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This paper reports for the first time the effect of Henna extract as a new, naturally occurring, and ecofriendly additive on swelling of sodium bentonite in aqueous solution. This is performed via a number of methods including dynamic linear swelling test in two distinct temperatures of 28 °C and 82 °C, sodium bentonite inhibition and sodium benton...
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... of the enol in structure, containing conjugated ketone that is suitable conjugate or nucleophilic addition of strong nucleophiles such as cyanide, and containing naphthoquinone chromophore as a signaling unit ( Hijji et al., 2012). Henna extract powder has brown color with special odor, is soluble in water (with special pH curve as shown in Fig. 2) and alcohol. Properties of Henna extract are summarized in Table ...
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... natural pH and adjusted pH of 9, due to alterations in chemical structure of Henna extract constituents when solving in water. It is generally believed that solution of Henna extract in water removes the hydrogen atoms from the chemical structure of the Henna extract constituents, leading to a consequent reduction in solution pH as indicated in Fig. 2, particularly up to concentrations of 0.2 mass%. This phenomenon appears to be retarded significantly at higher concentrations up until concentrations ranging between 1 and 2 mass% and nearly vanishes according to the constant pH represented in Fig. 2. The amount of Henna extract adsorbed on non-prehydrated sodium bentonite was ...
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... the Henna extract constituents, leading to a consequent reduction in solution pH as indicated in Fig. 2, particularly up to concentrations of 0.2 mass%. This phenomenon appears to be retarded significantly at higher concentrations up until concentrations ranging between 1 and 2 mass% and nearly vanishes according to the constant pH represented in Fig. 2. The amount of Henna extract adsorbed on non-prehydrated sodium bentonite was calculated using the Eq. (1). The adsorption isotherms showing the adsorption behavior of Henna extract on non-prehydrated sodium bentonite both in natural pH and adjusted pH of 9 are presented in Fig. 5. Adsorption of Henna extract on non-prehydrated sodium ...
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... of the Henna extract solution at low concentrations (especially up to 0.2 mass%) could be explained by the creation of negative ions when Henna extract comes into contact with water molecules. This could be due to separation of hydrogen ions from structure of Henna extract constituents that results in significant reduction in pH value as shown in Fig. 2.These negative ions, neutralize the positive edges of clay layers leading to a decrease in yield point and gel strength and also ineffectiveness in reducing the plastic viscosity. Thus, it can be pointed out that Henna extract has a deflocculating property at low concentrations especially up to 0.2 mass% despite having an excellent ...
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... (0.2 mass%). At higher concentrations, the separation was retarded significantly and then almost stopped at concentrations above 1.5 mass% resulting in constant pH (Fig. 2) and modification in slope of the conductivity curve (Fig. 4). The negative ions can adsorb on positive edges of clay layers and neutralize them, which in turn leads to deflocculating properties (decrease in gel strength and yield point but ineffectiveness in plastic viscosity ...
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... Shale formation constitute the major portion of the hydrocarbon wells. It is a sedimentary rock that is mainly made of mud, silts, clays whereas the burial depth and 1 tectonic stress can alter the composition in many ways . These are susceptible to physical and chemical alteration due to water interaction or through the fluid movement and change in physical parameters during the June 2024 dewjournal.com ...
Shale, a sedimentary rock formed by the gradual weathering, accumulation, and compaction of fine-grained clay and mud particles, is critical in geothermal energy extraction. Because of its sustainability, dependability, and low environmental effect, geothermal energy is seen as a viable resource for the future. Shales which are composed of clay minerals swell when exposed to water-based drilling fluids, resulting in plugging, reduced permeability, and formation damage. This damage compromises the reservoir's physical, chemical, and mechanical properties, limiting fluid mobility and wellbore stability. Problems include material precipitation, gas bubbles, sand migration, and obstructions caused by oil or water droplets, all of which impair fluid motion and change characteristics. The combination of fracture and nanopore networks connected to a micrometer pore network is required for shale reservoir production. Shale, with its quad porosity media, exhibits decreased effective stress, Young's modulus, and uniaxial compressive strength as a result of shale-water interaction, resulting in rock failure. Shale softens after water exposure due to increased local pore pressure and decreased clay bonding strength, potentially leading to well losses and stuck-pipe issues from induced wellbore instability. Temperature fluctuations in geothermal reservoirs disrupt in-situ chemical equilibrium, exacerbating formation damage. By blocking flow paths, residual fracturing fluid can reduce fracture conductivity. Clay swelling, particularly in Illite and Montmorillonite, and clay migration in kaolinite reduce absolute permeability and thus fracture conductivity. The paper emphasizes on effective mitigation strategy for geothermal shale reservoir challenges, recommending the use of drilling fluids with key properties such as lubricity, temperature stability, contamination tolerance, corrosion protection, and, particularly, clay inhibition, especially in oil-based muds. This approach aims to improve wellbore stability and reduce issues like clay swelling, plugging, and formation damage.
