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Intracellular delivery of TA–PEG–mwCNTs. (A–C) FLS were treated with 0.5 m g ml À 1 TA–Alexa 488–PEG–mwCNTs for 24 h. Intracellular delivery (Alexa 488 florescence view (A) and bright field view (B)) of TA–Alexa 488–PEG–mwCNTs was visualized using fluorescent confocal microscopy. Bar indicates 15 m m. (D and E) Magnified image shows round shaped vesicle transportation of TA–Alexa 488–PEG–mwCNTs in FLS via endocytosis. Bar indicates 1 m m. (F) Radius distribution of intracellular vesicles of TA–PEG–mwCNTs ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 m m. All data represent the mean Æ SEM ( n = 3).
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Repetitive intra-articular corticosteroid injections are inevitable for treating synovial inflammation in advanced arthritis. However, short-and long-term use of corticosteroids usually triggers serious side effects (i.e., adrenal insufficiency, hyperglycemia, Cushing syndrome, osteoporosis, Charcot arthropathy, etc.). This study demonstrated that...
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... endocytosis (i.e., chlorpromazine (CPZ)) and caveolae-mediated endocytosis (i.e., genistein (GEN)) were used to identify the endocytic mechanism that is responsible for the uptake of TA-PEG-mwCNTs. Effects of endocytic inhibitors on the inter- nalization of TA-PEG-mwCNTs into FLS were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (Fig. S3, ESI †). In particular, TA-PEG-mwCNT uptake was strongly dependent on clathrin (66% of total endocytic uptake) and macropinocytosis (33% of total endocytic uptake) in FLS cells (Fig. 2D). This strongly suggested that the major mechanism of TA-PEG-mwCNT uptake occurs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis for ...
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... nanoparticles enter the cell through endocytosis, vesicles and intracellular traffic within the cytosol determines endo- lysosomal-associated pathways. 39 Nano-drugs have an advan- tage in that they increase the chance of selectively targeting specific organelles unlike conventional intra-cellular drug delivery systems. 40,41 Fig . 3 shows the Alexa 488 fluorescence of conjugated TA-PEG-mwCNTs localized in vesicles around the nucleus after 24 h of incubation. The intracellular localization of vesicles in FLS was almost matched with the location of TA-PEG-mwCNTs (Fig. 3B). Magnified intracellular localization shows round shaped vesicles (Fig. 3E). The radius of ...
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... of selectively targeting specific organelles unlike conventional intra-cellular drug delivery systems. 40,41 Fig . 3 shows the Alexa 488 fluorescence of conjugated TA-PEG-mwCNTs localized in vesicles around the nucleus after 24 h of incubation. The intracellular localization of vesicles in FLS was almost matched with the location of TA-PEG-mwCNTs (Fig. 3B). Magnified intracellular localization shows round shaped vesicles (Fig. 3E). The radius of intracellular vesicles ranged from 0.5 to 1.5, and their size distribution was similar to ...
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... drug delivery systems. 40,41 Fig . 3 shows the Alexa 488 fluorescence of conjugated TA-PEG-mwCNTs localized in vesicles around the nucleus after 24 h of incubation. The intracellular localization of vesicles in FLS was almost matched with the location of TA-PEG-mwCNTs (Fig. 3B). Magnified intracellular localization shows round shaped vesicles (Fig. 3E). The radius of intracellular vesicles ranged from 0.5 to 1.5, and their size distribution was similar to ...
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... of lysosomes in cells (Fig. 3F). 42 Fig. 4 shows strong fluorescence of TA-PEG-mwCNTs localized with lysosomes around the nucleus after 24 h (Fig. 4C). Notably, based on lysotracker analysis (Fig. 4D), TA-PEG-mwCNTs were asso- ciated with higher lysosome intensity than conventional TA by about 4 times (signals from control FLS were set to 1) (Fig. 4D). The results ...
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... identify the maximum drug dose, the cytotoxicity levels of TA, PEG-mwCNTs, and TA-PEG-mwCNTs in FLS were assessed for various concentrations for 24 h (Fig. S3, ESI †). TA did not show any drug (TA) cytotoxicity for concentrations from 0.125 to 2 mg ml À1 . At a dosage ranging from 0.125 to 1.0 mg ml À1 , PEG-mwCNTs did not show notable cytotoxicity. The definition of non-cytotoxicity was greater than 90% FLS viability in this study. Importantly, TA-PEG-mwCNTs showed non-toxicity at below 0.5 mg ml ...
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... notable cytotoxicity. The definition of non-cytotoxicity was greater than 90% FLS viability in this study. Importantly, TA-PEG-mwCNTs showed non-toxicity at below 0.5 mg ml À1 (PEG-mwCNTs: 1 mg ml À1 , TA: 0.5 mg ml À1 ). Therefore, 0.5 mg ml À1 TA-PEG-mwCNTs were used as the maximum drug concentration for the following in vitro experi- ments (Fig. S3, ESI ...
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