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![Fig. 4. Internal dividing of six-sided and eight-sided windcatchers [45] .](profile/Parham-Kheirkhah/publication/346726420/figure/fig10/AS:966878793068545@1607533276091/nternal-dividing-of-six-sided-and-eight-sided-windcatchers-45_Q320.jpg)
Natural ventilation and cooling have played an essential role in providing comfort conditions. Windcatchers are passive cooling systems and one of the most familiar elements in Iranian architecture. They can significantly influence on reduce cooling loads and supply the necessary ventilation rate of buildings. This paper aims at providing an in-dep...
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... of the windcatchers with tetrahedral and hexahedral crosssection has one division. In these divisions, blades are connected to the tip of the tetrahedral and hexahedral. Fig. 4 illustrates these types [48] ...
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... works with the electricity of PV located on the windcatcher [ 136 , 137 ]. Another technology applied in the windcatchers is a heat transfer device ( Fig. 14 ). This technology causes an efficient cooling effect of windcatcher and makes more extensive thermal comfort conditions [138][139][140][141] . ...
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Natural ventilation is an energy-efficient way to provide fresh air and enhance indoor comfort levels. The wind-driven natural ventilation in courtyards has been investigated by many researchers, particularly the influence of the spatial configuration and environmental parameters on the ventilation and thermal comfort performance. However, previous...
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... Figure 1 graphically illustrates how a roof-mounted multidirectional windcatcher system generates a more effective indoor airflow pattern compared to that of an installed single-window setup in a similarly sized space. A typical four-sided multidirectional windcatcher is divided into quadrants by an Xshaped partition, as shown in Figure 2 [17]. These quadrants play specific roles in the airflow ventilation operation, with one quadrant typically supplying fresh air, while the other three quadrants expel air out of the ventilated space. ...
... Wind angle is a critical factor influencing pressure differences across the openings of passive ventilation systems, such as multidirectional windcatchers [34]. Research has shown that the highest ventilation efficiency and pressure coefficients are achieved when wind flows directly into the vents at a 0 • angle [17]. However, as wind angles deviate incrementally, airflow rates decrease until ventilation becomes negligible [35]. ...
... Several studies have demonstrated the potential of integrating fans into windcatchers to improve ventilation performance. For instance, Sangdeh and Nasrollahi [17] discussed the potential of incorporating fans with windcatchers to achieve hybrid ventilation. Hughes et al. [40] discussed the use of a low-energy fan incorporated at the top of a windcatcher and connected to solar panels to ensure continuous airflow when no outdoor wind is available. ...
Windcatchers are effective passive ventilation systems, but their inability to actively reduce and stabilize supply air temperatures reduces indoor cooling performance. This study addresses this limitation by integrating encapsulated phase-change material tubes (E-PCM-Ts) into a solar fan-assisted, multidirectional windcatcher. The novelty lies in the vertical placement of E-PCM-Ts within the windcatcher’s airstreams, enhancing heat transfer and addressing challenges related to temperature stabilization and cooling. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) under hot outdoor conditions, the ventilation, cooling, and PCM thermal storage performance are evaluated based on two different E-PCM-T arrangements. Results showed a maximum air temperature drop of 2.28 °C at a wind speed of 1.88 m/s and wind angle of 0°. This offers an optimal temperature reduction that achieved a 6.5% reduction for up to 7 h of air temperature stabilization. Placing E-PCM-Ts in all airstreams improved the thermal storage performance of the windcatcher. A 50% increase in hybrid ventilation efficiency was also achieved when wind angles increased from 0° to 30°. Overall, the proposed system demonstrated superior performance compared to that of traditional windcatchers, delivering improved thermal energy storage and cooling efficiency and adequate hybrid ventilation with supply air velocities of 0.37–0.60 m/s.