... Usually, this henna leaves commercially cultivated in Arab countries, North Africa, Western India which make it very easy to get. Furthermore, some of the fascinating properties of henna leaves are considered anti-corrosion in various metallic mediums and potential eco-friendly fluid loss agent as mentioned above which consists of starch that will enhance the rheological properties by aiding in the gelling process in which will increase the mud viscosity and thus reduces the fluid loss into the formation [12] . ...
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... Apart from that, Bagum et al. (2022) and Moslemizadeh et al. (2019) emphasized that environmental challenges led to the introduction of natural sources to develop drilling fluid additives with low environmental impact and cost-effective. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the potential of natural resources as drilling fluid additives, specifically aloe vera (Bagum et al. 2022); mulberry leaf extract (Moslemizadeh et al. 2019); henna extract (Moslemizadeh et al. 2015); dividivi tannin (Pérez et al. 2017); wild jujube pit powder (Zhou et al. 2021), pomegranate peel powder and Prosopis farcta plant powder (Ali et al. 2022); cross-linking of corn starch, tea polyphenols, and sodium lignosulfonate (Li et al. 2021); oak seed extract (Hafshejani et al. 2016), and tea polyphenols (Li et al. 2020). The search was exhaustive because the potential replacement This study evaluated a newly synthesized material, Rhizophora spp. ...
... The effects of deflocculant concentration on YP are presented in Fig. 5a and b for RTLS and ICD, respectively. In general, exposing WBDF to a high-temperature environment will increase the Bingham YP (Ahmad et al. 2018;Annis and Smith 1996;Hafshejani et al. 2016;Moslemizadeh et al. 2015;Vryzas et al. 2019Vryzas et al. , 2017. The YP of WBDF at 93 °C doubled the YP of the BHR sample before the values increased significantly to 30.1, 35.8, and 46 Pa for 121, 149, and 177 °C, respectively. ...
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... This process results in the compression of the clay's double layer and the consequent suppression of clay hydration and expansion. Aghil Moslemizadeh et al. [13][14][15], Seyed Reza Shadizadeh et al. [16], Fan Zhang et al. [17], Khezerlooe-ye Aghdam et al. [18], and Barati Pezhman et al. [19] isolated plant saponins from different natural plant species. They observed that the hydrophilic glycosides within these saponins can adhere to the clay surface through hydrogen bonding. ...
This study investigates the preparation and application mechanism of Xylooligosaccharides (XOS), an environmentally friendly oligosaccharide additive derived from black fungus in water-based drilling fluids (WBFs). The distinctive molecular characteristics of XOS are revealed through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis confirms its stability at temperatures below 150 °C. In terms of performance enhancement, incorporating XOS improves rheological properties and filtration efficiency. Elevated XOS concentrations increase viscosity, diminish fluid loss, suppress clay hydration, and enhance cohesive strength, especially at higher temperatures. Additionally, incorporating XOS prompts the formation of a lubricating layer on particle surfaces, facilitating improved interaction between particles and the surrounding fluid. This layer substantially reduces friction coefficients, thereby significantly boosting the lubrication efficiency of the drilling fluid. At the microstructural level, the incorporation of XOS leads to noticeable microstructural refinement in the matrix mud cake, resulting in a smoother particle distribution due to interactions between XOS and particles. Mechanistically, introducing XOS results in a significant shift in the distribution of clay particle sizes. This phenomenon can be attributed to XOS’s ability to create a stable hydration film within the WBFs. As a result, this film mitigates particle aggregation, leading to a reduction in particle size. XOS emerges as a versatile and sustainable oligosaccharide inhibitor, effectively optimizing the performance of WBFs. Its diverse contributions to lubrication, inhibition, and microstructure refinement position XOS as a promising solution for efficiently extracting oil and gas resource.
