map of the research area. Map a shows the different post-mining sites around the 114 Zin factory. Map b shows the biocrust sampling points in gov mining site used for this 115 research. Green dots represent the natural biocrusts, and red dots represent the post -mining 116 biocrusts. 117 118

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... Based on our previous findings, we specifically expected 94 higher activity of Cyanobacteria in the natural biocrusts ( Gabay et al., 2022). https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2022-1510 Preprint. Discussion started: 9 January 2023 c Author(s) 2023. CC BY 4.0 License. sampling site, we sampled along a 100 m strip at approximately 10 m intervals (Fig. 1). In total, 108 we sampled 20 biocrust samples (10 from each site). We collected the biocrusts using a 109 spatula, at an average depth of 2 mm. Biocrusts were placed in 100 mm x 15 mm petri dishes 110 lined with cotton. For the SIP assay, we chose 5 of the 10 samples from each site containing 111 the highest chlorophyll a ...

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... 2023 c Author(s) 2023. CC BY 4.0 License. and post-mining biocrusts belong to the same orders/classes. In the phylum Cyanobacteria, 292 labeled sequences belonged to two classes, and most sequences in both natural and post -293 mining samples belonged to the class Cyanobacteria, with a slightly higher prevalence in the 294 post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The class Bacteroidia, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidota, 295 had a similar prevalence for natural and post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The trend was similar 296 in the class Bacilli, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (Fig. S1). In the Alphaproteobacteria 297 phylum, the orders Rhodobacteriales, Rhizobiales and Sphingomonadales ...

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... labeled sequences belonged to two classes, and most sequences in both natural and post -293 mining samples belonged to the class Cyanobacteria, with a slightly higher prevalence in the 294 post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The class Bacteroidia, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidota, 295 had a similar prevalence for natural and post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The trend was similar 296 in the class Bacilli, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (Fig. S1). In the Alphaproteobacteria 297 phylum, the orders Rhodobacteriales, Rhizobiales and Sphingomonadales appeared in both 298 natural and post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The phylum Gammaproteobacteria appeared 299 only once in post-mining samples ...

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... mining samples belonged to the class Cyanobacteria, with a slightly higher prevalence in the 294 post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The class Bacteroidia, belonging to the phylum Bacteroidota, 295 had a similar prevalence for natural and post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The trend was similar 296 in the class Bacilli, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (Fig. S1). In the Alphaproteobacteria 297 phylum, the orders Rhodobacteriales, Rhizobiales and Sphingomonadales appeared in both 298 natural and post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The phylum Gammaproteobacteria appeared 299 only once in post-mining samples but was more prevalent in natural samples (Fig. S1). The 300 phylum Actinobacteria was more ...

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... the phylum Bacteroidota, 295 had a similar prevalence for natural and post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The trend was similar 296 in the class Bacilli, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (Fig. S1). In the Alphaproteobacteria 297 phylum, the orders Rhodobacteriales, Rhizobiales and Sphingomonadales appeared in both 298 natural and post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The phylum Gammaproteobacteria appeared 299 only once in post-mining samples but was more prevalent in natural samples (Fig. S1). The 300 phylum Actinobacteria was more prevalent in post-mining samples, yet the orders ...

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... the class Bacilli, belonging to the phylum Firmicutes (Fig. S1). In the Alphaproteobacteria 297 phylum, the orders Rhodobacteriales, Rhizobiales and Sphingomonadales appeared in both 298 natural and post-mining samples (Fig. S1). The phylum Gammaproteobacteria appeared 299 only once in post-mining samples but was more prevalent in natural samples (Fig. S1). The 300 phylum Actinobacteria was more prevalent in post-mining samples, yet the orders ...

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... Micrococcales and Propionibacteriales appeared in both natural and post-mining 302 samples (Fig. S1). A Venn diagram of unique and overlapping sequences reveals that only 8 303 out of 88 labeled sequences appear both in natural and post-mining samples (Fig. ...