... The design of wind catcher openings and the vertical shaft geometry influence how effectively wind is captured and directed into the building [16,17]. The fundamental workings of a wind catcher are visually represented in Figure 2. [28] Wind catchers are categorized into two primary types: traditional and modern designs [6,18]. Traditional wind catchers consist of several components, including openings, a roof, a head section, a channel, and internal partitions, as illustrated in Figure 3. Wind catchers can be categorized by their shape, typically circular, square, or rectangular, as shown in Figure 4. [20]. ...
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of wind catchers as a passive cooling strategy in regions with
hot climates, where their potential remains largely unexplored. Focusing on a mosque building in Nizwa,
Oman, the research investigates the impact of windcatcher geometry and internal partitions on indoor
ventilation. The existing case is analyzed, and indoor ventilation conditions are simulated, followed by the
generation of various scenarios, including different windcatcher shapes (Square and Rectangular) and various
internal partition types (X blades, + blades, and H blades). Each scenario is subjected to CFD analysis. Results
show that a Square windcatcher with X+ combination type partitions increase indoor ventilation, raising air
velocity from 0.333508 m/s (base case) to 0.693379 m/s (scenario), leading to a 51.9% improvement in indoor
ventilation rate. This research suggests valuable insights for architects and designers, advocating for the
utilization of windcatcher principles to promote more sustainable architectural practices.
... Studies have shown that single-and two-sided windcatchers with rectangular and square designs generally outperform other types [31]. Differences in the number of openings lead to distinct characteristics for different types of windcatchers, making each type suitable for specific regions with varying climatic conditions [43]. As illustrated in Table 1, different climates may necessitate specific windcatcher configurations. ...
... In contemporary windcatchers, insulation materials are frequently used to enhance performance and efficiency [45]. Furthermore, the integration of mechanical systems (hybrid) significantly enhances the functionality of modern windcatchers, as discussed and analyzed in [40,43,[48][49][50]. These windcatchers utilize mechanical and sensory systems to capture wind from various directions, thereby increasing ventilation rates and adapting to diverse climatic conditions. ...
The rising demand for building cooling has led to increased energy consumption and environmental concerns. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of natural ventilation strategies as sustainable approaches in arid and semi-arid climates, focusing on Kabul City. Employing integrated simulation techniques, including annual energy simulation and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, various ventilation approaches were evaluated, such as single-side ventilation, cross-ventilation, and windcatchers. Results indicate that cross-ventilation with opposing windows significantly outperformed other strategies in terms of natural ventilation rates, achieving a 62.5% improvement over single-sided ventilation and a 36% improvement over cross-ventilation with adjacent windows. However, the complex interplay between solar gain and natural ventilation in these climates can lead to increased cooling demand. To address this challenge, integrating south-(S)-facing orientations into both single-sided and cross-ventilated configurations was found to be a balanced and effective approach. These scenarios demonstrated significant total energy savings. Among single-sided ventilation, the S-facing scenario achieved an average of 58.3% energy savings. For opposing cross-ventilation, the north-south (NS) scenario yielded 65.6% energy savings. Finally, adjacent cross-ventilation in the east-south (ES) and south-west (SW) scenarios resulted in an average of 51% energy savings. Furthermore, windcatchers, when combined with single-sided ventilation, further enhanced natural ventilation and reduced cooling demand while maintaining nearly consistent heating demand. Optimized rooftop windcatchers improved natural ventilation rates by up to 26.9% and attached windcatchers achieved up to 56.8% improvement. Compared to a baseline, rooftop windcatchers reduced cooling demand by 6.2%, and attached windcatchers by up to 18.7%. The findings of this study highlight the potential of window-based and windcatcher natural ventilation strategies as energy-efficient and balanced approaches for reducing building energy consumption, particularly cooling loads, in arid and semi-arid climates. These insights provide valuable guidance for architects and policymakers seeking to promote sustainable and energy-efficient building practices.
