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Glass has been an important material since the early stages of civilization. Glass–ceramics are polycrystalline materials obtained by controlled crystallization of certain glasses that contain one or more crystalline phases dispersed in a residual glass matrix. The distinct chemical nature of these phases and their nanostructures or microstructures...
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... More than two centuries later, Voldán used differential thermal analysis to study crystallization in fused basalt (1955 and 1957) while Lungu and Popescu investigated the crystal-lization of fluoride-nucleated glasses with good mechanical properties (1955). 2 However, the research credited as being the main impulse for developing glass-ceramics came in 1953, when Stanley D. Stookey of Corning Glass Works (now Corning Incorporated) accidentally crystallized Fotoform ® , a photosensitive glass containing dispersed silver nanoparticles. 4 The resulting glass-ceramic, which Stookey and his colleagues at Corning developed into the first patented glass-ceramic Fotoceram ® , contained lithium disilicate (Li 2 Si 2 O 5 ) and quartz (SiO 2 ) as its main crystalline phases. ...
Russian scientist Isaak Il’ich Kitaigorodskii played a central role in shaping the field of glass and glass-ceramic development, significantly expanding potential applications of these novel materials.
... In the latter instance, each particle of glass-ceramic powder is an agglomerate of several glass particles that have crystallized from their surfaces. 24,25,27,28 The sol-gel process is used to manufacture a number of SiO 2 -ZrO 2 -based glass with high melting points as corrosion protection coatings, sensors, catalytic films, optical materials, and so forth. [29][30][31] Usually, Zr is added through zirconium alkoxide (Zr(OC 3 H 7 ) 4 ) or zirconium nitrate precursors. ...
... 25 Glass-ceramics based on the model Li 2 O-SiO 2 (LS) system are suitable for a variety of basic research and applications such as high fracture toughness (K IC from 2.8 MPa⋅m 0.5 to 3.5 MPa⋅m 0.5 ) lithium disilicate dental materials. 28,136 Also, lithium aluminum silicate Li 2 O-SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 (LAS) glass-ceramics are a modified version of the LS system with increased chemical durability, good mechanical strength (from 300 to 400 MPa), and low CTE (about 1.2 × 10 −6• C −1 ). The most common crystalline phases in such glass-ceramics are β-spodumene (LiAl(SiO 3 ) 2 ) and β-quartz (LiAlSiO 4 ) solid solutions, and applications include heat exchangers, cooking equipment, and optical components. ...
... LAS glass-ceramics also have military uses as shielding components for vehicle and aircraft windows. 25,28 Other important glass-ceramic compositions belong to Li 2 O-ZrO 2 -SiO 2 (LZS) and Li 2 O-ZrO 2 -SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 (LZSA) systems; the main crystalline phases in the former being zirconium silicate (zircon) and lithium disilicate, resulting in good toughness, abrasion, and chemical resistances for applications such as ceramic tiles and biomaterials. 137,138 The main crystalline phases in the LZSA glass-ceramic are lithium metasilicate and β-spodumene, which lower thermal expansion values compared to the LZS glass-ceramic, increase chemical durability, and thermal shock resistance, in addition to conferring good abrasion resistance and mechanical strength. ...
This article reviews promising studies on the design, manufacturing, microstructure, properties, and applications of glass-ceramics containing ZrO2 and relevant glass-ceramic matrix composites. After the addition of ZrO2 to a glass-ceramic composition, it can persist in the residual glassy phase, facilitate nucleation, and/or precipitate as ZrO2 or another zirconate crystalline phase. Also, ZrO2-reinforced or ZrO2-toughened glass-ceramics can be designed as composites. In this article, the term “ZrO2-containing glass-ceramics” encompasses all these scenarios in which ZrO2 is present. Such glass-ceramics offer a wide range of applications in modern industries, including but not limited to architecture, optics, dentistry, medicine, and energy. Since S. Donald Stookey's discovery of glass-ceramics in the early 1950s, the most important scientific efforts reported in the literature are reviewed. ZrO2 is commonly added to glass-ceramics to promote nucleation. As a result, the role of ZrO2 in structural modification of residual glass and stimulating the nucleation in glass-ceramic is first discussed. ZrO2 can also be designed into the main crystalline phase of glass-ceramics, contributing achieving super high fracture toughness above 4 MPa·m0.5. Experimental and computational studies are reviewed in detail to elucidate how the transformation toughening and other mechanisms help to achieve such high values of fracture toughness. Sintered and glass-ceramic matrix composites also show promise, where ZrO2 contributes to improved stability and mechanical properties. Finally, we hope this article will provoke interest in glass-ceramic materials in both the scientific and industrial communities so that their tremendous technological potential in developing, for example, tough, thermally stable, transparent, and biologically compatible materials can be realized more widely.