... It has been reported that henna leaves diminished the swelling capacity of the shale sample effective. In addition, henna leaves inhibition properties are a function of its concentration and are comparable with polyamine and potassium chloride which are the most common clay stabilizers [11,17] . ...
The key factor to the success of any drilling operation is formulating a good drilling fluid especially in deep, deviated, and horizontal wells. Hence, the application of various types of additives in various drilling fluids formulation is needed to provide different practical mud requirements. Therefore, plants additives have been used successfully in oil and gas industry. In this study, henna leaves with two different sizes and boric acid have been used with a concentration range of 0-6 g. The characterization of henna leaves was obtained throughout using EDX and VPSEM tests. The rheological properties were experimentally investigated before and after the aging process (250F/16 hours) for yield point, gel strength, filtration, and lubricity, API filtration, HPHT filtration and mud cake thickness. The API filtrate loss was reduced when adding 100 μm henna leaves. The results came in a harmonic fact that when obtaining a thicker mud cake, the lower filtrate loss is resulted. Increasing the concentration of the additives resulted a slight reduction in HPHT filtration. Both henna leaves and boric acid showed a prospective reduction in the fluid loss and the best result of 4.4 ml was achieved by adding 6 g of 100 μm henna leaves in the water based mud system.
... All components were mixed in accordance with API standards [32]. A 350 mL bentonite slurry was prepared before mixing the other additives using Hamilton Beach Table 2. Soda ash was used to control the pH of WBM, whereas caustic soda was primarily added to reduce water hardness [33], [34]. The pH of the mud was kept constant at 10. ...
The rheological properties of drilling muds are critical for achieving optimal performances during drilling operations. In this study, bentonite, tannin, and xanthan gum were utilised as water-based drilling mud additives to enhance the rheological properties. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to investigate the additive's effect on the rheological properties of the drilling muds. The concentration of bentonite, tannin and xanthan gum were considered as the independent variables, while plastic viscosity (PV), apparent viscosity (AV), and yield point (YP) as the responses in the design of experiment (DOE). The YP, AV and PV were determined using 9.0 ppg of drilling mud according to the API standard procedures. Response surface plots (3D) were used to analyse the effect of the independent factors on the rheological properties and resulting in R2 values of 0.9753 for PV, 0.9582 for AV and 0.9513 for YP, which indicates that the interaction between elements in the system were statistically significant as these R2 values were close to 1.0. Bentonite was observed to significantly increased the PV, AV, and YP, whereas it decreased as tannin concentration increased. The optimal rheological properties required for low PV and AV with a high YP could be achieved using WBM formulation of bentonite at 4.02 g, 7.29 g of tannin, and 0.53 g of xanthan gum. Meanwhile, xanthan gum had an insignificant effect on the PV, AV, and YP. This finding demonstrates that the RSM model is accurate and relevant tool; hence it may be utilised to optimise the experimental conditions of mud formulation and accurately predict the rheology parameters of drilling muds.
... The inhibitive mechanisms employed by the various clay stabilizers in stabilizing gas shales are governed by complex phenomena involving chemical interactions with the water-based fluids and the rock formations [8][9][10][11]. Currently, three mechanisms are mostly employed to describe the inhibitive mechanisms of most clay stabilizers. They are, (1) the neutralization of the reactive spots of the clay mineral by the ionic constituents of the clay stabilizer, (2) the strengthening of the interlayer space of the clay mineral through hydrogen bond formation of the clay and the stabilizer and lastly, (3) the altering of the surface of the clay mineral via the hydrophobic shielding effect impacted by the clay stabilizer [8,[12][13][14]. ...
