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Changes of the glacier areas were analyzed. Rates of the area reduction of glaciers and glacier systems were compared over the course of the past 160 years as well as during shorter time intervals for the same period. On average for the whole period, the glacier areas decreased by a few tenths of a percent from the original in a year. Note, that th...
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... The area of some glaciers was decreasing not by a few tenths of a percent but by a few percent per year during that period. Similar data are available for a number of glaciers in different regions of Russia: the Caucasus (Kotlyakov et al. 2017;Zolotarev and Kharkovets 2012), the Altai (Kotlyakov et al. 2015), the Eastern Sayan (Suvorov and Kitov 2017), the Polar Urals (Ivanov 2013;Kotlyakov et al. 2015), the Kuznetsk Alatau , the Baikal ridge, the Kodar ridge (Osipov and Osipova 2015), and the Kamchatka . ...
Mountain glaciers currently exist in 18 mountainous regions of the continental part of Russia. They occupy a total area of about 3480 km2. Almost all the glaciers in these mountainous areas have receded over the past few decades. The process of glacier retreat leads to landscape change in the glacier zone and can also lead to increased risks of hazards and natural disasters. The existing research on the current state of glaciers and their changes helps us to understand the mechanisms of the changes and to improve forecasts and adaptation strategies. This article presents a review of mountain glacier change estimates in continental Russia over the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The sources for the estimates include satellite imagery, topographic maps, field research results, and scientific publications. The results of our analysis demonstrate that changes in the main climatic factors, i.e., air temperature and precipitation, determine the general trend in glacier changes in Russia’s mountainous regions. Glacier reductions for the second part of twentieth century range from 10.6% (Kamchatka) to 69% (the Koryak Highlands). The differences in the rate and the direction of glacier changes depend on local orographic and climatic features.
... The area of some glaciers was decreasing not by a few tenths of a percent but by a few percent per year during that period. Similar data are available for a number of glaciers in different regions of Russia: the Caucasus (Kotlyakov et al. 2017;Zolotarev and Kharkovets 2012), the Altai (Kotlyakov et al. 2015), the Eastern Sayan (Suvorov and Kitov 2017), the Polar Urals (Ivanov 2013;Kotlyakov et al. 2015), the Kuznetsk Alatau , the Baikal ridge, the Kodar ridge (Osipov and Osipova 2015), and the Kamchatka . ...
... Subsequently, these glaciers became sElectronic Supplementary Material (Adamenko et al. 2017). The advance of the Kozelsky Glacier in Kamchatka was accelerated after 2007 from 0.005 km 2 /year on average for the period 1978-2007 to 0.012 km 2 /year on average for 2007-2015 (Kotlyakov et al. 2017). ...
Mountain glaciers currently exist in 18 mountainous regions of the continental part of Russia. They occupy a total area of about 3480 km2. Almost all the glaciers in these mountainous areas have receded over the past few decades. The process of glacier
retreat leads to landscape change in the glacier zone and can also lead to increased risks of hazards and natural disasters. The existing research on the current state of glaciers and their changes helps us to understand the mechanisms of the changes and to
improve forecasts and adaptation strategies. This article presents a review of mountain glacier change estimates in continental Russia over the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The sources for the estimates include satellite imagery, topographic maps,
field research results, and scientific publications. The results of our analysis demonstrate that changes in the main climatic factors, i.e., air temperature and precipitation, determine the general trend in glacier changes in Russia’s mountainous regions. Glacier reductions for the second part of twentieth century range from 10.6% (Kamchatka) to 69% (the Koryak Highlands). The differences in the rate and the direction of glacier changes depend on local orographic and climatic feature
For more than ten years, the local features of the glaciation of individual mountain ranges of the inland part of Asia have been considered on the example of a transboundary transect from the latitudes of the middle taiga of the Baikal region, capturing the Mongolian Altai, to the Himalayas and are presented in the materials of the conferences “InterCarto. InterGIS”. The glaciers of the Eastern Tien Shan are interesting as part of this transect, located in the desert and semi-desert zones. The literature mainly considers the dynamics of glaciers of the central part of the Tien Shan, in the Urumqi region. In the northern part of the transect, the glaciers in the Eastern Sayan (nival-glacial objects of the Munku-Sardyk range) are the most studied. The dynamics of these glaciers is represented for more than 100 years. This paper considers changes in the glacier at the main peak of the Munku-Sardyk mountain range (Peretolchina glacier) and the little-studied glacier at the highest peak of the Karlyktag ridge of a similar northern exposure. Assessing the entire transect, it can be noted that the glaciers of the northern part of the transect (starting from the Kodar Range) are characterized by a significant decrease in thickness compared to their area changes and an increase in the rate of armoring by surface moraines. Moraine armoring of the lower part of the Karlyktag glacier also occurs, but not as significantly as that of the Peretolchina glacier. A comparison of the dynamics of the Karlyktag glacier and the Peretolchina glacier from Landsat remote sensing data shows that glaciers are shrinking to varying degrees. The open part of the Peretolchina glacier from the finite moraine of the Fernau stage decreased both in area and length by about half. The Karlyktag Glacier has decreased in length by about 25 %. It was significantly reduced in length in the early 1970s to 100 m/year. The decrease in area averaged at a rate of 0.03 km²/year. Over the past 20 years, the Peretolchina glacier has been shrinking in area at a rate of 0.005 km²/year, and for the entire observation period since 1900—0.004 km²/year. In terms of length over the same period, the glacier is shrinking at a rate of 5 m/year. Anomalous changes were revealed in the glaciers in question in 2013 and 2021. Similar processes were noted in the southern part of the transect (Himalayas) after the accumulation of a snow-ice mass, a catastrophic convergence of glaciers occurred in 2014 (in the area of Khumbu and Langtang).
The Munku-Sardyk (Eastern Sayan) glacier has been described and studied for more than 100 years. The first largest glacier of Peretolchina was studied in the most detailed detail. Radde's second-largest glacier is much weaker. Monitoring of surface characteristics of the Radde glacier by ground methods and using data of remote sensing of the Earth (RSE) has been carried out since 2006. In 2018, georadar profiling of this glacier was performed for the first time. As a result, it was possible not only to clarify its surface characteristics, but also to assess the power of the ice and the internal structure (a layer of firn, ice, bed). According to the RSE, its geometric changes have been revealed. Over 120 years, the open part of the Radde Glacier has shrunk from 0.4 to 0.09 km2, and the length from 1 to 0.4 km. It also revealed the division of the glacier into two parts and the intensive reservation of the bottom of the main part of the tongue by surface moraines and the formation of a glacial lake on the glacier itself in the lower part of the second half. Radar research using the Oko-2 georadar, allowed to determine the volume of ice of this glacier 0.003 km3 and the greatest thickness of the main ice body 42 m. The main glacier flows down from the Eskadriliy top, 3168 m, to the north, flows on the cross-bar and from it turns to the northeast, and at the bottom of the kar will continue to flow north again.
This paper reports that in the period of global warming continuing over 150 years, there are the glaciers growing in size.
