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A substantial body of scientific evidence indicates that exposures to common chemicals and radiation, alone and in combination, are contributing to the increase in breast cancer incidence observed over the past several decades. Key recurring themes in the growing scientific literature on breast cancer and environmental risk factors are: (a) the imp...
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... Concentrated inhibitors can interrupt these malignant processes powered by pathways like the PI3K/Akt and Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma/The mitogen-activated protein kinase (RAS/RAF/MAPK). Moreover, breast cancers that are positive for HER2 usually show overactivation of these pathways, pushing cell proliferation and differentiation [24]. Furthermore, hormone-receptor-positive breast tumors are primarily influenced by the ER pathway. ...
Understanding breast cancer at a molecular level is essential for developing effective treatments due to its significant impact on women’s mortality rates globally. Targeted medicines focus on specific proteins crucial to breast cancer progression, offering a promising treatment avenue. These proteins, often overexpressed or mutated in cancer cells, are vital for cell proliferation, division, and survival. Targeted drugs aim to inhibit these proteins, halting disease progression and sparing non-cancerous cells, which reduces side effects and improves patient quality of life. Key proteins in breast cancer treatment include HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), ER (estrogen receptor), and PR (progesterone receptor). Drugs like Trastuzumab target HER2 to impede tumor growth in HER2-positive cancers, while hormone therapies targeting ER and PR improve outcomes for hormone receptor-positive cancers. Examining proteins such as EGFR, HER2/Neu, and ER reveals their roles in cancer pathways, with pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) being crucial targets for therapies, potentially revolutionizing breast cancer treatment.
... For example, exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals during fetal development can cause changes in the growth and development of the mammary gland which increases the chances of breast cancer in later life. Likewise, high exposures to external estrogen therapy or even the estrogenic stages of puberty may affect breast tissue and the risk of developing cancer during later stages of life [15,16]. Alongside individually focused risks, population-based studies have shown that socio-economic level, geographic area, and availability of healthcare services have considerable impact on the risk of developing breast cancer and its associated outcomes. ...
Purpose – This research investigates the impact of hormonal and environmental factors on breast cancer, particularly concentrating on the interconnections between estrogen metabolism, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and socio-economic lifestyle constituents. The study seeks to develop strategies to mitigate the risk of breast cancer by exploring the interplay between hormonal transitions, changes in the environment, and the risk associated with breast cancer. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study utilizes a cross-sectional quantitative research design where a literature review is coupled with primary data collection via structured questionnaires targeting healthcare workers, bioinformatics specialists, and patients. The survey measures the level of awareness among participants regarding the various themes associated with the development of breast cancer, their perceptions, and attitude towards risk factors as well as the adequacy of current preventive actions initiated towards breast cancer. The data entails complex statistical calculations designed to test the hypothesis that exists about environmental EDCs radiation and concealment of hormonal imbalances with the incidence of breast cancer. Overall Conclusions – Initial findings suggest the likelihood of a causal relationship of increased chances of contracting breast cancer to be directly linked with the length of exposure to hormonal factors like estrogen and exposure to some environmental factors like endocrine disrupting chemicals. Estimations of high incidence rates of breast cancer which are early in the onset and positive ER cases are associated with phenomena such as the onset of menarche at a younger age and retirement of menstruation later in life along with hormone replacement therapy. Alongside these factors, there is growing concern regarding breast cancer risk associated with environmental pollutants like Bisphenol A and pesticides. But the complete understanding of the degree of impact of such exposures, especially regarding the extent of their impact over time remain puzzling according to the research. Conclusion - Change in the focus regarding multi approach techniques to controlling the case of breast cancer that are hormonal driven along with environmental shifts needs to emphasize this much is clear as per the paper. The excerpts make it clear that breast cancer genetically is tied to an individual intensely, but the consideration of hormone disruption along with an imbalance of cancer-causing elements served a danger in declining the situation. These aspects call attention to the need to study the ways in which such characteristics accelerate cancer to develop stronger measures aimed at public health. It is of utmost importance for learning the combined influence of elements related to hormones and environment on the individual body so as to bring forth tailored methods for preventive actions enhancing early identification and treatments of the disease. Practical Implications - The research brings forth the need for defining clear public health policies aimed towards restraining the and exposure to EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals) and environmental pollutants. Also, the researchers emphasize the need to educate the public and healthcare providers on the dangers of hormonal therapies and environmental toxins. Careful control of the marketing and use of dangerous products containing chemicals, as well as increasing attention to lifestyle choices that lead to hormonal shifts, could significantly decrease the chances of developing breast cancer. Originality/Value - This research expands the existing studies concerning the causes of breast cancer in relation to the environment and hormones. This study's identification and assessment of critical hormonal and environmental risk factors will assist in developing efficient preventive measures while calling for a shift towards a comprehensive public health approach, which integrates clinical practice with proactive care. The results form the basis of subsequent studies on the control of hormonal and environmental variables to mitigate the incidence of breast cancer globally.
