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Synthetic pesticides are extensively and injudiciously applied to control agriculture and household pests worldwide. Due to their high use, their toxic residues have enormously increased in the agroecosystem in the past several years. They have caused many severe threats to non-target organisms, including humans. Therefore, the complete removal of...
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Endocrine signaling networks control diverse biological processes and life history traits across metazoans. In both invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, steroid hormones regulate immune system function in response to intrinsic and environmental stimuli, such as microbial infection. The mechanisms of this endocrine-immune regulation are complex and con...
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... The microbial metabolism of agrochemicals helps alter the toxicity of pesticides via microbial metabolic pathways, which leads them to become wholly degraded into less toxic compounds [110]. Moreover, a complete understanding of s-triazine herbicide biodegradation pathways would help to better utilize these beneficial microbes for more sustainable remediation [111]. ...
S-triazines are a group of herbicides that are extensively applied to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in agricultural production. They are mainly taken up through plant roots and are transformed by xylem tissues throughout the plant system. They are highly persistent and have a long half-life in the environment. Due to imprudent use, their toxic residues have enormously increased in the last few years and are frequently detected in food commodities, which causes chronic diseases in humans and mammals. However, for the safety of the environment and the diversity of living organisms, the removal of s-triazine herbicides has received widespread attention. In this review, the degradation of s-triazine herbicides and their intermediates by indigenous microbial species, genes, enzymes, plants, and nanoparticles are systematically investigated. The hy-drolytic degradation of substituents on the s-triazine ring is catalyzed by enzymes from the ami-dohydrolase superfamily and yields cyanuric acid as an intermediate. Cyanuric acid is further me-tabolized into ammonia and carbon dioxide. Microbial-free cells efficiently degrade s-triazine herb-icides in laboratory as well as field trials. Additionally, the combinatorial approach of nanomaterials with indigenous microbes has vast potential and considered sustainable for removing toxic residues in the agroecosystem. Due to their smaller size and unique properties, they are equally distributed in sediments, soil, water bodies, and even small crevices. Finally, this paper highlights the implementation of bioinformatics and molecular tools, which provide a myriad of new methods to monitor the biodegradation of s-triazine herbicides and help to identify the diverse number of microbial communities that actively participate in the biodegradation process.
... Many reviews have summarized the functions of gut bacteria in insects, but there have been few reviews that have highlighted the diversified functions of gut bacteria in the context of insect-plant interactions, especially in multispecies cascading interactions 7,9,[15][16][17] . Drawing on previous studies, we will describe the role of gut bacteria in this system from multiple perspectives, and discuss how to screen key bacteria and apply these theories to pest control in combination with other techniques. ...
The gut microbiota serves as a critical "organ" in the life cycle of animals, particularly in the intricate interplay between herbivorous pests and plants. This review summarizes the pivotal functions of the gut microbiota in mediating the insect-plant interactions, encompassing their influence on host insects, modulation of plant physiology, and regulation of the third trophic level species within the ecological network. Given these significant functions, it is plausible to harness these interactions and their underlying mechanisms to develop novel eco-friendly pest control strategies. In this context, we also outline some emerging pest control methods based on the intestinal microbiota or bacteria-mediated interactions, such as symbiont-mediated RNAi and paratransgenesis, albeit these are still in their nascent stages and confront numerous challenges. Overall, both opportunities and challenges coexist in the exploration of the intestinal microbiota-mediated interactions between insect pests and plants, which will not only enrich the fundamental knowledge of plant-insect interactions but also facilitate the development of sustainable pest control strategies.
... The management of B. dorsalis is typically achieved through chemical insecticides. However, the extended and frequent use of certain synthetic chemicals has led to the evolution of high levels of insecticide resistance in this species, resulting in more destructive outbreaks [55,56]. For example, studies have shown that populations of the oriental fruit fly in Guangdong, China, as well as in many other parts of the world, developed a high level of resistance to trichlorfon between 2007 and 2020 [8,56,57]. ...
... Experiments have revealed that resistance in B. dorsalis is primarily due to increased detoxification mechanisms, including upregulation of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), carboxylesterase (CarEs), and insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) [62,63]. In addition, physiological resistance, characterized by elevated digestive enzyme activities, has been implicated in resistance development in B. dorsalis [55]. Furthermore, the structural features of the cuticle and the interspace between epidermal cells might play a role in the cuticular penetration of insecticides [58]. ...
Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae), commonly known as the oriental fruit fly, is a highly destructive pest that globally infests fruits and vegetables, resulting in significant annual economic losses. Initially detected in Taiwan Island, it has rapidly expanded its distribution range to various regions in mainland China since the 1980s, with a continuous northward spread. To mitigate the damage caused by this pest, extensive efforts have been undertaken to comprehend its ecological and physiological adaptations and develop management strategies. This review article provides an overview of the invasion history of B. dorsalis in China, its ecological and physiological mechanisms facilitating its invasion, and the progress made in understanding its major biological characteristics. Moreover, the key approaches for managing B. dorsalis that have been or are likely to be implemented in China are presented, including quarantine measures, monitoring procedures, physical controls, biological controls, the sterile insect technique, RNA interference, and CRISPR-Cas-9. Finally, some suggestions for future research directions are provided.
... It generally consists of three regions: foregut, midgut, and hindgut. These regions are functionally and structurally specialized, reflecting adaptations to different niches and feeding habitats of insects [6][7][8][9][10]. The foregut and hindgut are directly connected to the mouth and anus, respectively, with the foregut structurally specialized for temporal food storage and the hindgut for reabsorbing nutrients and water and holding feces before defecation. ...
The insect gut is colonized by microbes that confer a myriad of beneficial services to the host, including nutritional support, immune enhancement, and even influence behavior. Insect gut microbes show dynamic changes due to the gut compartments, sex, and seasonal and geographic influences. Crickets are omnivorous hemimetabolous insects that have sex-specific roles, such as males producing chirping sounds for communication and exhibiting fighting behavior. However, limited information is available on their gut bacterial communities, hampering studies on functional compartmentalization of the gut and sex-specific roles of the gut microbiota in omnivorous insects. Here, we report a metagenomic analysis of the gut bacteriome of the field cricket Teleogryllus occipitalis using 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon sequencing to identify sex- and compartment-dependent influences on its diversity and function. The structure of the gut microbiota is strongly influenced by their gut compartments rather than sex. The species richness and diversity analyses revealed large difference in the bacterial communities between the gut compartments while minor differences were observed between the sexes. Analysis of relative abundance and predicted functions revealed that nitrogen- and oxygen-dependent metabolism and amino acid turnover were subjected to functional compartmentalization in the gut. Comparisons between the sexes revealed differences in the gut microbiota, reflecting efficiency in energy use, including glycolytic and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting a possible involvement in egg production in females. This study provides insights into the gut compartment dependent and sex-specific roles of host-gut symbiont interactions in crickets and the industrial production of crickets.
... Among the identified CDS, 66% were functionally annotated, with 33-35% of them being assigned to EC numbers, 27-28% to GO terms, and 23-24% to KEGG pathways (Fig. 7). The major groups of functionally annotated enzymes were hydrolases (139), transferases (223), oxidoreductases (77), ligases (62), lyases (46), and isomerases (44) (Supplementary Table S10). The functionally annotated proteins that mapped to KEGG pathways were predominantly associated with carbohydrate metabolism (23%) (Fig. 8) (Fig. 8). ...
... The diverse enzymatic repertoire available in microorganisms and their remarkable catabolic potential make them key players in detoxification processes [71,72]. The outstanding variability of enzymes acting on natural and synthetic chemistries in bacteria allows their exploitation for bioremediation of contaminated areas [71,[73][74][75] and their selection by host insects that benefit from bacterial xenobiotic metabolism [28,76,77]. Hydrolases from insect-associated bacteria have already been demonstrated to be involved in the reduction of organophosphate toxicity in the stink bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) [78] and in the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) [79]. ...
Enterococcus species have been described as core members of the microbial community of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and have been previously reported as insecticide degrading agents. This study aimed to investigate the molecular composition of these microbial symbionts of S. frugiperda to better understand their association with the host and their potential for insecticide metabolization. Through phenotypic assays and comparative genomic analyses of several pesticide-degrading Enterococcus isolated from the gut of S. frugiperda larvae, we identified two new species: Enterococcus entomosocium n. sp. and Enterococcus spodopteracolus n. sp. Their identities as new species were confirmed by whole genome alignment, utilizing cut-offs of 95–96% for the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and 70% for the digital DNA: DNA hybridization (dDDH) values. The systematic positioning of these new species within the genus Enterococcus was resolved using genome-based analysis, revealing Enterococcus casseliflavus as a sister group of E. entomosocium n. sp., and Enterococcus mundtii as a sister group of E. spodopteracolus n. sp. Comparative genomic analyses of several isolates of E. entomosocium n. sp. and E. spodopteracolus n. sp. provided a better assessment of the interactions established in the symbiotic association with S. frugiperda and led to the discovery of misidentified new species of Enterococcus associated with insects. Our analyses indicated that the potential of E. entomosocium n. sp. and E. spodopteracolus n. sp. to metabolize different pesticides arises from molecular mechanisms that result in rapid evolution of new phenotypes in response to environmental stressors, in this case, the pesticides their host insect is exposed to.
