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With the increase in population and establishment of agricultural and industrial projects, the utilization of groundwater became more important for Kurdistan region. The increased demand for water in Kurdistan for different purposes has led to an increased consumption of groundwater from the aquifers. A three-dimensional finite-difference groundwat...
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Citations
... Al-Mussawy (2013) utilized GMS software version 7.1 to simulate confined aquifer flow in Karbala, yielding a recharge range of 2.74×10 −9 mm/d to 8.49×10 −8 mm/d. Seeyan and Merkel (2015) used Visual MODFLOW to model unconfined aquifer systems in Harrir and Mirawa Basins, reporting recharge values of 0.139 mm/d, 0.313 mm/d, and 0.239 mm/d. Karim and Ali (2017) employed a 2D model for simulating groundwater flow in confined aquifer types in Karbala. ...
This study presents the development of a comprehensive three-dimensional groundwater flow
model for the Erbil Basin utilizing the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS). The Erbil Basin, situated in
the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, is a vital water resource area facing increasing water demands and environmental challenges. The three-dimensional nature of the groundwater flow system is crucial for accurately
understanding and managing water resources in the basin. The modeling process involved data collection,
geological and hydrogeological characterization, conceptual model development, and numerical simulation
using GMS software MODFLOW 2000 package. Various parameters such as hydraulic conductivity,
recharge rates, and boundary conditions were integrated into the model to represent the complex hydrogeological conditions of the basin. Model calibration was performed by comparing simulated groundwater
levels with observed data from monitoring wells across the basin, using the automatic calibration method of
automated Parameter Estimation (PEST). Pilot points were applied to adjust the hydraulic conductivity in
the model area spatially. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the influence of key parameters on
model predictions and to identify areas of uncertainty. The developed three-dimensional groundwater flow
model provides valuable insights into the dynamics of groundwater flow, recharge-discharge mechanisms,
and potential impacts of future scenarios such as climate change and water resource management strategies.
It serves as a useful tool for decision-makers, water resource managers, and researchers to evaluate different management scenarios and formulate sustainable groundwater management policies for the Erbil Basin.
In conclusion, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of using GMS for developing three-dimensional
groundwater flow models in complex hydrogeological settings like the Erbil Basin, contributing to
improved understanding and management of groundwater resources in the region.
... The hydraulic conductivity of river bed sediment is equal to 1*10 -6 m/s = 0.0864 m/d. The thickness of river bed sediment is equal to 4 m (Seeyan and Merkel, 2015), and the width of Greater Zab River within the study area is a minimum width of 56.07 m and a maximum width of 349.82 m. The average width is 136.1969 ...
Received: 20 October 2022 Groundwater is one of the essential water resources in the Kurdistan Region and Erbil City. The development leads to depletion in the quality and quantity of groundwater. This study aimed to model groundwater flow in the study area within the central basin and simulate the nitrate transport from the Erbil landfill site for 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 years using the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) version 10.6.2. The study area covers 579.72 km 2 ; data about the groundwater observation head was obtained from the general direction of groundwater. A sample of wastewater was taken from landfill leachate to check the its properties. Landfill leachate is considered a point source of contamination. The GMS is a powerful software for modeling groundwater flow and contamination transport. The results show a good correlation between the observed and predicted heads, and the R 2 of the model equals 0.9917. The plume of nitrate contamination spread horizontally and vertically to about 1.5 km downstream landfill and approximately 1.5km upstream landfill. The nitrate reaches the third layer to a depth of more than 325 m after 50 years.
... The geology of the area is characterized by sedimentary rocks, and the exposed formations in the study area are range from the Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary Period with various lithology including clastic and carbonate rocks (Qamchuqa, Bekhme, Shiranish, Zanjero, Kolosh, Sinjar, Khurmala, Gercus, Avanah, Pila Spi, Fatha, Injana formations and Quaternary sediments) (Sissakian and Fouad, 2014;Seeyan and Merkel, 2015;Omar and Syan, 2017). Structural geology of the area has a significant role to understanding and controlling distribution of the drainage pattern because Harir and Safin anticlines which are major folds in the study area have been influenced by incidence strike slip-faults and highly jointed of carbonate formations in the area (Zebari and Burberry, 2015;Omar and Syan, 2017). . ...
