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Context 1

... was conducted on the set of 15 tests of abundance (Rice 1989). Relative abundance curves (James and Rathbun 1981) were used to compare the patterns of species abundance between ßowers with contrasting orientations. Relative abundance was estimated as n i / N, where n i ϭ number of individuals of the i th insect species, and N ϭ the total number of individuals from all species including both north- and south-facing ßowers. Then, relative abundance was plotted on a log 10 scale against the rank from the most to the least common species. Differences in total and per order Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes of insects associated with ßowers with contrasting orientations were explored applying Hutcheson t -tests (Zar 1999) with signiÞcance levels adjusted according to the sequential Bonferroni pro- cedure previously quoted. The diversity and t -tests analyses were carried out using PAST v. 2.17 (Hammer et al. 2001). In addition, we estimated the So ̈ rensen similarity index to determine how similar were the insect communities found on ßowers with contrasting orientations (north vs. south). Likewise, we estimated the per orderÐsimilarity index. To determine if the abundance of insects was associated with ßower size, we estimated ßower volume using the cone formula with ßower length and corolla diameter. We obtained these measurements from the same ßowers from which insects were collected. Regression analyses were applied separately to north- and south-facing ßowers to establish if there is a relationship between ßower size (estimated as ßower volume) and total abundance of insects. Similar analyses were conducted for each group of insects (Formicidae, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera). All analyses were conducted on SAS 9.0 (SAS Insti- tute, Cary, NC). cies Richness. In total, 17 insect species associated with the ßowers of P. weberi were collected. Thysanoptera and Coleoptera were the richest groups, with seven and six species, respectively (Table 1). Two species of Formicidae and a single species of each Diptera and Hemiptera were collected. Insect species richness was similar between ßowers oriented toward the north (14 species) and the south (15 species; ␹ 2 ϭ 0.034; df ϭ 1; P ϭ 0.854). Likewise, per group-species richness was also similar between ßowers with different orientation (0.01 Յ ␹ 2 Յ 0.818; df ϭ 1; P Ն 0.3657). Flowers oriented northwards had four Thysanoptera species, six Coleoptera, two Formicidae, one Hemiptera, and one Diptera (Table 1). Flowers oriented toward the south had seven Thysanoptera species, Þve Coleoptera, two Formicidae, one Hemiptera, and none Diptera (Table 1). Insect Abundance. In total, 1,053 individual insects were found within the 42 ßowers collected. Flowers facing southwards had signiÞcantly more insects associated than those facing northwards ( ␹ 2 ϭ 99.077; df ϭ 1; P ϭ 0.0001). In total, 688 individual insects were found within ßowers oriented toward the south, whereas north-facing ßowers had a total of 365 individuals. Although the species richness of Formicidae was low, its abundance was the highest, with 645 individuals (430 and 215 in ßowers facing south and north, respectively; Fig. 1). The second most abundant group of insects found within the ßowers of P. weberi was Coleoptera with 208 individuals (143 and 65 in ßowers facing south and north, respectively; Fig. 1). In both cases, the abundance of insects within south-facing ßowers was signiÞcantly higher than in north-facing ßowers (Formicidae: ␹ 2 ϭ 71.67; df ϭ 1; P Ͻ 0.0001; Coleoptera: ␹ 2 ϭ 29.25; df ϭ 1; P Ͻ 0.0001). Similarly, the abundance of Orius sp., the only hemipteran ...

Context 2

... was conducted on the set of 15 tests of abundance (Rice 1989). Relative abundance curves (James and Rathbun 1981) were used to compare the patterns of species abundance between ßowers with contrasting orientations. Relative abundance was estimated as n i / N, where n i ϭ number of individuals of the i th insect species, and N ϭ the total number of individuals from all species including both north- and south-facing ßowers. Then, relative abundance was plotted on a log 10 scale against the rank from the most to the least common species. Differences in total and per order Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes of insects associated with ßowers with contrasting orientations were explored applying Hutcheson t -tests (Zar 1999) with signiÞcance levels adjusted according to the sequential Bonferroni pro- cedure previously quoted. The diversity and t -tests analyses were carried out using PAST v. 2.17 (Hammer et al. 2001). In addition, we estimated the So ̈ rensen similarity index to determine how similar were the insect communities found on ßowers with contrasting orientations (north vs. south). Likewise, we estimated the per orderÐsimilarity index. To determine if the abundance of insects was associated with ßower size, we estimated ßower volume using the cone formula with ßower length and corolla diameter. We obtained these measurements from the same ßowers from which insects were collected. Regression analyses were applied separately to north- and south-facing ßowers to establish if there is a relationship between ßower size (estimated as ßower volume) and total abundance of insects. Similar analyses were conducted for each group of insects (Formicidae, Coleoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera). All analyses were conducted on SAS 9.0 (SAS Insti- tute, Cary, NC). cies Richness. In total, 17 insect species associated with the ßowers of P. weberi were collected. Thysanoptera and Coleoptera were the richest groups, with seven and six species, respectively (Table 1). Two species of Formicidae and a single species of each Diptera and Hemiptera were collected. Insect species richness was similar between ßowers oriented toward the north (14 species) and the south (15 species; ␹ 2 ϭ 0.034; df ϭ 1; P ϭ 0.854). Likewise, per group-species richness was also similar between ßowers with different orientation (0.01 Յ ␹ 2 Յ 0.818; df ϭ 1; P Ն 0.3657). Flowers oriented northwards had four Thysanoptera species, six Coleoptera, two Formicidae, one Hemiptera, and one Diptera (Table 1). Flowers oriented toward the south had seven Thysanoptera species, Þve Coleoptera, two Formicidae, one Hemiptera, and none Diptera (Table 1). Insect Abundance. In total, 1,053 individual insects were found within the 42 ßowers collected. Flowers facing southwards had signiÞcantly more insects associated than those facing northwards ( ␹ 2 ϭ 99.077; df ϭ 1; P ϭ 0.0001). In total, 688 individual insects were found within ßowers oriented toward the south, whereas north-facing ßowers had a total of 365 individuals. Although the species richness of Formicidae was low, its abundance was the highest, with 645 individuals (430 and 215 in ßowers facing south and north, respectively; Fig. 1). The second most abundant group of insects found within the ßowers of P. weberi was Coleoptera with 208 individuals (143 and 65 in ßowers facing south and north, respectively; Fig. 1). In both cases, the abundance of insects within south-facing ßowers was signiÞcantly higher than in north-facing ßowers (Formicidae: ␹ 2 ϭ 71.67; df ϭ 1; P Ͻ 0.0001; Coleoptera: ␹ 2 ϭ 29.25; df ϭ 1; P Ͻ 0.0001). Similarly, the abundance of Orius sp., the only hemipteran ...