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Electrical car battery voltage changes significantly to meet the power demands while the car is in acceleration and at the time of momentary peak load. The peak load periods generate powerful electrical currents, causing significant warming of the Li-ion cells owing to internal resistance. At a battery operating temperature of 40°C and above, the b...
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... at the cooling duct in a parallel position in order to have the same pressure of refrigerant enters into the cooling ducts. All the secondary inlet and outlet pipes are connected to one primary inlet pipe and primary outlet pipe, respectively, before linked to the hoses, as shown in Figure 2(b). Figure 3 shows the EC-BThMS Fuzzy Intelligent Control System (FICS) that has been developed based on the concepts of Rahman et al. (2012) and Rahman and Azmi (2013). The FICS activates with the response of a set of thermo couples. Each of set thermocouples is used to monitor the temperature of battery modules. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to maintain the power delivered from the battery pack to the DC motor of the compressor DC motor for its optimal operating point. Hence, power management of EC-BThMSis established in order to minimise power consumption, while enhancing or maintaining the battery safety and life span. In this case, the FLC is used which can effectively control the motor’s output torque. At any particular point, the power supply from the battery to the DC motor is determined based on the torque and speed demand of the compressor motor to develop the desired flow rate of refrigerant. The optimal power supply from the battery to the DC motor for optimal torque is adjusted initially with the battery pack adjusting mechanism which is mainly based on the initial temperature of the battery module (Rahman et al., 2011). The battery power adjusting mechanism controls the variable power input ( P ) to the motor of compressor to develop the torque ( T p ) with FLC. It is noted that the sensing inputs of the battery module temperature which depends on the vehicle speed and battery SoD. Consider a system with the plant model (Motor) of the ...
Citations
... Umair Ali et al. (2018) demonstrated FLC based fastcharging approach and temperature control unit for a lithium-ion battery to protect the battery from overvoltage and overheating. Rahman et al. (2015) presented an advanced evaporative cooling (EC) TMS based on FLC to regulate the temperature of the battery in the limit of 20e40 C during charging and discharging mode. The Proton Saga EV was employed to conduct the experiments and results were promising with regard to energy, saving 17.69% compared to air cooling battery thermal management. ...
Globally, the research on battery technology in electric vehicle applications is advancing tremendously to address the carbon emissions and global warming issues. The effectiveness of electric vehicles depends on the accurate assessment of key parameters as well as proper functionality and diagnosis of the battery storage system. However, poor monitoring and safety strategies of the battery storage system can lead to critical issues such as battery overcharging, over-discharging, overheating, cell unbalancing, thermal runaway, and fire hazards. To address these concerns, an effective battery management system plays a crucial role in enhancing battery performance including precise monitoring, charging-discharging control, heat management, battery safety, and protection. The goal of this paper is to deliver a comprehensive review of different intelligent approaches and control schemes of the battery management system in electric vehicle applications. In line with that, the review evaluates the intelligent algorithms in battery state estimation concerning their features, structure, configuration, accuracy, advantages, and disadvantages. Moreover, the review explores the various controllers in battery heating, cooling, equalization, and protection highlighting categories, characteristics, targets, achievements, benefits, and shortcomings. The key issues and challenges in terms of computation complexity, execution problems along with various internal and external factors are identified. Finally, future opportunities and directions are delivered to design an efficient intelligent algorithm and controller toward the development of an advanced battery management system for future sustainable electric vehicle applications.
... Thermal runaway and overheating can greatly affect the battery operations and the battery longer life cycle. Furthermore, a lot of scientific investigations are required to transport applications of Li-iron batteries where the battery power can be stored in a comparatively shorter time (Rahman et al., 2015). It can be said that battery's internal temperature is the crucial factor that affects the longevity, efficiency and safety of the battery. ...
... For the PCM system, the battery pack is immersed directly with the PCM. Since the phase-change process of the material accompanies significant amount of energy conversion, external heat can be absorbed by the PCM (Rahman et al., 2015). There are several researchers who have been used refrigerant cooling for discharging and very few have used PCM, heat pipe and air cooling for charging (Sabbah et al., 2008;Ataur et al., 2017;Jilte and Kumar, 2018). ...
The development of rapid charging mechanism for LiFePo4 batteries is one of the key concerns for electric vehicles. The main drawbacks of LiFePo4 battery charging are overcharge, overcurrent, and high temperature which affects longevity, efficiency, and battery life cycle. The effect of the battery's internal temperature on the rapid charging process has been investigated. Firstly, the CC-CV charging method is applied for rapid charging to analyse the internal temperature. Then, develop a thermal management system to enhance the battery charging performances by maintaining the lowest level of raised temperature. Experimental results have shown that the Refrigerant-134a based cooling system is capable to maintain battery temperature within the range of 20°C-40°C. Without any cooling system, the charging temperature is recorded as 54.12°C which is higher than the reference temperature. With the designed cooling mechanism, the evaporator surface average temperature and battery average temperature are measured as 14°C and 25°C, respectively.