... Sangdeh and Nasrollahi (2022) [2,30] focused on the potential of integrating windcatchers into modern architectural designs, particularly in hot and arid climates. Their findings suggest that windcatchers can be optimized by carefully selecting types and configurations, shown in Figure 4, tailored to the specific environmental and urban context. ...
... As Nejat (2023) [20] discussed, the restoration of windcatchers aligns with energy efficiency and heritage preservation. Sangdeh and Nasrollahi (2022) [2,30] emphasized the importance of technological advancements like CFD modeling to enhance windcatcher performance. Hybrid systems, as proposed by [31], offer a solution to the limitations of traditional windcatchers, particularly in low-wind environments. ...
... In Hong Kong, China, Liu et al. (2011) [30] found that windcatcher systems' effectiveness can be significantly improved by optimizing louver configurations and strategically placing windows. Their research highlighted that louvers are crucial for directing airflow and maintaining consistent ventilation under various wind conditions (see Figure 19). ...
This review investigates the role of windcatchers in modern architecture, exploring their optimization through the integration of traditional designs with contemporary technologies. Historically utilized in hot and arid climates for passive cooling, windcatchers offer energy-efficient solutions for improving indoor air quality (IAQ). This study examines the sustainability of traditional windcatcher designs and their relevance in preserving heritage structures. Using advanced tools like computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, modern adaptations of windcatchers can be optimized for urban environments. This review also explores hybrid systems, combining windcatchers with solar chimneys, evaporative cooling, or heat pumps, to enhance performance in low-wind conditions by balancing natural and mechanical ventilation. Additionally, it addresses the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in heritage planning, facilitating the design and integration of windcatchers into contemporary architecture. The findings suggest that windcatchers, combined with modern design strategies and hybrid systems, continue to be viable and sustainable solutions for passive cooling, contributing to energy-efficient and climate-resilient buildings across different environmental and urban contexts.
... The authors attributed this to smaller effective flow areas, which the results corroborate. The 1.74% improvement over baseline paled in comparison to the advancements observed with the rectangle design [78]. ...
... This falls short of the recommended 1.5 m/s, indicating insufficient wind capture and circulation. This aligns with observations in a previous study [78], which attributed limitations of square ratio geometries to their smaller effective flow areas compared to rectangle ratio geometries, although this design is still better than the non-cylindrical square shape due to the positive effect of the curved shape on the movement of air into the station [47]. ...
... with observations in a previous study [78], which attributed limitations of square ratio geometries to their smaller effective flow areas compared to rectangle ratio geometries, although this design is still better than the non-cylindrical square shape due to the positive effect of the curved shape on the movement of air into the station [47]. ...
In rapidly urbanizing regions, enhancing passenger comfort in subway systems through sustainable methods is a critical challenge. This study introduces an innovative exploration of the impact of subway entrance geometry on natural ventilation and its subsequent effects on the thermal environment within Cairo’s subway system. The primary objective is to identify optimal entrance configurations that maximize natural airflow, thereby improving passenger comfort and reducing energy consumption. Focusing on the newly constructed segments of the Cairo subway, the research employs a mixed-methods approach that integrates computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations with a questionnaire survey to evaluate interactions between various entrance designs and urban wind flow patterns. This dual approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of how different geometrical configurations influence the capture and distribution of prevailing winds. The results indicate that specific entrance geometries can significantly enhance ventilation efficiency by optimizing wind capture and distribution. The most effective designs demonstrated substantial improvements in air quality and thermal comfort, providing practical insights for subway systems in similar hot arid climates. The novelty of this research lies in its detailed analysis of architectural elements to leverage natural environmental conditions for improving indoor air quality and thermal comfort in public transit systems. The significance of this study is its contribution to the field of sustainable urban transport, offering a valuable framework for urban planners and engineers. By demonstrating how thoughtful design can lead to energy savings and enhanced passenger experiences, this research advances the discourse on sustainable urban infrastructure. This work not only enhances theoretical understanding but also provides actionable recommendations for creating more sustainable and comfortable public transit infrastructures.