The present research attempts to study detail morphometric analysis of Harrir and Shaqlawa watersheds in the northeastern part of Erbil city, north of Iraq. The areas of the watersheds are 350 Km² and 223 Km² for Harrir and Shaqlawa, respectively. To achieve the aims of this study, the ALOS PALSAR Digital Elevation Model data, and Geo-information (Remote sensing and GIS) techniques were used for determining and analyzing morphometric parameters in terms linear, aerial and relief aspects. Several tools in ArcGIS 10.4 software were utilized for preparing and producing maps, analyzing and assessing various characteristics of the parameters. The main results show that there is a strong inverse relationship between stream order, number and length of the stream in the watersheds of the study area by R² values (R² = 0.78 and 0.81 of Harrir watershed and R² = 0.8 and 0.79 for Shaqlawa watershed, respectively). The watersheds are elongated in shape with dendritic, sub dendritic to parallel drainage patterns. Moreover, detail morphometric analysis shows that the watersheds have a low runoff, low permeable material, and moderate slope. The structural geology and climatic parameters of the study area have influenced the landform development and stream behavior in the watersheds. Hence, the present study is useful and essential for watershed management and planning rainfall harvesting.
Water Resources management in Erbil basin
The identification and delineation of recharge zones are critical components in sustainable groundwater management. This study focuses on determining the recharge zones within the Erbil Basin, employing a combination of field investigations, hydrogeological assessments, and geospatial analyses using Groundwater Modeling system (GMS) software with the aid of Geographic information System (GIS). The study uses the historical and field observed geological formations data to evaluate the 3D visualization of unconfined, confined and semi-confined aquifer types within Erbil Basin in order to determine the Recharge area. The aim is to provide valuable insights into the spatial distribution and characteristics of areas where groundwater recharge predominantly occurs. The outcomes of this research contribute to a comprehensive understanding of recharge dynamics in the Erbil Basin. The delineation of recharge zones provides essential information for sustainable groundwater management, aiding in the development of effective land use planning and conservation strategies. The results of this study reveal a decline in groundwater levels within the Erbil basin over the period from 2004 to 2023. were 86.2 meters in the Kasnazan well and 125.86 meters in the Mala Omer well, both located within recharge zones of the Erbil groundwater basin. The findings will be valuable for local authorities, policymakers, and water resource managers, offering a basis for informed decision-making to ensure the long-term viability of groundwater resources in the Erbil Basin. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating multidisciplinary approaches to accurately identify and protect the crucial zones responsible for replenishing the groundwater system.
Groundwater recharge in arid and semi-arid areas such as Iraq considered one of the most significant factors affecting the groundwater aquifer systems behavior. Due to lack of direct measurements of recharge or carrying out of very detailed field studies (difficult activities), it is an important role for spatial variables in estimation of recharge. The fluctuation of groundwater is controlled by many factors. It influenced spatially and temporally by the climate change, soil characteristics, geology, land cover, slope and the depth of groundwater level. Many ways used for calculate or estimate groundwater recharge, selected of the suitable method depending on the state of the study area, financial, required accuracy, and available time. In this study, two dimensional geo-statistics interpolation methods (inverse distance weighted(IDW) and Kriging) integrated within two dimensional scatter points module in GMS software were used in order to determine the groundwater distribution over all Iraqi catchment area. The Calculated groundwater recharge data which used in this models, was obtained from the balance equation which was conducted for all Iraqi governorates .The balance equation was depended on parameters of rainfall, temperature, evaporation, surplus, and SCS runoff. The results showed that the best method for predicted groundwater recharge was Kriging method with coefficient of determination (R 2) equals to 88.80% and with less values of root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), and mean absolute error (MAE) which equals to 19.65, 79.59, and 14.36, respectively. Also, the results of groundwater recharges were converted to contour lines which its values will help the other researchers in hydrology, hydrogeological and water resources engineering for any study about the groundwater flow and transport of the contaminant.
