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Implementation of non-manual entities annotation; (a) Non-manual feature list; (b) Available values for non-manual feature Body Movement.
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In this paper, we touch upon the requirement for accessibility via Sign Language as regards dynamic composition and exchange of new content in the context of natural language-based human interaction, and also the accessibility of web services and electronic content in written text by deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. In this framework, one key...
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Context 1
... may apply the same procedure for more than one signs until the final step, which is the creation of the relevant SiGML script. An indicative part of the implemented non-manual features is shown in Figure 6 accessibility tools and technologies of Section 3, is presented in detail in Subsection 2.1. ...
Context 2
... may apply the same procedure for more than one signs until the final step, which is the creation of the relevant SiGML script. An indicative part of the implemented non-manual features is shown in Figure 6. SiS-Builder also provides for the option to convert a SiGML script back to the corresponding HamNoSys notation. ...
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Citations
... All lemmas in the database are enriched with phonetic transcriptions according to the HamNoSys coding system (Hanke, 2004). This transcription enables synthetic signing productions via animation through an avatar character (Efthimiou et al., 2019). ...
Although signing avatar technology seems to be the only option currently available to serve sign language (SL) display in the context of applications which demand generative capacity from the part of the technology like in machine translation to SL, signing avatars have not yet been accepted by signers' communities. One major factor for this rejection is the feeling that technology is developed without the involvement of its actual users. Aiming to invite the signers' community into the process of signing avatar development, we have designed the shell methodological framework for signer-informed technology which is implemented as on-line surveys addressed to signer communities of different SLs. The surveys are communicated via focused on-line questionnaires with content of signing avatar performance that allows rating of various aspects of the produced SL synthetic signing by human signers. Here we report on the first survey application with content from the Greek Sign Language (GSL). The analysis of the obtained results is 2-fold: it highlights the significance of signer involvement and the provided feedback in the technological development of synthetic signing; in parallel it reveals those aspects of the survey setup that need fine-tuning before its next distribution cycles. The implementation of the first on-line survey can be found in: https://sign.ilsp.gr/slt-survey/.
... Students can adjust the learning speed according to their own situation and can skip the knowledge they have mastered at any time. It can also repeatedly learn the knowledge that think it has not mastered enough and finally achieve the learning goal through step-by-step learning [26]. The Internet can promote the change of teaching concepts, and innovation and entrepreneurship education in the perspective of the Internet has put forward higher requirements for teachers, so that teachers can actively change the traditional teaching concept and change the teaching method for the purpose of theoretical learning [27]. ...
At present, the path of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship training is still not perfect, especially the understanding and mathematics of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship concepts. Therefore, it is urgent to guide college students to adhere to the ideal of innovation and entrepreneurship, cultivate the spirit of innovation and entrepreneurship, cultivate the morality of innovation and entrepreneurship, and improve the comprehensive ability of innovation and entrepreneurship of college students. The in-depth development of the Internet has made communication around the world convenient and fast, all kinds of information can be obtained on the network, and various industries have achieved rapid development, and the education industry naturally needs to keep up with the pace of the times to adapt to the new normal of development. The deep integration of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship teaching experience with “Internet +” technology has continuously improved the training and teaching quality of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship and allowed contemporary college students to develop excellent entrepreneurial spirit and innovative talents. Therefore, the training path of college students’ innovation and entrepreneurship ability in this paper will be optimized according to Internet technology. It has been proved by practice that the innovative and entrepreneurial talent training path optimized by this paper can improve students’ educational ability well and play a guiding role for students’ innovation and entrepreneurship, thereby realizing the development of ideological and political education in colleges and universities.
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Recommendation systems mainly produce a list of recommendations in any field, using one of two methods - via Collaborative Filtering or Content-Based Filtering (Jafarkarimi, Sim, & Saadatdoost, 2012). Collaborative filtering depends on the behaviour of the previous user, such as products that he or she previously purchased or previous assessments, in line with similar decisions made by other users, so that the first user’s wishes can be expected based on the decisions of other users (Melville & Sindhwani, 2010). Content-based filtering is based on bringing similar products with their characteristics to the purchased product (Mooney & Roy, 2000). These methods are often used simultaneously to form a single system called Hybrid Recommender Systems (Balabanović & Shoham, 1997).
Sign languages are considered fully-fledged and complete natural languages that are utilized by individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing as a means of communication within the visual-gestural modality. The utilization of virtual avatars as virtual assistants has witnessed a notable surge over the course of the previous fifteen years. Research on sign language recognition has already shown significant potential in achieving reliable and efficient automatic sign language recognition. Nevertheless, the development of physiologically believable (naturally looking) sign language synthesis and generation techniques is currently in its nascent stages. Moreover, traditional models often are rule-based, rely on manually programmed commands, and require the expertise of proficient interpreters, whereas data-driven approaches have the potential to offer more advanced solutions. In addition to the advancement of sign language systems, scholarly investigations indicate a notable lack in the signing systems evaluation by individuals who utilize sign language (deaf signers and interpreters). In this study, we introduce a sign language interpreting avatar based on data-driven techniques. Additionally, we conduct a subjective evaluation of the avatar’s performance. This paper presents the findings of a study conducted with deaf signers, which aimed to compare three different signing agents to a highly skilled sign language human interpreter. The study utilized well-known metrics that are considered to provide valuable insights into participants’ perceptions of signing agents, also their respective advantages and limitations.
Despite efforts to promote digital inclusion for all, individuals with disabilities continue to experience a significant digital divide. Developing usable and accessible solutions also demands conducting user-based testing with real end users, particularly for users with disabilities, to detect and address real problems and barriers they experience and improve usability and accessibility based on their feedback through a user-centered approach. When including users with disabilities in user testing, additional attention must be paid to ensure that the testing is planned and carried out in such a way as to enable the successful and efficient integration of users with disabilities. In doing so, it is necessary to consider various restrictions related to users’ disabilities. By conducting a systematic literature review, we collected and analyzed the challenges of including users with disabilities in user-based testing and best practices that researchers can apply in future user-based testing with users with disabilities. In the existing literature, a positive trend toward publishing articles describing testing with users with disabilities is noticeable. There is also an apparent need for more reporting on some phases of the testing studies. The main result of this study is a list of challenges and best practices that are important in the different phases of user-based testing with users with disabilities.