... The windcatcher's design differs from country to country, but the function is the same. It can be found in different designs, such as having one, two, or four openings at the top, where the design is decided according to wind direction in that area (Sangdeh and Nasrollahi, 2021). The height of the windcatcher and the inner partition also differed according to the location. ...
... This is because CFD has more flexibility in developing and simulating the designs than other methods, such as the experimental method (Yang, 2004). The work of Sangdeh (Sangdeh and Nasrollahi, 2021) found that 49% of works related to windcatchers were done using the CFD method, which emphasizes the importance of this method. Many research used CFD for the simulation of the operation of the windcatcher, like the work of Chohan et al. (Chohan et al., 2024), where they evaluate the sustainability potential of implementing a windcatcher under hot and humid climate by using CFD simulation. ...
... These two parameters could decrease air temperature, according to (Al-Jawadi and Darwish, 2016; Ghadiri et al., 2010;Sangdeh and Nasrollahi, 2021). ...
As the residential construction sector grows more quickly than other building sectors in Oman and other GCC nations, the proportion of total energy consumption in housing rises. The native inhabitants have implemented various strategies to enhance the thermal conditions in structures. The windcatcher was one of those methods used in hot climates when it was vital to achieve thermal comfort. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used in this research to find the best orientation of a windcatcher attached to a modern house in Muscat. In addition, thermal comfort and indoor air quality based on CO2 concentration were also studied. This paper tries to fill the gap in research on using windcatchers with modern houses and find the best design for such windcatchers. Results indicate that placing a windcatcher with a rotation of 30° from the north towards the east will give better air velocity than a windcatcher with angles of 0°, 45°, and 60°. Furthermore, it was found that the windcatcher improved the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) by 34% and the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfaction (PPD) by 48%. In addition, a modern house with a windcatcher reduced CO2 concentration by more than 5% compared to a house without a windcatcher.
... Many studies have been conducted in contemporary time to prove the effectiveness of wind catcher in both traditional and modern buildings. Study of Sangdeh, P. K., & Nasrollahi, N. [24] has discussed the effectiveness of wind catchers in providing natural ventilation and cooling in hot and arid climates. The study examines the design principles and construction techniques used in wind catchers and their effectiveness in providing thermal comfort. ...
... Windcatchers are natural ventilation devices that not only improve energy efficiency but also enhance occupant well-being [13]. By installing windcatchers on rooftops, buildings can utilize prevailing winds to draw fresh air in and expel polluted air using wind pressure and thermal buoyancy [14,15]. While natural ventilation removes heat and indoor pollutants, thus ensuring favourable indoor thermal comfort and air quality, its effectiveness can be compromised under adverse outdoor conditions such as extreme temperatures and high humidity [16]. ...
... Wind direction significantly affects the functioning of these systems and can restrict ventilation [25][26][27][28] or thermal performance [29][30][31][32] if overlooked. Single-sided windcatchers perform well in regions with consistent wind direction but are less effective under variable wind conditions [14]. Additionally, the local wind environment in cities is often complex [33]. ...
Windcatchers are widely utilized in building design as natural ventilation devices, providing fresh air supply and thermal comfort under suitable outdoor conditions. However, their performance is often constrained by environmental factors such as outdoor temperature, wind speed and direction. While passive heating, cooling, and heat recovery devices have been integrated into conventional windcatcher designs, the impact of changing wind directions, which can render the windcatcher ineffective, is often not considered. Addressing this gap, this research builds upon a novel dual-channel windcatcher system. This system employs a rotary wind scoop to ensure a consistent fresh air supply and stale air exhaust, irrespective of wind direction and facilitates the integration of passive/low-energy technologies. Using a validated numerical computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, the design of the proposed system was enhanced, incorporating technologies such as an anti-short-circuit device and wing walls, wind scoop area, a larger wind scoop area, and a redesigned wind cowl, to increase the pressure differential between the inlet and outlet and reduce system friction. The modified windcatcher achieved a 28% improvement in ventilation rate and outperformed a conventional four-sided windcatcher of the same size by up to 58%. Furthermore, the full-scale simulations of the building and windcatcher of varying heights were conducted using an atmospheric boundary layer wind flow to better capture the true nature of the wind flow that the building will encounter in real-world conditions to provide a more realistic assessment of the windcatcher's performance. This research contributes to the development of more efficient windcatcher systems for further passive technology integrations, enhancing their viability as sustainable ventilation solutions.