... Thermal runaway and overheating can greatly affect the battery operations and the battery longer life cycle. Furthermore, a lot of scientific investigations are required to transport applications of Li-iron batteries where the battery power can be stored in a comparatively shorter time (Rahman et al., 2015). It can be said that battery's internal temperature is the crucial factor that affects the longevity, efficiency and safety of the battery. ...
... For the PCM system, the battery pack is immersed directly with the PCM. Since the phase-change process of the material accompanies significant amount of energy conversion, external heat can be absorbed by the PCM (Rahman et al., 2015). There are several researchers who have been used refrigerant cooling for discharging and very few have used PCM, heat pipe and air cooling for charging (Sabbah et al., 2008;Ataur et al., 2017;Jilte and Kumar, 2018). ...
... Right now, liquid-based BTMS is very popular, due to the high heat transfer efficiency and the compact structure. In order to raise the performance of BTMS, different control strategies such as the on-off algorithm [9], PID [10], fuzzy control [11], and MPC [12]. Among these strategies, MPC has been widely focused recently and used for the BTMS, due to its mild computation cost, state estimation, and optimization. ...
... where m mod and c mod are the mass and specific heat of the battery module, respectively. By substituting Q g˙mod and Q t in (10) with (7), (8), and (9), the thermal model of the module becomes, According to the earlier assumption, the module temperature T is the same as the temperatures of the cells T cell , (11) now becomes ...
In order to keep the lithium-ion battery within the optimal temperature range to achieve excellent battery performance and extend its lifespan, it is necessary to have an effective control strategy for a low-temperature battery thermal management system (BTMS) consisting of electric pump, cooling plate and radiator. In this paper, a control-oriented model for BTMS is established, and an intelligent model predictive control (IMPC) strategy is developed by integrating a neural network-based vehicle speed predictor (VSP) and a target battery temperature adaptor based on Pareto boundaries. The strategy developed based on the BTMS model is applied to plug-in electric vehicles operating in electric vehicle (EV) mode, and the results show its superiority in terms of battery temperature control, battery lifespan extension and energy saving. Under the new European driving cycle, the average difference between the real-time battery temperature under the novel IMPC and its target temperature is 0.26 °C, and the maximum temperature difference among modules is 1.03 °C. Moreover, compared with the on-off controller, model predictive control (MPC), and MPC with VSP, the state of health under IMPC at the end of the driving cycle is 0.016%, 0.012%, and 0.008% higher, respectively. At the end of the driving cycle, the energy consumption of IMPC is 24.5% and 14.1% lower than that of the on-off controller and traditional MPC, respectively.
... A 13-modul battery pack with 2S2P is used in an electric IIUM car. According to the studies described in [12] [13], this technology represents the most important prerequisite for making a battery operational in the electric vehicle industry in the best "charge to weight" approach. It received a simple replacement of Batteries based on Ni-MH. ...
The Battery is the most basic part of the Electric Vehicle, which serves as a major source of energy and gives it sustainable mobility. In electric vehicles, the technology that is highly recognized and used for energy storage is based on lithium chemistry. Nevertheless, the room for research is still open. This involves the collection of materials for the development of cells. The development of algorithms and the design of electronic circuits for a better and more efficient use of batteries is also one area of study. It is important to keep an eye on the critical operating parameters of the battery during charging for the optimum output of the batteries. A battery management system (BMS) is one of those mechanisms for monitoring internal and ambient battery temperature, current, voltage, and charging and discharge operations. Within this paper we speak about some of the popular battery control methods and framework. We also speak about the state-of-the-art device criteria for optimum battery efficiency and its general architecture.
... The heat generation into the battery due to high charging /discharging current could be roughly calculated by following equation as discussed in Rahman et al. [13]: with (2) where, Q energy is the heat energy develops due to charging and discharging current of battery, I b is the battery charging/discharging current in ampere, T b is the battery temperature in C, T is the ambient temperature C, m is the mass of the battery in kg, c p is the heat transfer coefficient, h m is the enthalpy, and S is the entropy. ...
The adaption of electric vehicle in worldwide is
increasing in acceleration fashion while in Malaysia has been a
slow hike, especially with the lack of infrastructure development.
