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Within a research project of the Federal Nature Conservation Agency, the Institute of Outdoor Sports and Environment points out new developments in outdoor activities in several German landscapes significantly used for sports activities. Therefore two different types of landscape analysis were chosen: First the monitoring of selected sports activit...
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The article presents the results of field research of the character and intensity of anthropogenic impact on the territory of natural monuments of regional significance on the example of the Vologda region. It describes the main types of anthropogenic impacts on natural monuments. Overall, the article presents and proves with examples 8 types of an...
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... The rise of nature-oriented lifestyles is contributing to this as well (Hunziker et al., 2011;Hermes et al., 2021). Against this backdrop, the number of people visiting forests has increased (Türk et al., 2004;Wilkes-Allemann et al., 2022). The demand for forest space has grown and previously unused landscapes are being used for leisure purposes (Dufft, 2019). ...
More and more people are visiting forests for recreational and leisure purposes. Against this backdrop, conflicts have become rampant mainly due to limited spaces and conflicting recreational expectations. Recreational conflicts have the tendency to diminish the satisfaction that a visitor derives from leisure activities in the forest. This is a challenge not only to forest management but also to tourism product development. The study investigates recreational conflicts in forests by conducting a nationwide online survey. Conflicts were described based on how intensively they are discussed in public, how emotionally they are treated, and based on the willingness of the respondents in finding solutions to the conflicts. In order to investigate the factors that contribute to conflict genesis, the example of conflicts between cyclists and other forest visitors was researched by an on-site survey in Freiburg (Germany). The results show that cultural factors influence conflict genesis. For example, the activity style of recreationists and their mode of experience play an important role in conflict genesis. Both are cultural factors, when following a value-based understanding of culture. However, not are recreational conflicts judged as highly emotional; instead, they seem to be an expected part of forest visits. The study concludes with recommendations for tourism product development and forest management.
... Most people today have been away from the natural environment (Hartig et al., 2014). The natural areas that allow people to be directed to various activities such as walking and climbing, which include mental, emotional, and psychomotor experiences, are called nature (Türk et al., 2004;Wilson, 2007). Individuals need to have sufficient knowledge about ecological life in harmony with nature (Bond et al., 2022;Demir & Yalçın, 2014). ...
This study aimed to determine the level of devotion of the students who take the outdoor sports training to nature. It is a quantitative study, including a total of 220 students, 130 boys, and 90 girls, who took elective and compulsory outdoor sports training at Kırıkkale University in the 2021-2022 academic year. The scale used in the research was developed by Mayer and Frantz (2004) and adapted to Turkish by Bektaş et al. (2017). While collecting the data, pre-test and post-test data regarding the students' age, gender, and anthropometric characteristics (height, body weight, body fat) were taken. Analysis results found significant differences between male and female students and the control group in both dimensions of the scale; In general, it was observed that the students who took the training the outdoor sport training had higher levels of devotion to nature. The main finding of this research is that outdoor sports training is very effective in increasing the devotion to nature. Outdoor sports training should be given to increase adults' devotion to nature.
... A case study in the German Ore mountains mentioned that mountain meadows and hedgerows, raised bogs, watercourses as well as mixed forests are especially attractive for this type of recreationist (Bastian et al., 2015). Two case studies report that recreationists of this group are especially interested in doing outdoor sports in landscapes whose characteristics allow for sport recreation (Schmitz and Aranzabal, 2007;Türk et al., 2004). Moreover, animal pasturing as well as cultural landscapes are seen as important preferences (Bastian et al., 2015;Schmitz and Aranzabal, 2007;Van Zanten et al., 2013). ...
Engagement with the natural environment and public enjoyment of access to farmland and woodland often takes the form of outdoor recreation. Numerous studies on landscape preferences of outdoor recreation have focused on individual characteristics and attitudes of recreation users. Although the importance of differences in user groups has been acknowledged, a clear distinction of archetypical user groups has not yet been made. This study presents spatial maps of landscapes’ outdoor recreation potential throughout the EU based on the different landscape preferences of five archetypical outdoor recreation user groups. The resulting maps are based on spatial indicators for landscape characteristics identified through a literature review of landscape preferences and an expert workshop regarding the relative importance of those preferences. We find overlapping patterns of outdoor recreation potential for all user groups, as a result of similar preferences for elevation, cultural heritage and presence of specific flora and fauna. Areas with high recreation potential for multiple user groups are dominated by forest or mosaic land use and often concentrated in mountainous areas, showing the areas’ multifunctional potential. The developed maps provide a synthesis of available information and data on the differential preferences and patterns for outdoor recreation in the EU. The differentiation of user groups enables stakeholders at different levels to develop sustainable landscape management strategies targeted at the demand for and supply of outdoor recreation opportunities.
... Fig. 15.2 The relationship between the area, the features of activity and the intensity of impacts (after Türk et al. 2004) ...
This book provides an overview of impacts from most types of human activity, demonstrates the value of a historical approach, and although it has a special emphasis on Hungarian research, provides examples from all over the world.
Recreation ecology, as a scientific field, has a long tradition in North America and the United Kingdom. In contrast, research conducted in the German-speaking areas of Europe (i.e. Germany, Austria and Switzerland) has, until now, gained no wide-spread attention within the international scientific community. This is primarily due to the language barrier.
An extensive search of the literature published in German prior to 1980, is the basis for a systematic review of recreation ecology. Building upon this review, this paper outlines the formation of recreation ecology as a research field in German-speaking Europe. This formation corresponds with developments in other parts of the world. The conclusion discusses the potential for the advancement of recreation ecology research in Central Europe. These include the development of specific impact parameters and the focus on characteristic European ecosystem types.
Outdoor recreation, particularly in winter, causes pressure on wildlife. While many species seem to adjust well to predictable on-trail recreation activities, unpredictable off-trail activities are considered harmful. Measures to minimise human disturbance require the identification of 'conflict-sites' where human activities are likely to interfere with the requirements of wildlife. We used winter recreation data combined with spatial modelling to predict where recreationists move from marked trails into wildlife habitats in winter and to determine the environmental factors that trigger this off-trail behaviour. We surveyed marked winter trails in the southern Black Forest, Germany, by foot or ski for tracks of people leaving the trail, with three types of recreationists distinguished: hikers, snowshoe users and cross-country skiers. Using a maximum entropy approach, the probability of leaving the trail was modelled as a function of topographic, forest structure and tourism infrastructure variables. By combining the results with previously mapped habitat information of two disturbance sensitive species, the capercaillie Tetrao urogallus and the red deer Cervus elaphus, we identified conflict sites where mitigation measures would be most effective. All models were effective in predicting the locations where people left the trails and the three types of recreationists showed a similar pattern: the presence of closed summer trails and signposts along these trails proved to be the factors most strongly affecting the probability of leaving marked trails, followed by slope, which was negatively correlated with the probability of going off-trail. People leaving directly into the forest, not using a summer trail, were most positively influenced by the successional stages 'regeneration' and 'old forest', whereas increasing canopy cover decreased the probability of leaving the trail. The models were extrapolated to all marked trails in the study area. Locations with a high probability of people leaving the trails were identified and intersected with the previously mapped key habitats of the two wildlife species, thereby showing the locations where leaving the trail would be linked with a high potential of human-wildlife conflict. By indicating what triggers people to leave the trails, and identifying the critical locations, our results contribute to the determination of adequate management measures.
