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... Although not as prominent in scientific output as Europe, North America, or Asia, research in South America has improved significantly over the years. Science in many South American countries has come a long way since the dark days of dictatorships were extinguished, just a generation ago 21 . The growing number of PhD students can be linked with the rise in CDT-related studies in the region. ...
The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a widely used tool for dementia screening, assessing executive functions by drawing an analog clock. With the rise of smartphones, many individuals have transitioned from their traditional watches to checking hours digitally. This raises questions about whether difficulties in CDT performance are linked to cognitive decline or lack of familiarity with analog clocks. A potential decline in the number of studies using the CDT may reflect concerns regarding this issue.
Objective: To investigate whether the number of studies using CDT has been affected over the years by the predominance of smartphones over analog clocks.
Methods: This bibliometric study analyzed 1,298 articles published in PubMed over the past 30 years (1994–2023). Data included year of publication region and methodological design. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Significance was set at 5%.
Results: The number of studies using CDT has increased over the past 30 years, from 118 (1994–2003) to 405 (2004–2013) and 775 (2014–2023). Most studies were conducted in Europe (37.6%), Asia (27.7%), and North America (21.0%). The primary focus of the studies was diagnosis (82.2%), followed by treatment (11.5%).
Conclusion: The prevalence of smartphones over analog clocks has not affected the number of studies that have used CDT. Although analog clocks are no longer a part of daily life for many people, this trend does not currently pose an obstacle to the use of the CDT.
Keywords:
Bibliometrics; Neuropsychological tests; Aged; Dementia
... A preferência editorial por estudos originais que apresentem resultados positivos contribui para um viés que desestimula a replicação de pesquisas existentes, uma prática essencial para validar descobertas e garantir o progresso da ciência. Este cenário favorece práticas como exagero em propostas de impacto ou priorização de métricas de "excelência", que podem ser arbitrárias ou inadequadas para contextos locais, particularmente em países do Sul Global (Catanzaro et al. 2014). ...
A micropropagação é uma técnica promissora para a multiplicação em larga escala de plantas, contribuindo para a conservação genética, restauração de ecossistemas e desenvolvimento econômico sustentável, especialmente de espécies medicinais e madeireiras. Este estudo analisou 645 publicações indexadas nas bases Web of Science e Scopus entre 2013 e 2023. Após excluir duplicatas, 612 publicações foram selecionadas, das quais 31 atenderam aos critérios, focando espécies lenhosas nos domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros. A técnica foi mais aplicada no Cerrado (25%) e na Mata Atlântica (22%), enquanto a Amazônia representou 14%. Três estudos citaram o bioma no título, destacando a importância de contextualizar espécies em seus habitats ecológicos. O meio de cultura WPM foi usado em 80% dos estudos, seguido pelo MS em 67%. Alternativas como JADS, DKW e QL foram menos frequentes, mas promissoras. Entre os reguladores de crescimento, o Benzilaminopurina (BAP) foi destaque em 30% das pesquisas, seguido pelo Ácido Indolbutírico (AIB) em 20%, especialmente para enraizamento. Suplementos como carvão ativado, polivinilpirrolidona (PVP), caseína hidrolisada e Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM) foram usados para otimizar o crescimento. Explantes nodais foram predominantes (38%), seguidos por sementes (18%). Os resultados destacam a importância de ampliar pesquisas voltadas para a conservação ex situ e o uso sustentável da biodiversidade brasileira, considerando a necessidade de desenvolver e adaptar protocolos de cultura que atendam às demandas específicas de cada espécie, promovendo avanços significativos na preservação de recursos genéticos e no aproveitamento sustentável das plantas. Além disso, ao analisar a produção científica, torna-se possível direcionar esforços de conservação para biomas específicos sob maior ameaça.
... Chile is home to many of the world's largest telescopes, and a significant amount of astrophysics research is performed within its universities, research institutes, and observatories (Catanzaro et al., 2014). Chile is also a leading player in many "Big Science Projects" in astronomy with a professed interest in outreach and education (Pompea & Russo, 2023). ...
