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![Fig. 3: Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation [16].](profile/Muhammad-Uthman/publication/341041394/figure/fig1/AS:885896899489794@1588225688834/onizing-and-Non-Ionizing-Electromagnetic-Radiation-16_Q320.jpg)
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With the outbreak of the Novel Coronavirus, COVID-19, towards the end of the year 2019 in Wuhan, China, a lot of misinformation and disinformation surfaced in print and electronic media linking COVID-19 to the upcoming 5G mobile technology. These publications allege many claims ranging from 5G causing COVID-19, to 5G spreads COVID-19 to 5G lowers h...
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... more energy it contains but the shorter the distance it can travel and also the easier it is to get blocked by obstacles. III. CLASSIFICATION OF RADIATION ACCORDING TO THEIR BIOLOGICAL EFFECT Radiation exists all around us as naturally occurring and manmade radiation sources, and is in two forms: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation as shown in Fig. ...
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The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in...
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... The scenario presented in [46] and [47], where the adoption of 5G technology was inaccurately linked to the spread of coronavirus, exemplifies the complex challenges technology adoption faces in the face of social myths. The research in [46] highlighted the urgent need for public health interventions, such as health education strategies, to debunk the myths associating 5G with the COVID-19 pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa. ...
Cellular communication standards have been established to ensure connectivity across most urban environments, complemented by deployment hardware and facilities tailored for city life. At the same time, numerous initiatives seek to broaden connectivity to rural and developing areas. However, with nearly half the global population still offline, there is an urgent need to drive research toward enhancing connectivity in areas and conditions that deviate from the norm. This article delves into innovative communication solutions not only for hard-to-reach and extreme environments but also introduces “hard-to-serve” areas as a crucial, yet underexplored, category within the broader spectrum of connectivity challenges.We explore the latest advancements in communication systems designed for environments subject to extreme temperatures, harsh weather, excessive dust, or even disasters such as fires. Our exploration spans the entire communication stack, covering communications on isolated islands, sparsely populated regions, mountainous terrains, and even underwater and underground settings. We highlight system architectures, hardware, materials, algorithms, and other pivotal technologies that promise to connect these challenging areas. Through case studies, we explore the application of 5G for innovative research, long range (LoRa) for audio messages and emails, LoRa wireless connections, free-space optics, communications in underwater and underground scenarios, delay-tolerant networks, satellite links, and the strategic use of shared spectrum and TV white space (TVWS) to improve mobile connectivity in secluded and remote regions. These studies also touch on prevalent challenges such as power outages, regulatory gaps, technological availability, and human resource constraints, where we introduce the concept of peri-urban hard-to-serve areas where populations might struggle with affordability or lack the skills for traditional connectivity solutions. This article provides an exhaustive summary of our research, showcasing how 6G and future networks will play a crucial role in delivering connectivity to areas that are hard-to-reach, hard-to-serve, or subject to extreme conditions (ECs).
... The Chinese city of Wuhan, where the outbreak originated, was also home to 5G communication systems, which are in the testing phase as a technology development center. Similar to the misconception that the coronavirus is transmitted from animals to humans, they caused another infodemic that 5G communication systems also trigger the Coronavirus and damage the human respiratory at high frequencies(Uthman et al., 2020). These fallacies, which do not reflect the fact that the 60 GHz frequency used by 5G is absorbed by oxygen molecules, which prevents oxygen from being taken up by hemoglobin and increases the problem of respiratory failure in COVID-19 patients, and entered our lives as misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic, has also turned into a disinformation activity. ...
