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The large scale industrial production of cotton seed oil in Nigeria has unrestricted its use for
only food application. A journey has started towards the utilization of this seed oil for soap
production. Physicochemical analysis of the extracted seed oil was carried out in order to justify
its usefulness in soap industry. The following values were...
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Citations
... The oil was obtained after the solvent was removed under reduced temperature and pressure and refluxing at 70 • C to remove the excess solvent from the extracted oil. The oil was then stored in freezer at −2 • C for subsequent studies [17,18]. ...
... Yolk powder was gently heated for approximately 4 h and filtered using by a size 50 filter. The filtrate was used as the yolk oil prepared using direct heat [5,18]. ...
Oils from animal sources have been used for centuries in the management of diseases. This research was conducted to screen the ex vivo and in vivo toxicity of quail egg yolk oil (QEYO) extracts and assess their effects on the management of hypertension in rats. QEYO was extracted using gentle heating (GH) and n-hexane (NHN). The extracts were subjected to toxicity testing using the hen's egg test on chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) and bovine corneal histology test. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity (28 days) were evaluated in rats. Hypertension was induced in rats by administering 80 mg/kg of N ω-L-Arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) per day for 28 days. Treatments commenced on the 14th day; Nifedipine at 30 mg/kg and 1 mL of distilled water were administered as positive and negative controls. Blood pressure (BP), lipid profiles, and oxidative stress markers were quantified. No irritation was observed using the HET-CAM test in the egg treated with both extracts. Bovine corneal histology showed no lesions in all treated groups. No signs of toxicity were observed in either acute or sub-chronic toxicity studies. A significant reduction in blood pressure was observed in rats treated with the extracts (p < 0.05). Changes in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLPs), and high-density lipoproteins (HDLPs) were not significant compared to the control (p > 0.05). Oxidative stress markers (SOD and CAT) increased significantly in the treated groups compared to the control, while the malondialdehyde levels decreased (p < 0.05). QEYO was safe in both ex vivo and in vivo studies and can be said to have the potential to lower blood pressure as well as cardio-protective effects in hypertensive rats. This research provides evidence based on which QEYO could be used safely as an adjuvant therapy in eye drops and cosmetics and can be considered an effective choice for preventing hypertension.
... The oil was obtained after the solvent was removed under reduced temperature and pressure and refluxing at 70 • C to remove the excess solvent from the extracted oil. The oil was then stored in freezer at −2 • C for subsequent studies [17,18]. ...
... Yolk powder was gently heated for approximately 4 h and filtered using by a size 50 filter. The filtrate was used as the yolk oil prepared using direct heat [5,18]. ...
... In addition, this also have development by considering the number of different oils and fats also additives that assist the power cleaning. Previous research shows the potential of seed oils such as shear butter, neem seed oil and palm kernel oil for improvement in soap production by varied their characteristics [23,24]. Selection of the oil type in the production of soap need to be concern more, this is due to consider the presence of natural characteristic aroma, clarity, natural colour, low moisture content and absence of flat and odour [25,26]. ...
Irradiation method has received a tremendous attention in recent years especially as a consumer and health application. For consumer product, any compound that can be used as a cleaning agent is known as a detergent. Detergents are known with their natural radioactivity levels like other industrial products. While in the health application, generally people in many regions of the world still do not get enough iodine and iodine deficiency remains a public health issue. Around 30 % of the world's population is at danger of iodine deficiency. According to Oxford Advances Learning Dictionary, the word adsorb is defined as the accumulation of liquid or gas on surface of a substance. Meanwhile, thyroid is gland in the neck that produces hormone which regulate and control the body growth and function. Thus, from this review, the topic is basically about the effects when iodine is adsorbed in the thyroid gland that could cause thyroid disease. Review on the irradiated detergent is also presented.
... (by dry mass). This value was between the range of 38.25% and 48% reported for cottonseed oil by Warra et al. [47] and Rojo-Gutiérrez et al. [48], respectively, hence, signifying a potential economic benefit and possible industrial application. However, Orhevba and Efomah [49], reported 15.05% (in mass), for the cotton seed oil (CSO) obtained from Nigeria, which was lower, compared to what was obtained in the current study. ...