Chile is home to most of the world’s largest telescopes, and astronomy research is robust in the country. However, astronomy education in Chile is much less mature. As an effort to increase its quality and coverage, more astronomy K-12 teacher professional development (PD) has been offered in Chile in the last decade, but the results of these programs have not been characterized in detail. In this context, this article presents the results of an exploratory survey of 16 current astronomy PD programs delivered to primary and secondary education Chilean teachers before 2021. The data was collected through an online questionnaire sent to PD programs leaders and then analyzed in terms of widely accepted effectiveness criteria from the literature. Our results show that most programs met some basic criteria for research-based effective PD practices: most aligned with the Chilean national curriculum topics and offered some hands-on activities. However, few programs had well-developed plans to evaluate their effectiveness or had followed up with the participant teachers to understand how their participation affected their subsequent professional practice. Based on our results, relevant improvements in astronomy teacher PD programs in Chile can be made, setting a model for other countries as well.
... Additionally, funding was provided for international training programs, leading to an increase in scientific output and the return of scientists who had previously been based overseas to lead research initiatives in their home countries. This investment demonstrates the potential benefits of shifting towards a knowledge-based economy (Catanzaro et al., 2014;Van Noorden, 2014). ...
We discuss the role of advanced biotechnology education in fostering sustainable bio-innovation systems. As a case study, we focus on Paraguay’s Graduate Diploma in Innovation Management and Biotechnological Projects, which emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, stakeholder integration, and professionals skilled in the interplay between biotechnology, society, and governance. We highlight the relevance of educational programs in addressing the gap between academic research and industrial needs, thereby contributing to sustainable growth in the biotechnology sector.
... In Chile, home of most of the world's largest telescopes, astronomy is even more relevant as a vector for science education. Local observatories and universities develop cutting-edge astronomical research (Catanzaro, 2014), and Chilean society considers science a prestigious activity (CONICYT, 2016) and values astronomy as a national attribute (Marinovic, 2016). However, 51% of the population considers having received a 'low' or 'very low' level of scientific education (CONICYT, 2016), and only 30% of them declare having some astronomical knowledge (Marinovic, 2016). ...
This paper reports a mapping of the astronomy content knowledge held by a sample of 171 Chilean in-service teachers, both from primary and secondary education, using a multiple-choice test. The responses were analysed by total achievement, and the proportion of alternative conceptions for each item was identified. Moreover, the test items were divided by Big Ideas in Astronomy and curricular topics to analyse teachers’ performance by subject, and the effect of some demographic factors was calculated. The results show a relatively low level of astronomy content knowledge and a considerable presence of alternative conceptions amongst Chilean in-service teachers, especially in day-to-day topics like diurnal motion, seasons, and Moon phases. Furthermore, we detected a significant effect on secondary teachers’ performance depending on their teaching degree and on primary teachers’ performance concerning their gender and previous participation in astronomy professional development programmes. Our outcomes offer evidence to improve astronomy teacher training, especially in the Chilean context, and contribute to the still scarce astronomy education research from the country.
... En este sentido, la academia, -en especial en Latinoamérica-retiene la mística de la superación social o de capital social para escalafones sociales privilegiados sin necesariamente generar movimientos inclusivos adecuados a los tiempos actuales. extranjeros (Catanzaro et al., 2014). En este caso, el financiamiento no logra incentivar la ciencia en los países de la región, pero tampoco contribuye a la instalación de capacidades locales. ...
Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) surgen como reformulación de la Declaración del Milenio, donde se establecían ocho objetivos cuantificables (ODM), orientados a reducir el hambre y la pobreza, así como a mejorar la salud, la educación, las condiciones de vida, la sostenibilidad ambiental y la igualdad de género. El alcance desigual en el logro de los objetivos propuestos condujo a una reformulación que dio lugar a la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible. Este nuevo documento persigue fundamentalmente la misma finalidad, pero ahora desde el planteamiento de 17 objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, con 169 metas específicas y 230 indicadores globales que deben ser alcanzados para el año 2030. En el camino recorrido para alcanzar los ODS se ha hecho evidente la importancia y la necesidad de compromiso por parte de ciertas instituciones, como los estados y las organizaciones internacionales públicas (organizaciones intergubernamentales) y privadas (organizaciones no gubernamentales). Sin embargo, el papel de otras, como las Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES), aún es poco conocido, a pesar de ser actores sociales estratégicos para el cumplimiento de las metas para la sostenibilidad. Las IES no solo son capaces de generar conocimientos y difundir buenas prácticas, sino que también mantienen una relación privilegiada con la sociedad y poseen una alta capacidad para articular cooperación internacional. La vinculación entre las necesidades de la sociedad y lo que las IES hacen para tratar de resolver dichas necesidades es lo que la UNESCO definió como la pertinencia. Esta se operativiza a través de las acciones que se deben emprender desde las funciones sustantivas de la educación superior, para contribuir al desarrollo de la economía y la calidad de vida de la sociedad de una manera sostenible y respetuosa con el medio ambiente tal como requiere la Agenda 2030. Desde la formación, la investigación y su relación con el entorno (vinculación y/o extensión), que son las funciones sustantivas clásicas de las IES, se pueden generar productos que apoyen al desarrollo sostenible.
