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Cities are responsible for more than 70 % of global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, cities can play a major part within the CO 2 emission reduction goals of the Paris agreement. Lack of technical knowledge and solutions has often been seen as major challenge for energy efficiency implementation. However, findings of the International Energy Agency...
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Citations
... Both parties, governments, and energy providers, should collaborate their actions, and both need a comprehensive set of tools, and strategies for managing their resources as well to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. (Jan Schiefelbeina, 2017) ...
“Cities Are Part of the Climate Change Problem, But They Are Also a Key Part of the Solution” Cities nowadays responsible for the larger part of global energy consumption, therefore major contributors of greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, cities have key capabilities to act on global climate change through their responsibilities over urban sectors like buildings. With the growing importance of the environment as a global issue, sustainability has been adopted as a common political goal, the United Nations world commission of environment and development defined sustainability as the ability of meeting the present needs without affecting the future generations capabilities to meet their own needs. The Responsive building envelopes are expected to play a significant role in new sustainable cities urban planning principles as a part of problem solving by preventing energy consumption in buildings, thus the urban environment as well, also they’re valuable to boost the balance between several energy flows at single- and multi building scale, in addition to optimize user experience and indoor comfort by providing an interactive interface with the outdoors. Using responsive buildings envelopes could be utilized as a mean of decreasing carbon emissions in urban environment and can be integrated into sustainable new cities planning strategies. The aim of this research is setting out criteria and principles for responsive buildings envelope and how it could be extended to design a network of responsive buildings in addition to investigate its potential role in new sustainable cities urban planning.
... The multi-scale aspect (temporal and geographical) of a holistic approach to neighborhood and district energy planning poses major difficulties, as it requires consideration of both quantitative (economic, technical) and qualitative (environmental impact, social criteria) criteria [5]. To apply this approach and provide necessary methods and instruments for master planners, decision makers, and stakeholders, it is crucial to identify and frame the constraints that bound the options towards an optimized energy master planning solution [6]. ...
In order to achieve a holistic approach to community energy planning for neighbourhoods and districts, it is crucial to provide planners, decision makers, and stakeholders with the necessary methods and instruments. However, there is a research gap in terms of planning and implementation strategies and models. To address this gap, our research used literature and document analysis as well as qualitative interviews to identify implementation models and energy supply options for Positive Energy Districts (PEDs), and to determine which market actors are needed for PEDs. We also discussed the consequences of scaling up the PED concept.Our analysis highlights the importance of integrated energy planning, which is critical for reducing energy consumption, securing the location of energy infrastructure (generation, distribution, storage), and achieving long-term sustainable development and climate neutrality. Therefore, understanding the different dimensions of sustainable development in combination with energy supply and consumption is more important than ever for planning and realizing settlements.
... In addition, Schiefelbein et al. (2017) concluded in their investigation of case studies and energy guidelines for energy-efficient communities that "the primary challenges result from inefficient organizational processes and unsupportive framework for implementation". ...
This paper analyzes and contrasts the constraints, stakeholders, and framing goals that must be considered when Energy Master Planning (EMP) is conducted for communities in seven countries. The analysis is based on findings from seven countries participating in the International Energy Agency’s “Energy in Buildings and Communities Program Annex 73”. The analysis covers design constraints such as emissions, sustainability criteria, and resilience goals, regulations and directives, regional and local limitations, such as available energy types, local conditions, and various levels of stakeholders, as well as community objectives. An analysis of the various constraints on different planning levels was done, and the key stakeholders were identified. They can be characterized by different governance structures and thereby stakeholder constellations. Mapping of the stakeholders involved provides insights in further constraints resulting into issues within the EMP that will need to be addressed for multi-owner, multi-stakeholder neighborhoods and districts. With a closer look at a case study in Elverum, Norway, the paper identifies constraints related to stakeholders involved and their impact on applying EMP.
... The existence of a multi-stakeholder ecosystem with different stakeholders and their individual visions and interests, does form a wicked problem constellation for zero-emission development, and thereby challenges the deployment of higher energy ambitions [8]. Stakeholders thereby play a crucial role for EMP at neighbourhood level, especially as it is stated that it is not inadequate technological solutions that are the main barrier for reaching energy goals, but lack of collaboration and commitment from the stakeholders involved, inefficient organizational processes, and an unsupportive framework for implementation [9,10,11]. As there are several studies on identifying technical constraints [12], the studies on governance constraints are limited and challenged by the specific local context of each neighbourhood. ...