The inclusion of clay stabilizers in water-based fluids (WBFs) during drilling, imparts WBFs with clay swelling-inhibitive properties. This protects the formation from damage due to the enhanced reduction of the swelling components (clay portions) of the formation by these chemicals during drilling. With the increasing demand for 'green' clay stabilizers for WBFs, knowledge of their inhibitive mechanisms is necessary for their effective selection and usage. Earlier, we proposed Amino acids (AAs) as effective "green and cheap' clay stabilizers, However, the mechanisms through which AAs and other clay stabilizers perform shale stabilization have not been adequately described in open literature. This study is a follow-up work employed to evaluate and succinctly describe all the inhibition mechanisms utilized by AAs to prevent the swelling of the reservoir formations. Furthermore, we discovered a novel mechanism for describing the inhibitive potentials between clay stabilizers in WBFs. Herein, we employed five experimental techniques alongside a modelling tool-COSMO-RS, to evaluate and describe the inhibitive mechanisms of six AA clay stabilizers. This study confirmed that the interaction of AA and the water component of the WBF is a significant factor for AAs effective stabilizing potentials. This is an addition to literature which only highlights the interactions of clay stabilizers and clay minerals for the stability of the formation. This work evaluated all the possible interactions during a clay stabilization process and utilized statistical analyses to compare the percentage contributions of all the interactions among the clay stabilizers (AAs), clay minerals and WBFs. It was revealed that 38% of the swelling inhibition potentials of AAs depend on their interactions with the water component of the WBFs. Concurrently, 28% of the AAs inhibition potentials are based on their ability to modify the surface of reactive clays, while 15% is based on AAs ability to replace the exchangeable cations of swelling clays resulting in the strengthening of the clay's cleavage spacing. Lastly, 18% of AAs stabilizing potentials are based on their ability to neutralize the reactive moieties of swelling clays. The percentage distribution reveals that the effective interactions of AAs with the WBFs significantly contribute to their effectiveness in stabilizing shale formations. This study is essential as it provides researchers with a holistic methodology to characterize and evaluate clay stabilizers.
... Ces valeurs d'angles de contact appartiennent au domaine hydrophobe (Yariv, 1992). Cependant, cette valeur d'angle de goutte pour une vermiculite est comprise entre 0 et 15° (Yariv, 1992) et entre 20 et 30° pour une montmorillonite (Shang et al., 2010;Moslemizadeh et al., 2015;Moslemizadeh and Reza Shadizadeh, 2017). Ces valeurs d'angle de contact témoignent de valeurs représentatives du domaine hydrophile. ...
... Excepté pour la glycine bétaïne, toutes ces molécules ont montré dans la littérature une certaine efficacité dans la réduction du gonflement d'argiles gonflantes face à des sollicitations hydriques/hygriques. Certaines d'entre elles (Ahmed Muherai et al., 2009;Moslemizadeh et al., 2015Guancheng et al., 2016; Dans un premier temps, il s'agit de comparer les performances des 10 molécules sur la réduc- ...
... Les différentes molécules organiques utilisées et testées pour réduire le gonflement de la montmorillonite sont fournies par Sigma Aldrich (Tableau II-5). Chaque molécule utilisée est choisie car citée dans la littérature en tant qu'inhibiteur de gonflement des argiles, notamment dans le domaine de la prospection pétrolière et de la conservation du patrimoine bâti en pierres (Ahmed Muherai et al., 2009;Wangler and Scherer, 2009;Xuan et al., 2013;Carillo and Gibon, 2014;Moslemizadeh et al., 2015An and Zu, 2018;Bourgès and Simon, 2018;. ...
Dans un contexte de développement durable et d'économie circulaire, le réemploi de terres excavées de chantier est devenu un vrai défi. Riches en particules fines, ces terres utilisées pour la formulation de matériau de construction (par exemple des briques) ou la formulation d'enduits de surface, font partie de la panoplie des méthodes de mise en œuvre de la terre crue. Cependant, ces terres souvent riches en argiles gonflantes de type montmorillonite, deviennent impropres à une utilisation sans renforcement préalable comme l'ajout de sable ou de fibres. Afin de pouvoir réemployer l'ensemble des terres disponibles pour construire ou rénover un bâtiment en terre crue, cette thèse offre une alternative à l'utilisation usuelle de sable ou de fibres, en proposant une stabilisation des minéraux argileux gonflants par adjonction de molécules organiques. Dix molécules, bio-sourcées ou non, ont été testées au cours de cette recherche, en couplant une approche multi -échelle du gonflement allant de l'échelle microscopique (feuillet) à la mesure de la dilatation macroscopique (test sur des éprouvettes sable/argile). Les molécules cationiques de la famille des alkyl-diamines s'avèrent être les plus efficaces pour réduire le gonflement de la montmorillonite sous sollicitation hygrique ce qui confirme les résultats obtenus sur la pierre monumentale. La longueur de la chaîne carbonée des molécules de cette famille ainsi que leur concentration sont les paramètres clés de l'efficacité et de la durabilité du traitement. La diminution du gonflement est liée à une augmentation des propriétés hydrophobes de la surface de la montmorillonite par un effet de recouvrement et un échange cationique d'autant plus importants que la molécule est longue et que sa concentration est élevée. Une fois fixées sur l'argile, ces molécules ne se désorbent pas suite à une lixiviation simulant l'effet du ruissèlement de la pluie ou une élévation de la température à laquelle un mur pourrait être soumis. Ces molécules, financièrement et écologiquement coûteuses, restent cependant particulièrement intéressantes pour une utilisation ponctuelle et réfléchie dans le domaine du patrimoine pour la conservation/restauration des bâtiments à fort enjeux culturels, dont les matériaux renferment des argiles gonflantes.