Pero, también desde la gobernanza, en tanto que solo desde ahí puede alinearse la educación superior con los planteamientos de los ODS. De la gestión emerge el eje rector desde el que se desarrollan las propuestas institucionales, se mide su alcance y se identifican las limitaciones de las acciones orientadas a promover el cambio social, por lo que la gobernanza no puede quedar desligada de las funciones sustantivas. En este trabajo, a través de la consulta a 115 informadores clave pertenecientes a ocho áreas de conocimiento (ciencias puras y tecnología, ciencias de la vida, ciencias de la salud, ciencias sociales y del comportamiento, ciencias políticas y derecho, economía y finanzas, arquitectura y construcción, artes), se pudieron establecer las principales necesidades de la educación superior desde cada una de sus funciones sustantivas, lo que favorecerá la toma de decisiones de cara a establecer las prioridades que las IES deben establecer a corto y medio plazo para avanzar en el cumplimiento de la Agenda 2030.
... 160 Despite this, researchers in Latin America and in Peru have thrived with relevant academic contributions. 161 In this work, albeit briefly and only covering few selected topics, we aimed to position Peru in the international spotlight of science, health and research, 200 years since its independence. In so doing, we contribute to inform a better understanding of the Peruvian context and the health of Peruvians to the global health community. ...
Peru celebrates 200 years of independence in 2021. Over this period of independent life, and despite the turbulent socio-political scenarios, from internal armed conflict to economic crisis to political instability over the last 40 years, Peru has experienced major changes on its epidemiological and population health profile. Major advancements in maternal and child health as well as in communicable diseases have been achieved in recent decades, and today Peru faces an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases including mental health conditions. In terms of the configuration of the public health system, Peru has also strived to secure country-wide optimal health care, struggling in particular to improve primary health care and intercultural services. The science and technology infrastructure has also evolved, although the need for substantial investments remains if advancing science is to be a national priority. Climate change will also bring significant challenges to population health given Peru's geographical and microclimates diversity. Looking back over the 200-years of independence, we present a summary of key advances in selected health-related fields, thus serving as the basis for reflections on pending agendas and future challenges, in order to look forward to ensuring the future health and wellbeing of the Peruvian population.
Resumen (translated abstract)
El Perú cumple 200 años de independencia en 2021. Durante estos dos siglos de vida independiente, junto con periodos sociales y políticos turbulentos, incluyendo un conflicto armado interno, hiperinflación y la inestabilidad política de los últimos 40 años, el Perú ha experimentado importantes cambios en su perfil epidemiológico con repercusiones directas en la salud de la población. En las últimas décadas, los indicadores de salud materno-infantil y de las enfermedades transmisibles muestran mejoría importante, pero el país se enfrenta de manera simultánea a una carga cada vez mayor de enfermedades no transmisibles y de salud mental. En cuanto a los sistemas de salud pública, se han realizado esfuerzos por aumentar la cobertura y calidad de la atención de salud en todo el país, apostándose en particular por mejorar la atención primaria. La ciencia y tecnología relacionadas con la salud también han mejorado, aunque si se quiere que la ciencia sea una prioridad nacional, son necesarias inversiones sustanciales. El cambio climático traerá importantes desafíos para la salud de la población, dada la diversidad geográfica y de microclimas del país. Para conmemorar los 200 años de vida independiente del Perú, presentamos un resumen de avances clave en diversas áreas y temas relacionados con la salud. Este repaso sirve como base para reflexionar sobre agendas y desafíos pendientes y futuros, con el fin de asegurar la salud y el bienestar de la población peruana en las próximas décadas.
... En este sentido, la academia, -en especial en Latinoamérica-retiene la mística de la superación social o de capital social para escalafones sociales privilegiados sin necesariamente generar movimientos inclusivos adecuados a los tiempos actuales. extranjeros (Catanzaro et al., 2014). En este caso, el financiamiento no logra incentivar la ciencia en los países de la región, pero tampoco contribuye a la instalación de capacidades locales. ...
