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... highest incidence rate of endometrial cancer in Asia was reported for Armenia, followed by Israel and Georgia with the rates of 26.7, 15.4, and 14.2 cases per 100000 population, respectively. In addition, the highest mortality rate due to endometrial cancer was reported for Armenia, followed by Afghanistan and Tajikistan with the rates of 6.1, 4.1, and 4 cases per 100000 populations, respectively (Table 1, Figure 1, and Figure 2). ...
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... This increase in cancer cannot be separated from the increase in risk factors in the community. Two major risk factors that play a significant role today are age and obesity (Khazaei, et al., 2018). ...
Highlights: 1. The major risk factors for type I endometrial cancer, namely age and obesity, play a major role in the increase in this case and are thought to be related to the grade in these cancer patients.2. Type I endometrial cancer patients at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital 2019-2020 are dominated by patients diagnosed at the age of 56-65 years, having an overweight body mass index (23-24.9 kg/m2).3. The patient's age and body mass index did not correlate with endometrial cancer type I grade. Abstract Background: The increase in obesity and life expectancy has contributed to type I endometrial cancer cases worldwide. Increased risk factors play a role in the increase of these cases. Objectives: To determine the relationship between age and BMI with the cancer grade. Material and Method: This research was a cross-sectional study. The data were obtained from the patient’s medical records. The sampling technique was total sampling. The analysis used was Spearman Rho correlation test for the relationship between age and BMI with cancer grade. Results: This study recorded 54 patients with type I endometrial cancer in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from 2019 to 2020. The patients were from the age group 56-65 years 25 patients (46.30%), 46-55 years 17 patients (31.48%), 36-45 years 8 patients (14.81%), 26-35 years 2 patients (3.7%), and >65 years 2 patients (3.7%). For BMI, the patients were overweight (23-24.9 kg/m2) 21 patients (38.89%), normal (18.5-22.9 kg/m2) 14 patients (25.93%), obesity (25-29.9 kg/m2) 12 patients (22.22%), and obesity II (≥30 kg/m2) 7 patients (12.96%). For grade, grade III were 22 patients (40.75%), grade II 20 patients (37.04%), and grade I 12 patients (22.22%). There was a weak, insignificant positive correlation between age with grade (ρ=0.116, 0.405>α=0.05) and a weak, insignificant negative correlation between BMI with grade (ρ=-0.206, 0.135>α=0.05). Conclusion: A total of 54 patients with type I endometrial cancer at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia, from 2019-2020 aged 56-65 years and overweight (23-24.9 kg/m2) with grade III cancer. The patient's age and BMI did not correlate with the patient's grade.
... In a large prospective cohort study in the United Kingdom (2012) by Burbos et al., 3047 women with PMB revealed that BMI, diabetes, and hypertension were statistically significantly higher in the malignant group than in the benign group, similar to the report of Fatima et al. [43,44] BMI in the malignant group was greater than in the benign group also reported in many studies in the literature. [22,24,30,45,46] According to Wise et al., BMI should be the first stratification in the decision to perform endometrial biopsy and/or to refer the secondary gynecological service. [21] As comparing with our results, the percentage of BMI ≥25 (kg/m 2 ) in the cancer group was greater than in the benign group (24.0% vs. 13.6%), ...
Background:
Intracavitary uterine pathologies (IUPs) may be resulting in vaginal bleeding in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Especially, malignant disease needed to be investigated due to its adverse impact on the quality of mid-life women as well as the burden of health-care costs in low- and middle-income countries such as Vietnam.
Objective:
Thereby, through this study, we aimed to assess the major clinical features of IUPs in women with perimenopausal and postmenopausal bleeding women.
Materials and methods:
This was a cross-sectional observational study at Hue University Hospital and Hue Central Hospital from June 2016 to June 2019. The study enrolled 150 women above 40 years old involving with intrauterine bleeding.
Results:
The mean age of the study population was 51.51 ± 7.65. The most common symptom in perimenopausal women was menorrhagia, up to 62.2% of cases. In addition to intrauterine bleeding, there were 54.7% of cases had at least one other functional symptom, they were pale skin (35.9%), and lower abdominal pain (31.3). Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) was the most common pathology in both groups with perimenopausal and postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), respectively, 66.7% and 51.7%. In PMB group, endometrial cancer (EC) occupied approximately 38.3% following EH. Our study revealed age, menstrual characteristics, and diabetes in relation to malignant disease. Other factors seemed to be less associated with EC.
Conclusions:
Menorrhagia was the most common type of abnormal uterine bleeding in perimenopausal women. Besides vaginal bleeding, others symptoms such as pale skin, pelvic pain, and fatigue were also common. Length day and blood loss before hospitalization in perimenopausal women were greater significantly than that in postmenopausal women. Age, menstrual characteristics, and diabetes increased the risk of EC in women with PMB.
Importance:
Despite evidence of an association between reproductive factors and endometrial cancer risk, prospective studies have been conducted mainly in non-Asian countries.
Objective:
To assess the association between reproductive factors, such as number of deliveries, age at menarche, or menopause, and endometrial cancer risk.
Design, setting, and participants:
This cohort study used pooled individual data from 13 prospective cohort studies conducted between 1963 and 2014 in the Asia Cohort Consortium. Participants were Asian women. Data analysis was conducted from September 2019 to April 2023.
Exposures:
Reproductive factors were assessed using a questionnaire in each cohort.
Main outcomes and measures:
The main outcome was time to incidence of endometrial cancer. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs.
Results:
A total of 1005 endometrial cancer cases were detected among 332 625 women (mean [SD] age, 54.3 [10.4] years) during a mean (SD) of 16.5 (6.4) years of follow-up. Increasing number of deliveries was associated with a decreased endometrial cancer risk in a dose-response manner (≥5 deliveries vs nulliparous [reference]: HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.26-0.53; P for trend < .001). Compared with menarche at younger than 13 years, menarche at 17 years or older had an HR of 0.64 (95% CI, 0.48-0.86; P for trend < .001). Late menopause (age ≥55 years) showed an HR of 2.84 (95% CI, 1.78-4.55; P for trend < .001) compared with the youngest age category for menopause (<45 years). Age at first delivery, hormone therapy, and breastfeeding were not associated with endometrial cancer risk.
Conclusions and relevance:
This large pooled study of individual participant data found that late menarche, early menopause, and a higher number of deliveries were significantly associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer. These convincing results from Asian prospective studies add to the growing body of evidence for the association between reproductive factors and endometrial cancer.