... This often leads to the development of metabolic adaptations that require various types of detoxifying enzymes. In some cases, the same enzymes may be responsible for both the pest's adaptation to natural plant defenses and its resistance to insecticides [76]. These metabolic adaptations may be the result of preexisting detoxifying enzymes within the pest's body, enzymes provided by microbial symbionts or enzymes acquired through horizontal gene transfer from fungi or bacteria [1]. ...
The red palm weevil poses a significant threat to palm species, resulting in substantial economic losses. While multiple methods have been developed to control its infestations, there is an urgent need for eco-friendly insecticides that selectively target its critical systems or pathways. One such target is its digestive system, which is essential for its survival. This review highlights the potential of using the digestive system of the red palm weevil to manage its infestations. Proteomic and transcriptomic data analyses on the weevils have provided a better understanding of the protein and gene compositions in its digestive system. With technological advancements, a more comprehensive approach can be taken to explore the opportunities in manipulating the data on the digestive system of red palm weevil, leading to improved management methods.
... An understanding of a cheaper, viable, versatile, and eco-friendly approach to attenuate the environmental deterioration caused by the imprudent use of neonicotinoids is critical. Thus, biological methods adopted for the removal of hazardous chemicals with unpredictable nature provide these advantages over physicochemical methods [20,31,32]. Also, the diverse biological degradation routes functional in microbes can completely transform neonicotinoids and their toxic intermediates. ...
Purpose of Review
Neonicotinoids are synthetic insecticides, and among all agrochemicals, they rank second in consumption. The unparalleled use of neonicotinoids in various sectors including agriculture has currently reintroduced them as emerging pollutants/hazards due to their endocrine-disrupting nature. High water solubility, low volatility, and persistent nature have resulted in their accumulation in the environment. Thus, investigating efficient and sustainable methods for the remediation of contaminated environments due to this pollutant is imperative.
Recent Findings
Bioremediation provides a cost-effective and environment-friendly option over conventional physicochemical techniques that produce toxic byproducts. The microbial route for degradation has the potential to completely mineralize neonicotinoids by virtue of their adaptive and diverse metabolic machinery. Potent microbes such as Ensifer, Phanerochaete, Bacillus, Ochrobactrum, Trametes, Rhodococcus, Sphingobacterium, and Pseudomonas have been isolated and screened for their immense degradation potential, and the metabolites, degradative enzymes, and transformation pathways have been elucidated. The incorporation of modern tools/techniques such as metabolic engineering, microbial biotechnology, omics-based database approaches or systems biology, artificial intelligence, and machine learning can fasten and give better bioremediation results.
Summary
This study has aimed to summarize the processes employed to date to degrade neonicotinoids and present a comprehensive report reflecting past efforts, advances, and future prospects. Therefore, this report will be beneficial in strengthening the understanding of the extent of efforts made for neonicotinoid degradation and how conventional approaches such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and biofiltration can be accelerated by advanced technologies viz., omics and machine learning.
... doi: bioRxiv preprint detected CDS, 66% were functionally annotated and 33-35% were further assigned to EC numbers, 27-28% to GO terms, and 23-24% to KEGG pathways (Fig. 7). Hydrolases (139) and transferases (223) were the major groups of functionally annotated enzymes followed by oxidoreductases (77), ligases (62), lyases (46), and isomerases (44) (Supplementary Table S10). ...
... The diverse enzymatic repertoire available in microorganisms and their remarkable catabolic potential make them key players in detoxification processes [71,72]. The outstanding variability of enzymes acting on natural and synthetic chemistries in bacteria allows their exploitation for bioremediation of contaminated areas [71,[73][74][75], and their selection by host insects that are benefitted by the bacterial metabolization of xenobiotics [28, 76,77]. Hydrolases of insect-associated bacteria were already demonstrated to be involved in the reduction of organophosphate toxicity in the stink bug Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) [78] and in the fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) [79]. ...