Las universidades, en su rol de generación de conocimientos en la región iberoamericana, enfrentan retos particulares que requieren de estrategias de país y de coherencia regionales que se desarrollen de manera paralela. Estas incluyen fomentar la competitividad de sus instituciones de educación superior, especialmente en vista de la innegable realidad que representan los rankings internacionales, cuyos indicadores, en algunos casos, se alejan de las funciones históricas de la educación superior, de manera especial en los países latinoamericanos. De especial importancia son los sesgos lingüísticos y de género que afectan particularmente la región iberoamericana. Los retos que esto implica para las ciencias sociales pueden llevar al surgimiento de una ciencia verdaderamente iberoamericana. Las estrategias locales deberán orientarse a las particularidades de cada país, lo cual representa un reto a la integración regional de los países iberoamericanos. Esto se debe a las grandes diferencias políticas y socioeconómicas de los mismos. A la vez, los retos de cada país implicarán diferencias en los conocimientos a generar por las academias locales para impulsar cambios y acciones sociales, así como influenciar políticas públicas con datos locales de calidad. En general, las universidades deberán impulsar la difusión, entendiendo que es importante asegurar que las audiencias locales puedan beneficiarse del conocimiento que generan las academias. Para esto, la región debe aunar esfuerzos en sus sistemas de publicaciones, de manera que los sesgos lingüísticos y culturales puedan convertirse en valor agregado de la región y no en barreras para hacer global el conocimiento local. Finalmente, las alianzas público-privadas permitirán sumar esfuerzos del sector privado a los existentes del sector público, permitiendo un mayor alcance a la ciencia producida por las universidades.
... Undergraduate demand in some of the 13 astronomy departments is as high as for medicine and engineering. Local funding for astrophysics has steadily grown from USD 2 million in 2006 to USD 6.8 million in 2010 (Catanzaro et al., 2014). Bibliometric analysis for the period 2005-2015 shows that the number of articles by Chilean astronomers almost doubled, with a steady rise in the normalized citation impact and international coauthorship (Cortes et al., 2018). ...
Entering the knowledge society and mobilizing science and technology are critical for emerging countries (ECs) to address important challenges of society and promote long‐term economic growth. Natural laboratories (NLs) are geographical or geophysical singularities that provide comparative advantages and leverage to ECs for scientific research and international collaboration. Based on empirical evidence and learning experiences from five NLs in Chile, we propose the foundations of a conceptual framework for public scientific policies based on NLs and their possible implementation in ECs. Scientific research in NLs may address local, national, and global societal challenges while decentralizing scientific activities, encouraging transdisciplinary research in territories, anticipating the effects of climate change, and protecting biodiversity while promoting international partnerships and alignment with 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
... Indeed, notable progress of certain countries in LATAM in scientific development is recognized worldwide (Van Noorden, 2014). The region has a record of outstanding researchers and institutions in the region (Catanzaro et al., 2014;Van Noorden, 2014) despite the inadequate budgets for its development that cause substandard levels of infrastructure and equipment, salaries, and a lack of grant opportunities (Ciocca and Delgado, 2017). Noteworthy, we found a high proportion of publications do not have funding, even though researchers are strongly advised to recognize the funders. ...
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) seeks to achieve an equilibrium in the economic, social and environmental value of all types of forests. This practice contrasts with the conventional view of managing forests, in which the focus is productivity. Thus, discussions about conventional forest management versus sustainable forest management play a central role in the political and scientific agendas. However, knowledge production and its direction can be biased by different contextual factors such as the way funding is assigned by each country, institutional priorities, and constraints on international cooperation. With this paper, we aim to analyze the contribution of scientific knowledge produced in Latin America within the sustainable forest management research landscape by applying a literature review method (Scopus database for 2015–2018 period). Our results show a similar contribution of national and foreign funds and institutions supporting scientific knowledge about SFM in Latin America. Foreign funding comes mainly from United States of America, and Europe. Latin American authors lead high proportion of scientific articles, and authorship gender was more equitable between male and female researchers. The studies were mostly focused on conservation combined with productivity goals, as well as pure conservation goals, although social studies and restoration goals were also present. Our findings highlight a significant contribution to the paradigm shift in half of the scientific articles. Some studies provided recommendations (specific or general) derived from their results, but we did not detected a clear relationship with funding origin. Moreover, we found that the high contribution to the paradigm shift (studies supporting SFM instead of traditional management) came from institutions based in Latin America. This article aims to contribute to discussions related to scientific funding in Latin America, the North-South scientific relations, and the future of forest in times of climate change.