... Meanwhile, architectural solutions are practical and effective in facing climate challenges in designing a single building and urban planning (Sangdeh & Nasrollahi, 2020). Moreover, these ME wind catchers towers can save the electrical energy used to offer natural ventilation, passive air cooling, and thermal comfort during the year's warm months, "demonstrate the harmony between nature and human-created environment", based on sustainability principles (Moazemi & Goudarzi, 2021, 47-49). ...
The historic cores in the Middle East (after this referred to as "ME") region, a fragmented and thoroughly changed region during the 19th and 20th centuries, have many identities and authenticity challenges. Unfortunately, the rapid development rate, economic and rapid urbanisation, fast population increase, conflicts, lack of appreciation and awareness, and increasing market values gradually replace urban heritage buildings with newer, higher-density identity-less structures. This paper attempts to present the features, obstacles, challenges, and opportunities facing the urban built heritage at the historical cores and the neighbourhood within their physical, cultural and social life in the ME. It analyses questions for maintaining identity and authenticity, the future of traditional physical, technical and functional architectural elements paradigms and their contemporary reinterpretation and rethinking conservation from sustainable technical culture to socio-cultural sustainability. The paper investigates several issues related to the conservation concepts of the urban and architectural heritage in the ME. Special attention is given to the decision-making framework in the conservation practice, the destruction of the traditional urban heritage, and the destruction resulting from the ME region's political changes (modernisation). The focus is to identify, discuss and analyse how to deal with the challenges of maintaining the identity and authenticity of their historic urban cores. Finally, guidelines and framework recommendations are made for possible measures that may be taken for social sustainability.
... Perfect exemplars of these integrations can be found in the California Academy of Sciences (designed by Renzo Piano) and Beachwood Canyon Residence (designed by Francois Perrin). In the same manner, windcatchers in modern buildings have embraced advancements in technology, including louver systems, water spraying mechanisms, fans, dampers, anti-shortcircuit measures, and intelligent heating devices (Saadatian et al., 2012;Sangdeh and Nasrollahi, 2022;Zafarmandi and Mahdavinejad, 2021). Prominent examples of these contemporary windcatchers can be found abundantly in the University of Qatar (designed by Kamal El Kafrawi) and Masdar City in Abu Dhabi (designed by Foster and Partners). ...
The Isfahani style represents a method of traditional Iranian architecture and urban development that existed in the early 20th century and is regarded as a leading model in most traditional Iranian cities. It exhibits several vigorous features contributing to its recognition as a traditional approach to sustainable architecture and urban development. This research endeavors to reveal a theoretical framework beneath these inspiring aspects using the typology of sustainable modern forms, including the hierarchy, passive design strategies, compactness, density, diversity, mixed land use, pluralism, balance, good composition, and integration over time. To this end, the study employs qualitative research methods, drawing from traditional samples, to identify innovative, energy and socially efficient, and low-impact strategies implemented in this vernacular architecture of Iran's semi-arid and hot climates. The findings revealed that the neighborhood concept as a local and plural community (Mahalla) was a vital phenomenon in Iran's urban development. Apparently, the demise of this paradigm effectively played an important role in the numerous challenges regarding the social, energy, and economic viability of modern Iranian cities. Hence, this study presented theoretical frameworks—aligned with sustainable concepts—from the Isfahani style through its analysis, classification, and interpretation, which can contribute to modern urban development.