... Glass ceramic technology is promising to provide us with materials of high strength and toughness, unique electrical/electronic or magnetic properties, and unusual thermal or chemical properties [2]. Glass ceramics with those specific properties have a wide range of applications such as cookware, cooktops, oven doors, fireproof windows and doors, architectural fire-resistant windows, tableware and domestic ware, architectural glass-ceramic, gas turbines and heat exchangers, dental restorations and dental crowns…etc [3,4]. ...
... Glasses play an essential role in a wide range of technological applications, from telecommunications relying on low-loss optical fibers to regenerative medicine based on 45S5 bioactive glass [1]. Moreover, they act as precursors for the synthesis of glass-ceramics, obtained by controlled crystallization [2] and exhibiting unique advantageous properties such as zero thermal expansion, transparency, extremely high toughness and/or good machinability depending on the chosen compositional systems [3,4]. Irrespective of the selected application, a precise knowledge of the temperature-dependent viscosity η(T) of glass-forming melts is key to achieve successful homogenization, fining and shaping of the final product [5,6]. ...
A spodumene glass (LiAlSi2O6), doped with 4 mol% TiO2 as a nucleating agent, was synthesized by containerless melting. Its accurate viscosity characterization by micropenetration viscometry or calorimetry is shown to be very challenging in the vicinity of the glass transition, due to the unpreventable occurrence of thermally activated non-stoichiometric crystal nucleation, closely overlapping the relaxation into the liquid state. TiO2 crystal nucleation brings about a compositional modification of the residual melt, with an associated increase in measured viscosity by up to 2 log units. A careful experimental approach and a profound understanding of seed formation are essential to circumvent or at least minimize such inaccuracies, getting as close as possible to the viscosity of the parent homogeneous melt.
... The volume fraction crystallized may vary from ppm to almost 100%" [4]. The particular chemical composition of glassy and crytalline phases, as well as their nanostructures or microstructures, has resulted in a wide range of remarkable properties and applications in the fields of domestic, defense, space, electronics, health, architecture, energy, chemical, and waste management [5]. ...
Bioactive glasses (BGs) and glass-ceramics (BGCs) have become a diverse family of materials being applied for treatment of many medical conditions. The traditional understanding of bioactive glasses and glass-ceramics pins them to bone-bonding capability without considering the other fields where they excel, such as soft tissue repair. We attempt to provide an updated definition of BGs and BGCs by comparing their structure, processing, and properties to those of other biomaterials. The proposed modern definition allows for consideration of all applications where the BGs and BGCs are currently used in the clinic and where the future of these promising biomaterials will grow. The new proposed definition of a bioactive glass is "a non-equilibrium, non-crystalline material that has been designed to induce specific biological activity". The proposed definition of a bioactive glass-ceramic is "an inorganic, non-metallic material that contains at least one crystalline phase within a glassy matrix and has been designed to induce specific biological activity." BGs and BGCs can bond to bone and soft tissues or contribute to their regeneration. They can deliver a specified concentration of inorganic therapeutic ions, heat for magnetic-induced hyperthermia or laser-induced phototherapy, radiation for brachytherapy, and drug delivery to combat pathogens and cancers.
... When crystallization is successfully controlled on a supercooled liquid, it then becomes a glass-ceramic. Glass-ceramics are a class of materials that contain a parent glassy phase and at least one crystalline phase formed through controlled crystallization [7,15,[82][83][84]. The number of crystals is governed by the nucleation step, while the size of the crystals is determined by the crystal growth step. ...
... In order to have control over the crystallization or prevent devitrification during cooling, enough knowledge about the thermodynamics and kinetics of crystal nucleation and growth like nucleation time, crystal growth rate, glass stability, and forming ability are necessary [7,82,263,264]. T L is also very important since it is the highest temperature of thermodynamic equilibrium between the solid and liquid phases. To be more specific, above T L crystals are unstable and dissolves in the liquid. ...
Dental glass-ceramics (DGCs) are developed by controlled crystallization of oxide glasses and form an important group of biomaterials used in modern dentistry. They are also of great importance to scientists studying the fundamentals of crystallization. DGCs must meet strict requirements for restorative prostheses and to streamline the workflow for dentists and increase patient comfort. Considerable research has been devoted to developing new DGCs using advanced technologies, such as CAD/CAM or 3D printing, and to improve material properties. DGCs are designed to have exceptional aesthetics, translucency, high strength, chemical durability, wear resistance, biocompatibility, low thermal conductivity, and hardness similar to that of natural teeth. Some are also bioactive to stimulate a favorable response from the tooth and supporting bone. This allows treatment of hypersensitivity, regeneration of alveolar bone, and healing of periodontal tissues. In this comprehensive and critical review, we compare (inert) restorative prostheses and bioactive GCs. We elaborate on the relevant theoretical fundamentals of crystallization in oxide glasses and explain key technologies to fabricate DGCs. Advanced experimental techniques to unveil the details of crystallization in DGCs are thoroughly discussed. Finally, we propose a strategy for adopting advanced technologies, characterization tools, theoretical insights, and computer models to advance this important field.