Enterococcus species have been described as core members of the microbial community of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) and have been reported in previous studies as insecticide degrading agents. Phenotypic assays and comparative genomics analyses of several pesticide-degrading Enterococcus isolated from the larval gut of S. frugiperda led to the identification of Enterococcus entomosocium n. sp. and Enterococcus spodopteracolus n. sp. Their identities as new species were confirmed by whole genome alignment using the cut-offs of 95-96% for the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and 70% for the digital DNA:DNA hybridization (dDDH) values. The systematic positioning of these new species within the genus Enterococcus was resolved using genome-based analysis, placing Enterococcus casseliflavus as the sister group of E. entomosocium n. sp., and Enterococcus mundtii of E. spodopteracolus n. sp. Comparative genomic analyses of several isolates of E. entomosocium n. sp. and E. spodopteracolus n. sp. led to a better assessment of the interactions established in the symbiotic association with S. frugiperda , and the discovery of misidentified new species of Enterococcus associated with insects. Our analyses also indicated the potential of E. entomosocium n. sp. and E. spodopteracolus n. sp. to metabolize different pesticides arises from molecular mechanisms that result in the rapid evolution of new phenotypes in response to environmental stressors; in this case, the pesticides their host insect is exposed to.
... HY-72 isolated from the intestine of Hierodula patellifera (Kim et al. 2022). Moreover, another important feature related to insect-microbe synergy is the contribution of the insect gut microbial species for biodegradation of active ingredients observed in the pesticide resistance (Jaffar et al. 2022). ...
Anthropogenic activities have been increasing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) release, promoting an urgent need for decontamination methods. Therefore, anthracene biodegradation by endophytic, extremophilic, and entomophilic fungi was studied. Moreover, a salting-out extraction methodology with the renewable solvent ethanol and the innocuous salt K2HPO4 was employed. Nine of the ten employed strains biodegraded anthracene in liquid medium (19–56% biodegradation) after 14 days at 30 °C, 130 rpm, and 100 mg L−1. The most efficient strain Didymellaceae sp. LaBioMMi 155, an entomophilic strain, was employed for optimized biodegradation, aiming at a better understanding of how factors like pollutant initial concentration, pH, and temperature affected this process. Biodegradation reached 90 ± 11% at 22 °C, pH 9.0, and 50 mg L−1. Futhermore, 8 different PAHs were biodegraded and metabolites were identified. Then, experiments with anthracene in soil ex situ were performed and bioaugmentation with Didymellaceae sp. LaBioMMi 155 presented better results than natural attenuation by the native microbiome and biostimulation by the addition of liquid nutrient medium into soil. Therefore, an expanded knowledge about PAHs biodegradation processes was achieved with emphasis to the action of Didymellaceae sp. LaBioMMi 155, which can be further employed for in situ biodegradation (after strain security test), or for enzyme identification and isolation aiming at oxygenases with optimal activity under alkaline conditions.
... Insect metabolism is critical in the development of pesticide resistance against various groups of chemical pesticides, including carbamates, organophosphates, and synthetic pyrethroids. Insects metabolize insecticides to less toxic or non-toxic forms via a mechanism called "detoxification" (Jaffar et al., 2022). Metabolic resistance is of huge importance and is also one of the most studied mechanisms in insects. ...
Threatening the global community is a wide variety of potential threats, most notably invasive pest species. Invasive pest species are non-native organisms that humans have either accidentally or intentionally spread to new regions. One of the most effective and first lines of control strategies for controlling pests is the application of insecticides. These toxic chemicals are employed to get rid of pests, but they pose great risks to people, animals, and plants. Pesticides are heavily used in managing invasive pests in the current era. Due to the overuse of synthetic chemicals, numerous invasive species have already developed resistance. The resistance development is the main reason for the failure to manage the invasive species. Developing pesticide resistance management techniques necessitates a thorough understanding of the mechanisms through which insects acquire insecticide resistance. Insects use a variety of behavioral, biochemical, physiological, genetic, and metabolic methods to deal with toxic chemicals, which can lead to resistance through continuous overexpression of detoxifying enzymes. An overabundance of enzymes causes metabolic resistance, detoxifying pesticides and rendering them ineffective against pests. A key factor in the development of metabolic resistance is the amplification of certain metabolic enzymes, specifically esterases, Glutathione S-transferase, Cytochromes p450 monooxygenase, and hydrolyses. Additionally, insect guts offer unique habitats for microbial colonization, and gut bacteria may serve their hosts a variety of useful services. Most importantly, the detoxification of insecticides leads to resistance development. The complete knowledge of invasive pest species and their mechanisms of resistance development could be very helpful in coping with the challenges and effectively developing effective strategies for the control of invasive species. Integrated Pest Management is particularly effective at lowering the risk of chemical and environmental contaminants and the resulting health issues, and it may also offer the most effective ways to control insect pests.