... This value is closer but lower than that reported for cotton seed oil by Orhevba and Efomah [49] which was 11.5 mg KOH/g oil. On the other hand, Warra et al. [47] reported a lower acid value of 0.81 mg KOH/g oil for cotton seed oil. The differences in acid value reported for Cotton seed in this study and other studies may be attributed to seed breeds [50]. ...
... The oil was obtained after the solvent was removed under reduced temperature and pressure and refluxing at 70 o C to remove excess solvent from the extracted oil. The oil was then stored in a refrigerator at -2 o C for subsequent physicochemical analyses (Warra et al., 2011) ...
... The oil gotten after the extraction was transferred into a measuring cylinder which was placed over water bath for 30 min at 70 o C so as to ensure complete evaporation of solvent. The volume of the oil was recorded and expressed as oil content (%) (Warra et al., 2011); ...
... This is suitable for soap production (Afolabi, 2008). The iodine value 24.36 ± 0.71 gI/100 g is higher than 12.69 ± 0.05 gI/100g of garlic (Gafar et al., 2012) but lower when compared to 119.7±0.81 gI/100 g of cotton seed oil (Warra et al., 2011). Any oil which has iodine value less than 100 gI/100 g is termed as nondrying oils which are suitable in the manufacture of soaps (Kochhar, 1998). ...
Baobab seed oil was extracted from powder sample of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seeds using Soxhlet extraction method with n-hexane as solvent. The powder seeds gave 27 % oil yield with density of 0.86 g/cm 3. The oil was yellowish-orange in colour with a fried smell. The chemical analysis of the oil revealed saponification value of 153.82 ± 0.41 mgKOH/g, acid value of 0.5 ± 0.00 mgKOH/g and iodine value of 24.36 ± 0.71 gI/100 g. The GC-MS analysis of the oil indicated nine different compounds of which comprises of ether, ketone, amide, methyl ester fatty acids, fatty acid and steroids. The oil was used to produce soap with a milky colour which is slightly soluble in water with a soft texture. The solution of the soap has pH value of 13.00 and foam height of 10.10 cm. Soap pH can be easily adjusted and made fit for usage. The oil when properly processed may serve as source of vital drugs and be very useful in both cosmetics and pharmaceutical industrials.
... List of Herbs with its Functional Properties use to Formulate Herbal Soap[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] ...
... After Soxhlet extraction of Nigerian CSO by using n-hexane as solvent which gives 48% yield of oil and studying the characterization of extracted CSO, it was concluded CSO with good saponification, iodine, and acid value could be utilized in the soap production. The soap produced by using CSO was white in color with good foam properties and slightly soluble in water (Warra et al. 2011). Various food and non-food applications of CSO are discussed in Table 4. ...
Cotton (Gossypium sp.) is a commercially important annual fibre crop; cottonseed oil (CSO) important product extracted from one of byproducts cottonseeds. Oil yield varies with cotton species, places and season when cotton grown and extraction methods used for oil extraction. This review provides an overview on the extraction of CSO by different chemical, biochemical and mechanical methods. Functional characterization and physicochemical evaluation of CSO demonstrated the superior quality as compared to other vegetable oils. Fatty acid profile showed higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids and found to have promising health effects. Various physiochemical characteristics includes iodine value, phosphorus content, moisture content, refractive index, specific gravity, saponification value, gossypol content and antioxidants are alos presented in the current review. Health benefits of CSO and its uses as edible oil in food and other industrial applications are also described. CSO with well-developed extraction method, good fatty acid profile with safe levels of gossypol is healthy and edible for human consumption.
... The values fall in the lower limit of pH range (9.0 -10) of most commercial soaps [23]. High pH value of soap is an indication of incomplete hydrolysis from the saponification reaction, and the harshness of soap resulting from high pH could be reduced or overcome by the addition of excess fat or oil or any other super fatting agent [19,21,24]. Thus, the moderate pH of the soaps in this study could be attributed to complete hydrolysis and the presence of fatty alcohols, which are not separated from the soaps, acting as fatting agent. ...