... 20 In the last few years, enormous progress has been made in developing BGs and BGCs for new and intelligent cancer treatment methods. 21 As such, the main focus of this article is to snapshot the application of BGs and BGCs in emerging treatment approaches such as radiotherapy, drug delivery, phototherapy, and hyperthermia. The simultaneous use of several treatment methods to maximize therapeutic effect is also highlighted for future research. ...
There is an ongoing profound shift in using glass as a primarily passive material to one that instills active properties. We believe and demonstrate that bioactive glasses (BGs) and glass–ceramics (BGCs) as functional biomaterials for cancer therapy can transform the world of healthcare in the 21st century. Melt/gel‐derived BGs and BGCs can carry many exotic elements, including less common rare‐earth, and trigger highly efficient anticancer properties via the combination of radiotherapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, along with drug or therapeutic ions delivery. The addition of these dopants modifies the bioactivity, imparts novel functionalities, and induces specific biological effects that are not achievable using other classes of biomaterials. In this paper, we have briefly reviewed and discussed the current knowledge on promising compositions, processing parameters, and applications of BGs and BGCs in treating cancer. We also envisage the need for further research on this particular, unique class of BGs and BGCs.
... Regarding fundamental glass modelling, we believe that data-driven predictive methods for chemical compositions and their corresponding physical properties offer grand opportunities to (i) develop glass compositions with improved mechanical, thermal and chemical properties, (ii) to expand or design new and exotic glass chemistries, and (iii) to find the best technological attributes [210][211][212][213]. It should be emphasised that the integration of physics-based modelling techniques (e.g. ...
Future research is envisaged in which the compositional and microstructural design, synthesis, characterization, and application of biomaterials can be significantly accelerated by theoretical and computational modeling. In the last 25 years, more than 6000 articles and 100 review papers have highlighted the importance of discovering bioactive glasses (BGs) on biomaterials research and development pathways. We applaud these accurate portrayals of the early days after discovering Bioglass® by Larry Hench in 1969, the chronology, numerous advances, and future challenges. However, as the literature became very rich in this topic, very few works have addressed model‐driven approaches to design new BGs or efficiently predict their properties. This task should be accelerated as a key part of the macro endeavor to decode the “glass genome.” This chapter reviews seminal publications that have applied molecular dynamics (MD) simulations – the only vastly studied computational modeling of BGs – for understanding BGs and glass‐ceramics. We believe with the growing acquired knowledge on the properties of glasses, experimental data, force field development, and computational power, the prospects for MD simulations of complex problems and predicting the surface interactions and biological responses are possible in the future.
... Figure 1 shows a naturally occurring and partially crystallized volcanic glass, called obsidian. Technological breakthroughs, marked by high-tech industrial processes and devices, require a plethora of novel materials, which include glasses and glass-ceramics with unusual microstructures and enhanced properties, such as high transparency, bioactivity, ionic conductivity, and machinability, sometimes combined with adequate dielectric, magnetic, chemical, mechanical, or thermal shock resistance (Zanotto 2010;Montazerian et al. 2015). To meet this demand, significant efforts have focused on the synthesis of new glasses and glass-ceramics. ...
... In attempts to produce new glasses, crystal nucleation and growth must be avoided. Conversely, controlled crystallization can be used to synthesize fully crystallized or semicrystalline glass-ceramics (Montazerian et al. 2015). Several monographs provide detailed information on these materials (Höland and Beall 2012;Gutzow and Schmelzer 2013;Zanotto 2013;Neuville et al. 2017). ...
... Figure 1 shows a naturally occurring and partially crystallized volcanic glass, called obsidian. Technological breakthroughs, marked by high-tech industrial processes and devices, require a plethora of novel materials, which include glasses and glass-ceramics with unusual microstructures and enhanced properties, such as high transparency, bioactivity, ionic conductivity, and machinability, sometimes combined with adequate dielectric, magnetic, chemical, mechanical, or thermal shock resistance (Zanotto 2010;Montazerian et al. 2015). To meet this demand, significant efforts have focused on the synthesis of new glasses and glass-ceramics. ...
... In attempts to produce new glasses, crystal nucleation and growth must be avoided. Conversely, controlled crystallization can be used to synthesize fully crystallized or semicrystalline glass-ceramics (Montazerian et al. 2015). Several monographs provide detailed information on these materials (Höland and Beall 2012;Gutzow and Schmelzer 2013;Zanotto 2013;Neuville et al. 2017). ...
