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Suffragette, physicist, mathematician and inventor: in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century when few women had access to opportunities in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), Englishwoman Hertha Marks Ayrton held all these roles and was a strong advocate for social justice, especially suffrage for women.
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... anti-gas fan was simple and consisted of a sheet of waterproof canvas supported and stiffened by a frame of cane and held by a hickory handle. At first, Ayrton tested the principle of the idea through experiments with burning brown paper in her drawing room laboratory; by mid-May 1915 she had developed a working model which she tested out in her friend and fellow suffragette Ernestine Mill's back garden in Kensington (Crawford, 2000, p 23). ...
Context 2
... anti-gas fan was simple and consisted of a sheet of waterproof canvas supported and stiffened by a frame of cane and held by a hickory handle. At first, Ayrton tested the principle of the idea through experiments with burning brown paper in her drawing room laboratory; by mid-May 1915 she had developed a working model which she tested out in her friend and fellow suffragette Ernestine Mill's back garden in Kensington (Crawford, 2000, p 23). ...
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Citations
... In the field of electricity, the work of Hertha Ayrton (1854-1923) stands out. Hertha Ayrton, an engineer, inventor, and scientist, as well as a suffragist from a Jewish family and of humble origins, had the support of other women in her career, especially the feminist Barbara Bodichon (1827-1891) and her husband, the physicist and electrical engineer William Ayrton (1847-1908), who was favorable to the education and legal rights of women [101]. However, Hertha's domestic responsibilities and caring for her young daughter left her little time to continue researching and working. ...
... These facts serve to highlight the roles of allies such as that of astrophysicist Norman Lockyer (1836-1920), the first editor and founder of the famous magazine Nature, who was married to the prominent suffragist Mary Brodhurst Lockyer and would support the admission of women into societies through his publication [8]. In the meantime, William Huggins (1824Huggins ( -1910, then director of the Royal Society, feared that women would "trivialize" his elitist scientific institution [101,105]. However, William Huggins collaborated with his wife, Margaret Lindsay (1848-1915), an astronomer and a pioneer in the field of spectroscopy, with whom he would write an atlas [106]. ...
In the academic world, there are also gender inequalities, which are especially visible in certain masculinized STEM areas, such as physics and mathematics. An essential factor in correcting these inequalities is the involvement of men, who should act as “allies” in the university setting. Likewise, as the literature shows us, we must offer models with gender-incongruent roles to break down stereotypes and promote non-traditional behaviors. However, to date, these actions have been especially directed toward women, who generally do not hold power and therefore have less possibility of promoting change. For the first time, this work compiles, in a single document, important male physicists and mathematicians who acted as allies of women throughout history. These examples can be presented to provide male references in the teaching of physics and mathematics at university (and high school). With this initiative, we intend to contribute to incorporating the gender perspective in university teaching, since, in practice, university professors are unaware of references of alternative masculinities in the academic world. We hope that this article will be the seed to recover hidden male allies in these and other scientific fields. This can help break down stereotypes, and contrary to previous actions, this work is especially directed toward men.
... In the previous century, this was not the case and there are few examples of women in engineering that we know about. Electrical engineer and physicist Hertha Ayrton (1854-1923) is perhaps the most well-known example (see Bruton, 2018, in Issue 10 of this journal), while Sarah Guppy (1770-1852) -the first woman to patent a bridge -is an important forerunner from the Georgian era (though arguably also in need of further academic attention). [5] When access points to engineering were so limited for women in the mid-nineteenth century, it begs the question: how did Henrietta Vansittart become an exception? ...
... An early example of this kind of research was the pioneering, cross-European study of women in engineering Crossing Boundaries, Building Bridges (Oldenziel, Canel and Zachman, 1999), which helped to trace the varied contributions of women across different countries and timeframes. Recognition has been given to individual women's successes in the field, such as Hertha Ayrton, credited with being an engineer, mathematician, physicist, patent holder and suffragette (Bruton, 2018) and less visible women, such as Blanche Thornycroft (1873Thornycroft ( -1950, who played a crucial but unrecognised role in her family's naval business located on the Isle of Wight (Harcourt and Edwards, 2018). There has also been some attempt to collate the various patents filed by women to demonstrate the many inventions women created (Jaffé, 2003). ...
... Parsons was a member of the Conservation Women's Suffrage Movement and spoke publicly about her belief in greater opportunities for women, which led to her co-founding the Women's Engineering Society (Heald, 2019). Ayrton marched on many militant suffrage marches between 1911 and 1913, building strong relationships with several women working toward suffragist aims (Bruton, 2018). In contrast, Vansittart did not appear to hold any strong beliefs about women's rights in a general sense, only in regard to family legacy, though what she chose to say publicly might have differed from her private opinions. ...
What accounts for the common perception that women have contributed little to advances in entrepreneurship and innovation in Britain during the early industrial era? This paper empirically examines the role of gender diversity in inventive activity during the first and second industrial revolutions. The analysis of systematic data on patents and unpatentable innovations uniquely enables an evaluation of women's creativity within both the market and nonmarket sectors. British women inventors were significantly more likely than men to focus on unpatentable innovations in consumer final goods and design‐oriented products that spanned art and technology, and on uncommercialized improvements within the household. Conventional approaches that fail to account for nonmarket activity and for such incremental changes in consumer goods and design innovations therefore significantly underestimate women's contributions to household welfare and overall economic progress.