There are few conventional charging stations of EV are set up in
shopping malls and hotels are not enough to initiate the EVs in
the country. However, the charging awaiting time is quite longer
could be about 5 to 6 hours which makes Malaysia is slowly
falling out from EV trend. The development of quick charging
system from this study might be considered as the development of
electric mobility solutions. A prototype on-board charging system
with three different charging modes: the slow charging mode is
normally considered for residence, medium charging mode for
office parking lots, and fast charging mode for charging station
on road. The quick charging mode has been developed to charge
the battery in 1.5 - 2.0 hours with maximum charging current 50
A with auto activated quick evaporative battery thermal
management system. The performance of the quick charging
system has shown that the battery to be charge up to 85% of its
rated capacity by constant current mode rather than constant
voltage, which has shorten the battery charging time by 16%.
However, it might shorten the battery life about 5% due to the
fast redox reaction of the electrochemistry of battery.
... The cell combination of a battery pack configuration can be 1S2P,1S3P and 2S2P [10,11]. A battery pack of 13 modules with 2S2P is being used in IIUM electric vehicle [12,13]. ...
Electric vehicles (EVs) are being developed and considered as the future transportation to reduce emission of toxic gas, cost and weight. The battery pack is one of the main crucial parts of the electric vehicle. The power optimization of the battery pack has been maintained by developing a two phase evaporative thermal management system which operation has been controlled by using a wireless battery management system. A large number of individual cells in a battery pack have many wire terminations that are liable for safety failure. To reduce the wiring problem, a wireless battery management system based on ZigBee communication protocol and point-to-point wireless topology has been presented. Microcontrollers and wireless modules are employed to process the information from several sensors (voltage, temperature and SOC) and transmit to the display devices respectively. The WBMS multistage charge balancing system offering more effective and efficient responses for several numbers of series connected battery cells. The concept of double tier switched capacitor converter and resonant switched capacitor converter is used for reducing the charge balancing time of the cells. The balancing result for 2 cells and 16 cells are improved by 15.12% and 25.3% respectively. The balancing results are poised to become better when the battery cells are increased.
... More than researches was elaborated in order to find the best combination between inputs, rules and outputs inside this fuzzy logic controller, which manage the power inside the vehicle. In [46], authors were used this technique for controlling the battery statue using the SOC, voltage and current parameters. In [47], authors were basing on battery SOC input and in [48], authors were basing on electrical motor parameters to manage the total power inside the vehicle. ...
Controlling the charging power system in an electrical vehicle, presents a serious challenge for the engineer in order to find the best solution that guarantee the system effectiveness and performance. Related to this objective, this paper is presented to offer an intelligent power management algorithm, which guarantees the best process of power extraction and injection, respectively, from an electrical generator (EG) linked to an internal combustion engine (ICE) to a system of batteries via a direct current to alternative current power converter. This intelligent process was based on the fuzzy technology and the system tuning is made after a various test. Obtaining the necessary power in the exact moment and in the specific condition, that presents the goal of the presented algorithm. For obtaining the best instruction from the present intelligent process, the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, the measured output voltage from the battery and the acceleration decision of the user, are used as a real's input parameters for having a real statue of the electrical vehicle. This new process will be an asset to the highway electrical vehicle for optimizing the power consumption. To evaluate the algorithm performance matlab/simulink is used and a simulation results are presented and discussed.
... Usually, temperature rising of the battery cell depends on battery C rate or discharging current and AH (ampere hour) rating. It is suggested that, C rate should be less than 1C to get the best performance [23][24][25]. In figure 5, discharging current was varied and ambient temperature were constant. ...
Lithium-ion batteries are more suitable for the application of electric vehicle due to high energy and power density compared to other rechargeable batteries. However, the battery pack temperature has a great impact on the overall performance, cycle life, normal charging-discharging behaviour and even safety. During rapid charge transferring process, the internal temperature may exceed its allowable limit (460C). In this paper, an analysis of internal temperature during charge balancing and discharging conditions is presented. Specific interest is paid to the effects of temperature on the different rate of ambient temperature and discharging current. Matlab/Simulink Li-ion battery model and quasi-resonant converter base balancing system are used to study the temperature effect. Rising internal temperature depends on the rate of balancing current and ambient temperature found in the simulation results.
Nowadays, the transports vehicles are required improvement or alternative source for fuel requirement, because of fuel shortage and reducing the global warming. Due to this reason, the electrical vehicle is more concentrated now. The electrical vehicle reduces the carbon emission and reduces the global warming. The main drawback for electrical vehicle is charging time and battery size. To overcome this problem, we use nanomaterial using batteries (like Li-ion battery and Li-based batteries). The nanomaterial particles increase the performance and storage battery capacity and reduce the size of the batteries.