... A large number of substance groups can interact with the human steroid receptor system and either mimic the human hormones (agonists), the 17β-estradiol (E2) and the testosterone, or inhibit their activity (antagonists) [1][2][3]. It can cause substantial damage as reported for male rats [4] and development of cancer in male reproduction organs [5] and female breasts [6]. Food contact materials can be a potential source of endocrine active substances for humans [7]. ...
... The 5-μL migrate volume resulted in a better resolution of the bands 3 and 4 as compared with the applied 10-μL volume. The migrate concentrate 65 contained only one androgen antagonist zone (6). ...
... Early menarche and late menopause (prolonged exposure to estrogen) were shown to be significant risk factors for breast cancer development [21,32,65]. On the other hand, early full-term pregnancy and prolonged breastfeeding were shown to be protective factors, decreasing the risk of breast cancer development [21,66]. Both in our results and in other existing published literature, smoking was not shown to be of statistical relevance regarding an increase in breast cancer risk [19,22]. ...
Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women worldwide and one of the most curable cancers if diagnosed at an early stage. Female patients presenting solid breast lesions are greatly predisposed to breast cancer development, and as such, effective screening of high-risk patients is valuable in early-stage breast cancer detection. Objectives: The aim of our study was to identify the most relevant demographic, reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer among women with solid breast lesions living in western Romania, namely the urban region consisting of Timisoara and the rural surrounding regions. Methods: From January 2017 to December 2021, 1161 patients with solid breast lesions, as detected by sonoelastography, were divided into two groups: patients with benign lesions (1019, 87.77%) and patients with malignant nodules (142, 12.23%). The malignancy group was confirmed by a histopathological result. Variables including age, BMI, menarche, menopause, years of exposure to estrogen, number of births, breastfeeding period, use of oral combined contraceptives, smoker status, family medical history and living area (rural-urban) were recorded. Results: It was evidenced by our study that the main risk factors for malignancy were elevated age (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.05–1.08), BMI (OR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.02–1.10), living area (rural) (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.13–2.85) and family medical history (negative) (OR 3.13, 95% CI 1.43–8.29). The other proposed risk factors were not found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: Age and BMI were observed to be the most significant factors for breast cancer risk increase, followed by living in a rural area. A family history of breast cancer was shown to be inversely correlated with cancer risk increase.
... Prior research suggests that the exposure to common chemicals plays a role in the rising incidence of breast cancer [37]. Industrialization has increased the number of manufactured products used in everyday life, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers, bisphenol A, phthalates, and alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs). ...
... Industrialization has increased the number of manufactured products used in everyday life, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers, bisphenol A, phthalates, and alkylphenol polyethoxylates (APEOs). These products cause people to be environmentally exposed to hormones, and environmental hormones are a risk factor in the occurrence of cancer [37][38][39][40][41]. APEOs, for example, comprise a class of nonionic surfactants commonly used as emulsifiers, detergents, pesticides, and wetting and foaming agents in various industrial, agricultural, and household applications [42]. ...
Simple Summary
Although male breast cancer (MBC) is globally rare, its incidence significantly increased from 1990 to 2017. The aim of this study was to examine variations in the trends of MBC incidence between populations in Taiwan and the USA. Analysis of related databases from the two countries showed MBC incidence in Taiwan rapidly increased in contrast to the much slower increase in the USA during the same period. Furthermore, the results of the age-period-cohort analysis demonstrated a stronger cohort effect on the MBC incidence trend in Taiwan than in the USA. The observed cohort effect in this study is similar to that of a prior investigation on female breast cancer in Taiwan, indicating the potential influence of common environmental factors in both genders, such as a high-fat diet and xenoestrogen.
Abstract
Although male breast cancer (MBC) is globally rare, its incidence significantly increased from 1990 to 2017. The aim of this study was to examine variations in the trends of MBC incidence between populations in Taiwan and the USA from 1980 to 2019. The Taiwan Cancer Registry database and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the National Cancer Institute of the USA were used. The age-standardized incidence rate was calculated using the world standard population in 2000. The long-term trends of the age, time period, and birth cohort effect on MBC incidence rates were estimated using the SEER Age-Period-Cohort Web Tool. The results revealed that the incidence of MBC in both countries increased from 2010 to 2019 (Taiwan: average annual percentage change (AAPC) = 2.59%; USA: AAPC = 0.64%). The age and period effects on the incidence rates in both countries strengthened, but the cohort effect was only identified in Taiwan (Rate ratio: 4.03). The identified cohort effect in this study bears resemblance to that noted in a previous investigation on female breast cancer in Taiwan. This suggests the possible presence of common environmental factors influencing breast cancer incidence in both genders, such as a high fat diet and xenoestrogen.
... This data suggests that the lagoon water samples of M'Badon are not suitable for human consumption. In fact, people living around M'Badon bay use this water for many activities such as fishing, agriculture, thereby exposing themselves to dangers and risks, like a risk of cancer [31][32]. ...