... The amount of sediment heights is inversely proportional to the concentration of ACRE, but the final value of (h/H) confirms that there is no remarkable improvement in the performance of the surfactant above CMC. Moslemizadeh et al. (2015) utilized Glycyrrhiza Glabra root extract (GGRE) as a swelling inhibitor. The results of the sedimentation tests revealed that the final value of (h/H) approximately reached 0.15 for a concentration of 8%Wt. ...
Formation damage is a general term, which refers to any process that reduces the production or injectivity of an oil well. Clay swelling formation damage, due to incompatible fluid invasion, is a common problem in the petroleum industry. In this research, the effect of Acanthophyllum root extract (ACRE) , a bio-based surfactant, on the reduction in reservoir permeability impairment has been studied. Some static tests were applied to investigate the chemical interaction between the surfactant and montmorillonite (Mt), including Mt sedimentation test, Free swelling index (FSI) test, Zeta potential tests, particle size measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experiments were followed by coreflood and micromodel tests to verify their effect on preventing permeability reduction and pore plugging in porous media. According to the results, Mt dispersion is unstable in the presence of ACRE solution. ACRE can reduce the FSI from 233.3 (totally hydrated Mt) to 94.3%, representing the reduction in hydration potential. The zeta potential of Mt in ACRE aqueous solution moves toward the lowest magnitude, implying that the water molecules surrounding the Mt particles are unstable. Particle size measurement and SEM analysis proved simultaneously that ACRE solution sustains Mt particles flocculated and prevents delamination. The thermal stability of the ACRE was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and it showed a suitable resistance to the temperature rise. Eventually, coreflood and micromodel tests revealed that ACRE has a high performance in lowering the permeability impairment and pore plugging. All in all, ACRE showed high potential in preventing Mt swelling and, therefore, formation damage in clay-bearing sandstones.
... Initially, 350 mL of distilled water was added into the mixer cup, followed by 0.25g of soda ash and 0.25g of caustic soda, and homogeneously mixed for 4 minutes using a Hamilton Beach mixer. Soda ash was used to maintain the pH of WBM, whereas caustic soda was primarily added to reduce water hardness [33], [34]. The pH of the water was maintained at 10. ...
The rheological properties of drilling muds are critical for achieving optimal performances during drilling operations. In this study, bentonite, tannin, and xanthan gum were utilised as water-based drilling mud additives to enhance the rheological properties. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to investigate the additive's effect on the rheological properties of the drilling muds. The concentration of bentonite, tannin and xanthan gum were considered as the independent variables, while plastic viscosity (PV), apparent viscosity (AV), and yield point (YP) as the responses in the design of experiment (DOE). The YP, AV and PV were determined using 9.0 ppg of drilling mud according to the API standard procedures. Response surface plots (3D) were used to analyse the effect of the independent factors on the rheological properties and resulting in R² values of 0.9753 for PV, 0.9582 for AV, and 0.9513 for YP, which indicates that the interactions between elements in the system were statistically significant as these R² values were close to 1.0. Bentonite significantly increased the PV, AV, and YP, whereas it decreased as tannin concentration increased. The optimal rheological properties required for low PV and AV with a high YP could be achieved using WBM formulation of bentonite at 4.02 g, 7.29 g of tannin, and 0.53 g of xanthan gum. Meanwhile, xanthan gum had an insignificant effect on the PV, AV, and YP. This finding demonstrates that the RSM model is an accurate and relevant tool; hence it may be utilised to optimise the experimental conditions of mud formulation and accurately predict the rheology parameters of drilling muds.