While the coronavirus continued to negatively affect daily life almost every country resorted to various measures of closure and partial restriction of social life as required by the local pandemic conditions. The access to information practices of the internet age, in other words, the information age, has caused people, who are social beings, to turn to social networks during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This increase in the need for knowledge has directed people, to seek detailed and further information from social network sites. In this period, misinformation and disinformation activities in social networks have negatively affected the users, causing damage to the individuals within the framework of their increasing needs for correct knowledge. For this reason, the need to acquire and manage information correctly has become more important than ever, especially for protecting individuals' security, privacy, and ethics. This review study identified that the governments should attempt to control the COVID-19 infodemic and should correct information with humans by using media such as radio, television, newspapers, and popular social networks that could be used for this purpose. The result of the literature review showed that there is too much misinformation as well as disinformation on social media sites used mostly by people all over the world. Unfortunately, people tend to believe what they read on social media sites irrespective of the source of the information. For this reason, governments official information activities should continue and all people's need for accurate information should be met, just like their other needs.
... The novel coronavirus is closely related genetically to the SARS-CoV-1 virus which emerged in China at the end of 2002 (Uthman et al., 2020a). SARS-CoV-2 is a new strain of the coronavirus that has not been previously identified in humans. ...
... COVID-19 was identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It affects the respiratory system of humans and transmits both from human to human and from animal to human [3]. Early identification of positively infected is vital for their treatment and containment of the infection [4]. ...
The world witnessed a pandemic that needs to be limited. COVID-19 is a disease that spreads among people when an infected person is in close contact with another. To decrease the virus spreading, World Health Organization (WHO) imposed precautionary measures and suggested some rules to be followed such as social distancing and quarantining the infected people. We propose a model, using D2D and IoT technology, for tracking infected persons with COVID-19 and its proximity. If a person (mobile device) gets close to an infected person, he will also get infected, so by continuous moving, the infection will be transmitted. Thus, identifying the infected persons and their contacts will limit the spread of the disease. In each scenario, it is possible to distinguish the number of infected people and know from whom they are infected, and the location of the infection. The simulation shows the tracking of a mobile device when proximate infected person at a distance of 3 meters. As a result, our proposed D2D model is effective, especially in the scenario which found the infected person with COVID-19, tracks them, determines minimum distances, and recognizes the source of the infection. Thus, the model can limit the rapid spread of COVID-19 as it determines the 3meters distance from infected person and send precaution messages to the network.
... Other research denied this claim [9], While other studies are still ongoing on this subject, which may restrict the spread of this technology at present time. Research aimed to identify the problems of cellular coverage of mobile phone networks operating with 4 th generation -LTE technology in the city of Mosul and to present some practical proposals to solve these problems and improve cellular coverage in the city of Mosul using the Atoll simulation method. ...
... It was determined that 37% of respondents who believed there was a connection between 5G and COVID-19 also expressed the notion that there was no good reason for the current lock-down in that country at the time of the survey. Other studies found that people believed the notion that COVID-19 symptoms were exacerbated by the radio frequency emanated from 5G technology [41,42,43]. ...
Fifth Generation (5G) mobile cellular networks are envisaged to provide for high data rates and very low delay to support a lot of applications. However, its deployment has been met with a lot of resistance from some members of the public in various countries around the globe. This resistance has been exacerbated by the onset of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which has since been named COVID-19. Since the beginning of December2019, COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world with increased discussions on the topic across various online platforms. Due to the nature of these online platforms, misinformation is greatly shared and it becomes difficult for policy makers to implement measures that could save lives. For example, there have been conspiracy theories that were circulating on social media platforms perpetuating that radiation from 5G towers are linked with symptoms associated with COVID-19. This information led to some people burning 5G towers in certain countries. Basic awareness of 5G technology and its related health concerns should be made available to the general public. Therefore, this research highlights general health concerns about 5G technology based on various research conducted. Furthermore, the paper presents results from an online survey with a total of 258 respondents. Results show that 67% of respondents are aware of 5G technology and most users get there information from online social media platforms (about 78%). About 62% of respondents have heard the conspiracy theories linking 5G to COVID-19 symptoms, however, only 14.3% believe the conspiracy. Interestly, 57.8% think coronavirus originated from the laboratory and 47.3% think the COVID-19 pandemic was planned by certain pharmaceutical corporations and government agencies to depopulate the world. Additionally, 43% of respondents think there is no good reason for the current lock-down by various governments. Results also shows that there is no link between 5G and COVID-19 as far as health issues are concerned.
