. With this diagram the meaning of sentences is preserved. The problem occurs when words that have synonyms or homonyms, and whose meaning depends on the context, appear in the sentence which is being modeled. Every term used in modeling sentences is written in a dictionary, including homonyms and synonyms. This paper presents a metamodel mode of writing homonyms and synonyms into the dictionary from which words are used for modeling. This demonstrates that the NOK method can be applied to modeling dictionaries of natural languages.
