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... the decomposition of fiscal policy and the timing of the implementation of the different instruments, we find that fiscal policy supports growth by 0.4 point in 2017. Between 2015 and 2017, the impact of fiscal policy on growth is higher than the fiscal impulse ( Figure 2). This can be explained by the delayed impact of past tax cuts in several countries, but also with the fading of the impact of past consolidation on output. ...
Context 2
... contracts therefore seem to be used for the entry on the labour market rather than generalized to the entire workforce. Figure 22 shows the development of underemployment which is the labour force share of persons who work less than they want-either because they do not have a job and would like to work or because they have a part-time job and would like to work more. The underemployment rate remains high compared to pre-crisis levels. ...
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... 2016, eight out of twenty-eight countries fulfil this objective. Figure 23 gives the respective contributions of men and women to the overall employment rate; the green bar in the figure give the increase in employment rate if the number of employed women reaches the male level. ...
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... unbalanced repartition of part-time employment reinforces the persistence of the gender gap in income. Figure 24 indicates that women still face inequali- ties in terms of overall earnings. The gender gap is higher in countries in which the female part-time employment rate is high. ...
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... calculates the contribution of each of these three factors to the Gender Overall Earning Gap. Figure 25 shows the results, it enlightens the diversity among European countries. In some countries, the gender gap is mainly due to the low level of female employment (Romania, Malta, Poland or Italy). ...
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... the picture changes if we take the European Union as a whole, as if it was one nation, because the most equal countries are relatively small, cf. Figure 26. As EU-SILC data for Germany is not available for 2015, we calculated a Global Gini in the European Union excluding Germany from 2008 and 2015. ...
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... appears that inequality is higher in the European Union, taken as one nation, than in the US 1 . Figure 28 also shows that, although lower, inequality in the Euro Zone is on the rise. ...
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... data thus confirm the results from the first HFCS wave described in iAGS 2015. Figure 29 shows two indicators for net wealth inequality (gross wealth minus liabilities) in selected European countries. The bars in plot a) indicate the share of net wealth that is in the hands of the richest 5% of households. ...
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... development is particularly pronounced in the countries which were most severely hit by the recession. MLT SVK SWE EST AUT ROU LVA BEL FIN DNK CZE FRA GBR DEU LTU HUN SVN NLD PRT LUX IRL ITA ESP CYP GRC Figure 32. Impact of social transfers in cash on the unanchored risk of poverty In all European countries does the compensation rates vary between recipients depending on their personal characteristics such as eligibility for unemploy- ment insurance (UI), previous wage, household characteristics and the duration of their unemployment spell. ...
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... 2013 and 2015, the Gini of standard of living 2 (after transfers) or equivalent income before transfers are stable in the European Union and the Euro Zone. If we look at the entire period, we can conclude that there is a relative stability in living standards inequality (Figure 42) in the European Union (+0,2) and an increase in the Euro Zone (+1,4) due to increases both before and during the crisis 3 . The rise in inequality of living standards in the Euro Zone is entirely due to the increase in inequalities before transfers (+1,6): it is not therefore the tax and benefit system that has become less redistributive. ...
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... the standardized approach, which still assigns a zero risk to countries with AA rating or better, we can also see on Figure A2 that especially banks in Portugal and Greece would be strongly affected if they had to hold positive risk- weights. This suggests that especially Portugese banks are exposed to risky sovereign debt which would reduce their capital ratios if positive risk-weights were assigned. ...
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