While energy planning on the building level is characterized by a limited number of stakeholders and a clear ambition setting, this situation changes when expanding to a neighbourhood level. Depending on the context of the neighbourhood, energy planning is challenged to align several stakeholders and define common ambitions and measures suitable to optimize the outcome of energy planning. In Norway, energy planning on neighbourhood level is a relatively new approach. We apply the Energy Master Planning (EMP) concept developed during the IEA EBC Annex 73 to describe the planning process within the Norwegian case study of Ydalir, which ambition is to become zero-emission. Through a qualitative research approach, we identify stakeholders involved, their role and impact, and indicate constraints on EMP implementation so far. We show how the concept of EMP must be further developed, to reply to evidence-based constraints in implementing and reaching for high ambitions in cutting down energy use and emission. This paper relates to the UN development goal 11 of Smart Cities and Communities.
... Significant BEYOND 2020 -World Sustainable Built Environment conference IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 588 (2020) 022038 IOP Publishing doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/588/2/022038 2 additional energy savings, reduced emissions, and increased energy security can be realized by considering holistic solutions for the heating, cooling and power needs of communities, on neighbourhood and district scale, comprising collections of buildings. As a result, considerable literature has become available including both guidance and assessment tools aimed at EMP at the neighbourhood and district level as e.g. ...
... In addition, Schiefelbein et al. (2017) concluded in their investigation of case studies and energy guidelines for energy-efficient communities that "the primary challenges result from inefficient organizational processes and unsupportive framework for implementation" [10]. ...
... In addition, Schiefelbein et al. (2017) concluded in their investigation of case studies and energy guidelines for energy-efficient communities that "the primary challenges result from inefficient organizational processes and unsupportive framework for implementation" [10]. ...
This paper analyzes and contrasts the framing goals and limitations that must be considered when energy master planning is conducted for communities in six different countries. The analyses will be based on findings from countries participating in the International Energy Agency’s “Energy in Buildings and Communities Program Annex 73”. The paper covers design constraints such as emissions, sustainability and resilience goals, regulations and directives, and regional and local limitations such as available energy types, local conditions and different levels of stakeholders as well as community objectives. We illustrate how a comprehensive consideration of these constraints can be used to guide the planner toward design options that will lead to an optimum solution for an energy master plan. An analysis of the different constraints on different planning levels was done and the key stakeholders were identified characterized by different governance structures and thereby stakeholder constellations.
... Traditionally, energy planning has been a fairly confined process, focusing in great detail either on the building unit or on large and centralized power and heat plants. Furthermore, in most municipalities, these processes are still found to be decoupled from the more general urban planning process (Petersen, 2018;Schiefelbein et al., 2017). ...
... However, to obtain cost-effective and energy-efficient building stocks, evidence suggests that the building scale may be suboptimal and that innovative measures involving urban planning are needed (Caputo and Pasetti, 2015;Gossop, 2011;Strasser et al., 2017;UN-Habitat, 2009;Zanon and Verones, 2013). Addressing these issues at wider scales than the single building comes however at a price. ...
... Additionally, unlike urban planning, energy planning is generally not a systematically established institution within administrative departments. Mainly for historical reasons (Merlin and Choay, 1988), the tasks described above are most often dissociated from the planning department, relegated to the management and design of networks and infrastructure by private or public actors (Schiefelbein et al., 2017). Caputo and Pasetti (2015) found that municipal offices often lack knowledge and authority regarding energy planning, even in the technical offices in charge of the built environment. ...
... Traditionally, energy planning has been a fairly confined process, focusing in great detail either on the building unit or on large and centralized power and heat plants. Furthermore, in most municipalities, these processes are still found to be decoupled from the more general urban planning process (Petersen, 2018;Schiefelbein et al., 2017). ...
The Positive Energy District (PED) concept is currently evolving based on the strategic energy transition (SET) plan of the European Union member states. As the first PEDs are just now developing all over Europe, little is known about how the PED concept is being implemented, and how the pandemic has pushed the PED agenda forward in certain directions. The chapter reviews experiences from the pandemic crisis to identify valuable lessons on how different governance models work for PED. By describing and comparing recent developments of PEDs in Switzerland, Austria, and Norway, the chapter merges this knowledge to propose new ways to overcome shortcomings in the governance of PEDs based on the experiences from the pandemic crisis. Our research is based on literature and document analysis and qualitative interviews with urban planning experts. The chapter illustrates the importance of integrated and cross-sector approaches in the governance of PEDs, which are becoming a potential new normal way of integrating urban planning with energy innovation, implemented and operated in multi-stakeholder settings.KeywordsUrban planningPositive energy districtsGovernance modelsCountry comparison