... Thus, the moderate pH of the soaps in this study could be attributed to complete hydrolysis and the presence of fatty alcohols, which are not separated from the soaps, acting as fatting agent. The values obtained in this study are lower than those reported for used coconut oils [19] many commercial soaps [21] cotton seed oil [24] and toilet soap prepared from neem seed oil [25] comparable to that reported for Shea butter soap [20] but higher than those reported by Warra, et al. [26] for some triacylglycerol sources. ...
This study investigated the potential of producing quality soaps from beeswax with a view to widening its applications and providing alternative to the high demanding fats and oils. Its potassium and sodium soaps were prepared by hot method and their properties examined. The FTIR spectroscopy indicated carboxylate band at 1560.46 cm−1 for both soaps, which is, however, absent in the original beeswax, showing that metal ions associated with the COO− ions in monodendate structures. The soaps have good qualities with respect to pH, foam ability, longevity, hardness, free alkali and total fatty matter, with the potassium soap having higher qualities. The foam ability and stability of the potassium soap were comparable to those of some commercial toilet and laundry soaps. The sodium soap, however, has better lubricating properties due to its unstable foam and low water solubility. Both prepared soaps showed lower antibacterial activity than tested antiseptic soaps but displayed almost the same activity with those of tested toilet soaps. The results showed that beeswax has the potential to serve as a good alternative to the conventional fats and oils in soap industry.
... pH values higher than the acceptable limits observed for the studied soap samples, due to incomplete hydrolysis of the saponification process, are an indication that the soaps would be corrosive to the skin. This corrosive action can be mitigated by the addition of excess fat and/or oil to reduce the harshness of the soap (Warra et al., 2011). ...
This study compared the chemical properties of the indigenous Nigerian soaps with the conventional soaps in order to determine whether or not they met acceptable standards. The locally made soaps were obtained from markets in Ile-Ife, Osun State and Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. The soap samples were acid digested and trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Hg) in the digested samples were profiled using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Documented techniques were adopted to analyze the soaps for pH, moisture content, free fatty acid, chloride content, free caustic alkali, matters insoluble in water and ethanol. The margin of safety (MoS) and hazard index (HI) associated with the use of the soaps were also evaluated. The locally made soaps had higher physicochemical properties than the conventional soaps. Mercury (Hg) had the highest concentration in the locally made soaps ranging from 106.50 ± 0.23 - 273.58 ± 0.49 µg/g and 46.35 ± 0.22 - 55.12 ± 0.65 µg/g in the conventional soaps, while Cd had the least concentration in the locally made soaps ranging from 2.95 ± 0.45 - 6.05 ± 0.60 µg/g and 2.88 ± 0.11 - 5.20 ± 0.60 µg/g in the conventional soaps. Although highly mercuric soaps are known to kill bacteria and fungi, the observed MoS (< 100) and HI (> 1) indicated that the soaps might be safe if only restricted to occasional use by adults and children. A careful preliminary investigation and selection of the raw materials used in the production of indigenous soaps should be considered a necessary step.
... The oil was obtained after the solvent was removed under reduced temperature and pressure and refluxing at 70 o C to remove the excess solvent from the extracted oil. The oil was then stored in freezer at -2 o C for subsequent studies (Warra et al. 2011b, Warren et al. 1988). ...
K e y w o r d s: japanese quail, egg yolk oil, extraction methods, mineral content, physicochemical characteristics, antioxidants. A b s t r a c t In this study, the physico-chemical characteristics, mineral, phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of QEYO were evaluated. The oil was extracted using gentle heating (GH) and n-hexane (NH) methods, extracts were subjected to proximate, physicochemical and mineral analysis using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).Total phenolic contents (TPC) was quantified using Folin-Ciocalteau method; while the antioxidant activity were measured using the 1,1-diphenyl-2 picryl hydrazyl (DPPH)-radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant activity (FRAP) and total flavonoid contents. Physicochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, peroxides, ash, moisture and iodine, with little anthraquinones and cardiac glycosides. Sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P), were obtained in both fractions. Oil extracted by GH had the higher TPC and FRAP values (p < 0.05), while the NH fraction was higher in (TFC) (p < 0.05). QEYO showed antioxidant activities and can be used for the management of different diseases related to oxidative stress. Address: Ismaila Muhammad Sani,
