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... With regard to other types of remedies during the consumer decision making process, it may be established that specific consumer biases arise with the phenomenon of ranking in the digital sector (European Commission, 2018). Ranking choices while engaging in a digital service might be a powerful tool for a consumer, but, because of its power, it might give way to a plethora of consumer issues, especially if the consumer is not aware of the method that was used to provide the ranking. ...
The era of “new consumer protection” is marked by maximum harmonization rather minimum harmonization, (more) policy-based approach, legislation driven by the fast-emerging ecosystem of digital platforms, the strengthening of collective remedy and agency enforcement, and more cooperation between Member State regulatory bodies and EU Commission.
All of the above phenomenae emphasize changing directions and methods of consumer protection enforcement: digital platforms present a unique set of issues that trigger different policy solutions, mostly based on the findings of behavioral economics. The practices of digital platforms usually affect consumers in more than one Member State, thus EU-wide cooperation is more likely to happen vis-à-vis digital platforms than other traders. Individual remedies against digital platforms – due to their immense size – result in little change. The European Consumer Protection Cooperation Network is highly likely to open cases with regards to digital platforms.
In Hungarian law, EU-wide coordination complements an already existing rich practice of the Hungarian Competition Authority in the field of unfair commercial practices. In the future, where quite possibly, the number of cases against digital platforms will grow, the issue of cooperation will grow even more important.
... As an example, Zhang et al [194,195] have organized in SIGIR the Workshop on Explainable Recommendation and Search (EARS). Studies in this new domain cover a wide range of topics, including the design of explainable models and systems [146], investigations of various types of explanations [47], studies aiming at understanding users needs and interaction with the results [26,95]. In domains such as medicine, not understanding a system's output is particularly critical and effort needs to be exerted towards system explainability. ...
The explosive growth and widespread accessibility of medical information on the Internet have led to a surge of research activity in a wide range of scientific communities including health informatics and information retrieval (IR). One of the common concerns of this research, across these disciplines, is how to design either clinical decision support systems or medical search engines capable of providing adequate support for both novices (e.g., patients and their next-of-kin) and experts (e.g., physicians, clinicians) tackling complex tasks (e.g., search for diagnosis, search for a treatment). However, despite the significant multi-disciplinary research advances, current medical search systems exhibit low levels of performance. This survey provides an overview of the state of the art in the disciplines of IR and health informatics, and bridging these disciplines shows how semantic search techniques can facilitate medical IR. First,we will give a broad picture of semantic search and medical IR and then highlight the major scientific challenges. Second, focusing on the semantic gap challenge, we will discuss representative state-of-the-art work related to feature-based as well as semantic-based representation and matching models that support medical search systems. In addition to seminal works, we will present recent works that rely on research advancements in deep learning. Third, we make a thorough cross-model analysis and provide some findings and lessons learned. Finally, we discuss some open issues and possible promising directions for future research trends.
Millions of Europeans use online platforms with almost blind trust that the platforms operate in the interests of the consumer. However, the presentation of search results, transparency about contractual parties and the publication of user reviews that contribute to the value of online platforms in Europe's Single Digital Market also pose significant risks regarding consumer protection and market competition. The current study investigates how enhanced information transparency in online platforms might affect consumers’ trust in online activities and choice behaviour. Following an exploratory qualitative study, three online discrete-choice experiments were conducted with representative samples of 1200 respondents in each of four countries: Germany, Poland, Spain and the UK. The objective of the experiments was to test whether increased transparency in the presentation of online search information, details of contractual entities and the implications for consumer protection and user reviews and ratings would affect consumers’ choices. The results show that increased online transparency increases the probability of product selection. A comparison across the four countries found that the similarities in responses to online transparency were far greater than the differences. The findings are discussed in relation to the biases and heuristics identified in behavioural science. In conclusion, recommendations are made to increase online transparency, which the empirical evidence of this study shows would benefit both users and platform operators.
Consumer protection is one of the core areas in which the collaborative economy is posing unprecedented challenges to national and supranational regulators. In a typical collaborative economy transaction, it is extremely difficult to correctly identify the intent and the personal characteristics of each party and, eventually, whether one of them is acting in a professional capacity. This, in turn, could undermine legal protection as well as legal certainty for all the parties involved. Chapter 4, thus, investigates whether the European Union consumer acquis is applicable in a collaborative economy triangular relation by exploring the possibilities offered by the Unfair Terms Directive, the Unfair Commercial Practice Directive, the Consumer Rights Directive and the e-Commerce Directive. These aspects will be linked to the concept of trust in an online environment to the extent that rate and review mechanisms—as self-regulatory tools directly adopted by online platforms—could be useful instruments to distinguish between a consumer and a trader/professional. In conclusion, Chap. 4 evaluates the brand-new New Deal for Consumers adopted by the European Commission to verify whether it would actually confer a more thorough form of protection in the collaborative economy.
In the 1990s, because of falling arms exports and stagnant military spending, Italian military production fell significantly. The national government failed to design or fund a conversion strategy, leaving the conversion challenge to the regions. This article reviews strikingly different initiatives in three regions—the industrial north (Lombardia), the underdeveloped south (Abruzzi), and the “third Italy” (Toscana). Each confronted unique adjustment problems, a legacy of divergent defense industry development paths. The regions brought markedly different capabilities to bear on the problem, which made conversion initiatives relatively easier to design and implement in the north and toughest in the south. Relative conversion success and failure across these regions appear to be a function of the size and specializations of firms involved, their market position, and especially the institutional context. Well-developed regional expertise, honed over the past few decades of industrial restructuring in civilian industry, and a stronger economic structure made the northern region better able to identify priorities and to develop strategies for promoting defense conversion, albeit with mixed results.