Pollution of the environment by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is of great concern because of their persistence, toxicity, mutagenic and carcinogenic nature. The distribution of 8 PAHs in water and surface sediment from M'Badon Bay (Ebrie Lagoon, Côte d'Ivoire) was investigated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the mean PAH concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 2.70 µg/L in waters and from 0.37 to 25.9 µg/kg in sediments. It was found that pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene have the highest concentrations in waters (12.35 and 4.69µg/L, respectively) while only pyrene showed the highest concentrations in sediments (154.1 µg/kg). Furthermore, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene are frequently detected during the dry, wet, and flood seasons. In addition, highest PAH concentrations was detected during the wet season for both water and sediments. Diagnostic ratio revealed a petrogenic origin of PAHs contamination in M'Badon bay while sediments equivalent toxicity indicated a low toxicity of sediments for living organisms. Also, benzo[k]fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene concentrations exceeded in some cases the European Union Maximum Allowable concentrations for surface water (0.1 µg/L). The results of this study suggest that M'Badon Bay water may result in cancer risks to local communities who use it for fishing and domestic purposes.
... It also acts as an endocrine disrupter. 22 Acrylonitrile monomer is used in the production of acrylic and modacrylic resins and rubbers. Acrylics and ABS polymers are used in production of pipes, auto parts and windows. ...
... The guest uptake for the same volume of empty space (without a MOF) can be compared to the adsorption capacities of different MOFs. The adsorption capacities can be influenced by some properties of MOFs such as the pore size, unit cell volume, periodic structure, surface area, host-guest interaction, and more [4,[44][45][46]. ...
... The relevant ranges of ethanol in VOC panels that indicate various diseases[44][45][46][47] ...
Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the most challenging tasks in modelling breath analyzers because of their low concentrations (parts-per-billion (ppb) to parts-per-million (ppm)) in breath and the high humidity levels in exhaled breaths. The refractive index is one of the crucial optical properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which is changeable via the variation of gas species and concentrations that can be utilized as gas detectors. Herein, for the first time, we used Lorentz–Lorentz, Maxwell–Ga, and Bruggeman effective medium approximation (EMA) equations to compute the percentage change in the index of refraction (Δn%) of ZIF-7, ZIF-8, ZIF-90, MIL-101(Cr) and HKUST-1 upon exposure to ethanol at various partial pressures. We also determined the enhancement factors of the mentioned MOFs to assess the storage capability of MOFs and the biosensors’ selectivity through guest-host interactions, especially, at low guest concentrations.
... In animal experiments, styrene was found to cause mammary gland tumours and was categorised by the IARC as probably human carcinogenic. It also has endocrine-disrupting effects Gray et al. (2009). Premature birth, intrauterine growth retardation, preeclampsia, and stillbirth have all been associated to BPA Benachour and Aris (2009). ...
Polyethylene is found to accumulate in the environment, posing a major ecological threat. Affordable and environmentally friendly treatments are need of the hour to combat this plastic pollution. A study was made to isolate microorganisms from a sample of garden soil and evaluate their degrading potential. The plastic sample tested in this study were Low Density Polyethylene shopping carry bag. The growth of LDPE degrading strains was carried out in Mineral salt agar medium with LDPE as the sole carbon and energy source. Six strains were isolated. One of the strains namely A3 was found to show maximum growth rate. It was known that LDPE is resilient to biodegradation. Nevertheless, the present work shows the utilization of LDPE by A3 strain as carbon source and indicates that microbes are familiarizing towards hydrocarbons. The phenotypic fingerprint like Gen III biolog was used to actuate the substrate utilization of strain A3 and identified it as, Riemerella anatipestifer. Preliminary growth studies were carried out initially. The optimal conditions were found to be pH of 7.1, temperature of 37ᵒC, contact time of 72hrs, LDPE weight of 0.042g and inoculums volume of 3v/v. LDPE degradation was confirmed by the weight loss which was found to be 20.09% after an incubation of 35 days. As per our work we found that, garden soil is a good source of bacteria that can degrade LDPE. These results also signify the potential of novel strain Riemerella Sp. to degrade LDPE films. This manuscript will pave the way for future studies on biodegradation.
... It has long been observed for breast and prostate cancers in particular that extensive international geographical variations exist in their incidences [2]. Furthermore, immigrants moving from countries with lower cancer incidences to countries with higher cancer rates are soon subject to the higher risk in their new countries [33,34]. This adoption of the host-country incidence pattern is consistent with changes in factors present in each geographic region. ...
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) makes it possible to monitor in vivo response to treatment. Several studies have investigated the impact of the seasons on the incidence and detection of BC, on tumor composition, and on the prognosis of BC. However, no evidence is available on their association with immune infiltration and the response to treatment. The objective of this study was to analyze pre- and post-NAC immune infiltration as assessed by TIL levels, the response to treatment as assessed by pathological complete response (pCR) rates, and oncological outcomes as assessed by relapse-free survival (RFS) or overall survival (OS) according to the seasonality of BC diagnoses in a clinical cohort of patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Out of 1199 patients, the repartition of the season at BC diagnosis showed that 27.2% were diagnosed in fall, 25.4% in winter, 24% in spring, and 23.4% in summer. Baseline patient and tumor characteristics, including notable pre-NAC TIL levels, were not significantly different in terms of the season of BC diagnosis. Similarly, the pCR rates were not different. No association for oncological outcome was identified. Our data do not support the idea that the seasonality of diagnoses has a major impact on the natural history of BC treated with NAC.
