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... For example, incorporating more local measures of the amount of emergent vegetation may be important in more narrowly defining the range of suitable habitat. Habitat restoration efforts that include eradication of a mute swan preferred nesting material, Phragmites australis (Ventolini et al., 2008), may reduce breeding habitat. However, restoration of native waterfowl habitat may provide significant food resources for large congregations of mute swans wintering in coastal wetlands (Craves and Susko, 2010). ...
Great Lakes coastal wetlands provide critical habitat and food resources for more species than any other Great Lakes ecosystem. Due to past and current anthropogenic disturbances, coastal wetland area has been reduced by >50% while remaining habitat is frequently degraded. Invasive mute swans have contributed to the degradation of coastal wetlands by removing submergent vegetation and competitively excluding native species from breeding areas and food resources. Despite current control practices, mute swan population estimates in Michigan are ~8,000, comparable to population estimates in the entire Atlantic Flyway of North America. We collected local abiotic data and adjacent land cover data at 3 scales from 51 sites during 2010 and 2011 and conducted 2 mute swan detection surveys each year during the summer and fall. We developed a single-species, single-season occupancy-based habitat suitability model to determine current and potential mute swan habitat among Great Lakes coastal wetlands. We found mute swans occupied heterotrophic coastal wetlands adjacent to urban areas, which were high in ammonium and oxidation-reduction potential and low in nitrates, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Our model provides managers with a valuable tool for rapidly identifying mute swan habitat areas for control efforts, particularly the need for targeting mute swan populations in or near urbanized areas. Our model will also aid managers in monitoring areas that mute swans may invade and prioritizing coastal wetland areas for restoration efforts.
... Mute Swans have been present for so long in Europe, with coordinated counts not being organized until the mid-1960s (Fouque et al. 2007), that examples of this type of trend from there are limited. However, this pattern played out in Finland, France, and northern Italy for more recently introduced populations (Nummi and Saari 2003, Fouque et al. 2007, Ventolini et al. 2008. In modern times, most European breeding populations underwent modest increases between 1970-1990, but overall underwent a large increase during 1990-2000 (Burfield and von Bommel 2004). ...
... In Europe, Mute Swans are known to use Phragmites for nesting (Ventolini et al. 2008) and there are indications that they favor it in North America as well ). There are both native and non-native genotypes of Phragmites australis present in North America (Saltonstall 2002). ...
... Typical causes of mortality of Mute Swans during the breeding season have been mostly attributed to wave action or flooding destroying nests or chilling eggs; exposure of young cygnets to cold or storms; and predation of cygnets by snapping or marine turtles, fox, raccoons, and other animals (Reese 1980, Gelston andWood 1982). In a population studied over two years in Italy, 80% of cygnets were preyed upon by Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus michahellis) (Ventolini et al. 2008). For post-fledging cygnets and adults in Michigan, starvation and disease have been cited as the primary causes of mortality in Michigan Wood 1982, Ciaranca et al. 1997). ...
... Mute Swans have been present for so long in Europe, with coordinated counts not being organized until the mid-1960s (Fouque et al. 2007), that examples of this type of trend from there are limited. However, this pattern played out in Finland, France, and northern Italy for more recently introduced populations (Nummi and Saari 2003, Fouque et al. 2007, Ventolini et al. 2008. In modern times, most European breeding populations underwent modest increases between 1970-1990, but overall underwent a large increase during 1990-2000 (Burfield and von Bommel 2004). ...
... In Europe, Mute Swans are known to use Phragmites for nesting (Ventolini et al. 2008) and there are indications that they favor it in North America as well ). There are both native and non-native genotypes of Phragmites australis present in North America (Saltonstall 2002). ...
... Typical causes of mortality of Mute Swans during the breeding season have been mostly attributed to wave action or flooding destroying nests or chilling eggs; exposure of young cygnets to cold or storms; and predation of cygnets by snapping or marine turtles, fox, raccoons, and other animals (Reese 1980, Gelston andWood 1982). In a population studied over two years in Italy, 80% of cygnets were preyed upon by Yellow-legged Gulls (Larus michahellis) (Ventolini et al. 2008). For post-fledging cygnets and adults in Michigan, starvation and disease have been cited as the primary causes of mortality in Michigan Wood 1982, Ciaranca et al. 1997). ...