... for the disease. Apart from huge number of lost lives and stagnation of economy as well [7], the situation becomes even more difficult due to spread and circulation of conspiracy theories worldwide [8,9], especially via social networks [10]. One of the most common conspiracy theories is the relation between the deployment of 5G network and COVID-19 spread [8][9][10], which even lead to organized vandalism against 5G equipment [11]. ...
... Apart from huge number of lost lives and stagnation of economy as well [7], the situation becomes even more difficult due to spread and circulation of conspiracy theories worldwide [8,9], especially via social networks [10]. One of the most common conspiracy theories is the relation between the deployment of 5G network and COVID-19 spread [8][9][10], which even lead to organized vandalism against 5G equipment [11]. ...
Apart from obvious impact on many aspects of our everyday lives, the current COVID-19 pandemic has led to occurrence many conspiracy theories as side-effect, especially via social media. However, in such confusion among population, the situation becomes even more difficult to handle, which could potentially have even more dramatic consequences on global economy and increase the number of lives lost. In this paper, a data-driven framework for analysis of the facts related to COVID-19 disease is proposed. The proposed implementation leverages semantic knowledge representation, fuzzy reasoning and correlation analysis.
... Disease signs include dry cough, itchy throat, diarrhoea, and fever [5]. This is a hazardous illness that has caused the deaths of more than 608,911 people, 8,735,298 infected patients that 14,644,360 infections in more than 215 countries across the world as of July 20, 2020 [2], [6]. ...
... Any incorrect reports, however, indicated that this deadly disease is triggered or transmitted by the upcoming 5G technology norm that would dramatically boost data rates as opposed to the existing 4G. We discuss this problem in this paper, not only that there is no relation between COVID-19 and 5G, but also that 5G does not trigger or propagate COVID-19 in any way [6]. ...
... Bats are deemed natural hosts of viruses, although it is also recognized that many other animal species serve as vectors [5]. E.g., the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is transmitted from camels to humans, and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1(SARS-CoV-1) is transmitted from civet cats to humans [6]. The novel coronavirus identified in China in 2019 is strongly genetically linked to SARS-CoV-1, which originated in China in late 2002. ...
The rapid dissemination of new coronaviruses worldwide in 2019-2020 has had a significant effect on global economic and social growth. Those exchanges have featured numerous conspiracies spread by patrons on social media. Among them, 5G has been related by a common hypothesis to the dissemination of COVID-19, which has contributed to confusion and the destruction of 5G towers in the UK. Understanding the drivers of false news and swift strategies aimed at isolating and rebating disinformation is crucial to combating it. This paper sought a systematic literature review to save, classify, and interpret the evidence for this research. A total of 95 articles have been successfully reviewed, consisting of 50 Scopus journals and 45 conference papers ranging from the publication years (2014 to 2020). The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields on the human body and to clarify health laws in general public and industrial radiation. The knowledge on the electromagnetic field was obtained using instruments to determine the sensitivity amount of some of the home appliances in the magnetic and electric fields.
The novel coronavirus outbreak toward the end of the year 2019 in Wuhan China and the launch of the 5G wireless
technology in the same country in early months of 2020 has generated a lot of misconconception around the world
about the virus and conspiracy theories about 5G network and COVID-19 from personalities and organizations. There
are number of assertions in print and media linking the 5G network to COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Those assertions
includes 5G wireless technology is the cause of COVID-19, 5G network spreads COVID-19 and 5G technology lowers
human immunity. In this paper, we present an overview of 5G technology alongside COVID-19 and provide scientific
research evidence to show there is no established link between them. COVID-19 is a biological pathogen transmitted
through physical contact, while 5G is a radio wave radiation which is non-ionizing and does not spread or transmit the
novel coronavirus. Coronavirus is a disease pathogen that affects respiratory system and cannot be spread by
advancement in technology.
