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Since the discovery of vitamin A as a fat-soluble growth factor in the early part of the century, research into carotenoids and retinoids has attracted the attention of many scientists. These two groups of compounds are still being actively studied all over the world since many gaps in knowledge exist and new frontiers are being pursued. Recent dev...
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... older designations for these isomers are given in brack ets. Both the biological activity (Table 7, Section VI. B) and physical propeJ1ies of retinol, retin aldehyde, and retinoic acid are highly dependent on their isomeric forms. ...
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... This was subsequently modified in another WHO meeting. 140 The clas sification is reproduced in Table 7. Following this, a brief description of the signs is givi~n. ...
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... Most of these publications include colored photographs of the ocular signs. With the exception of corneal scar (XS) and xerophthalmic fundus (XF), the ocular signs in Table 7 are arranged in increasing order of se verity of active vitamin A deficiency. However, this does not mean that all the earlier stages have necessarily occurred when a later stage is de tected. ...
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... earliest structural change in xerophthal mia is conjunctival xerosis (XIA in Table 7) con sisting of one or more patches of dry. nonwet table conjunctiva, with loss of transparency. ...
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... has, however, been pointed out that these latter signs are poorly reproducible, highly vari able, and nonspecific, and should not be used in isolation in making a diagnosis of XIA. 141 ),: 64 The xerosis process in X I A extends to the formation of Bitot's spots (XIB in Table 7), These are small plaques of a silvery gray hue, usually with a foamy surface, consisting of keratinized, desquamated conjunctival epithelial cells. XIB usually appears on the temporal quadrant of the conjunctival surface and may occur on one or both eyes . . ...
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... more serious, blinding effects of severe vitamin A deficiency involving the cornea consist in the early stages of xerosis, loss of transpar ency, and nonwettability, as in the conjunctiva, giving the cornea a hazy appearance (X2 in Table 7). Subsequent to X2, tt.ere is loss of continuity of the epithelium with forrnation of inflammatory "ulcer". ...
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Food-based strategies to prevent vitamin A deficiency were often overlooked in the past as governments, researchers, the donor community and health-oriented international agencies sought approaches to overcoming micronutrient malnutrition that had rapid start-up times and produced quick results. Although supplementation is necessary for groups at h...
The average dark adaptation time for newly recruited Black mineworkers is longer than that reported for Whites. While this longer dark adaptation time may result from a number of pathological conditions, its most likely cause is a deficiency of vitamin A in the diet. A study was conducted in which the vitamin A level of the blood and the dark adapt...
Citations
... Vitamin A, the first vitamin to be discovered (Tee 1992), is an essential fat-soluble vitamin throughout the human life cycle and cannot be synthesized by the body, necessitating intake through the diet (Trumbo et al. 2001). Depending on the source, vitamin A can be classified into two categories. ...
Sarcopenia, characterized by an age‐related progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, presents significant health concerns. Recommending dietary nutrition emerges as a viable strategy to counteract muscle deterioration. Vitamin A, indispensable throughout the human life cycle and unattainable through endogenous synthesis, necessitates intake via diet. However, the direct correlation between sarcopenia prevalence and vitamin A intake remains unclear. This study systematically investigated the relationship between sarcopenia prevalence and vitamin A intake, including retinol and some carotenoids, across diverse races and genders utilizing multiple statistical analyses. Mixture analysis revealed significant positive correlations between total vitamin A intake and muscle mass among American adult males (Male: OR: 1.019, 95% CI: 1.010–1.027, p < 0.001). We also observed the gender‐specific results, with retinol playing a more significant role in enhancing muscle mass for males, while certain carotenoids were found to be more influential in females. Moreover, inflammation and oxidative stress mediated the relationship between vitamin A intake and sarcopenia prevalence in both genders. There may be a gender‐ and race‐specific relationship between dietary vitamin A intake and sarcopenia. Further prospective studies are imperative to elucidate the association between vitamin A intake and sarcopenia prevalence.
... The carotenoids' prominent colors are yellow, orange, and red when the chlorophyll is absent. Therefore, despite the presence of carotenoids, young leaves are green [34,35]. ...
Indigenous southern Thai non-glutinous rice varieties Kaab Dum, Khai Mod Rin, Yar Ko, Yoom Noon, and Look Lai made under four different processing conditions, white rice, brown rice, germinated brown rice, and rice grass, were assessed for antioxidant components and in vitro antioxidative activities. According to the findings, rice’s antioxidant components and antioxidant activity were considerably impacted by both variety and processing. High levels of total extractable phenolic compounds (164–314 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg, dry weight (dw)) and carotenoid (0.92–8.65 mg/100 g, dw) were found in all rice varieties, especially in rice grass and germinated brown rice, indicating that milling to generate white rice had an adverse effect on those components. Additionally, after germination, a higher γ-oryzanol concentration (9–14 mg/100 g, dw) was found. All rice varieties had higher ascorbic acid, phenolic compound, and carotenoid contents after sprouting. Overall, Yoom Noon rice grass had the highest total extractable phenolic content (p < 0.05). The rice grass from Yoom Noon/Look Lai/Kaab Dum had the highest ascorbic acid content (p < 0.05). The total carotenoid concentration of Look Lai rice grass was the highest, and Yoom Noon’s germinated brown rice had the highest γ-oryzanol content (p < 0.05). All rice varieties’ aqueous extracts had remarkable ABTS free radical scavenging activity, with Khai Mod Rin reaching the highest maximum value of 42.56 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw. Other antioxidant mechanisms, however, were quite low. Compared to germinated brown rice, brown rice, and white rice, rice grass often tended to have stronger antioxidant activity. Yar Ko rice grass was found to have the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (3.8 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (4.6 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw) (p < 0.05). Khai Mod Rice grass had the most pronounced metal chelation activity (1.14 mmol EDTA equivalent/kg dw) (p < 0.05). The rice variety and processing conditions, therefore, influenced the antioxidant compounds and antioxidative properties of Thai indigenous rice. The results can be used as a guide to select the optimal rice variety and primary processing in order to satisfy the needs of farmers who want to produce rice as a functional ingredient and to promote the consumption of indigenous rice by health-conscious consumers.
... The study of carotenoids began in the early 19 th century, when the pigment was first isolated from paprika in 1817. Since then, pigments have been isolated from more plants, including saffron (1818), annatto (1825), carrots (1831), and autumn leaves (1837) (Karnaukhov 1990;Tee and Lee 1992;Maoka 2020). Due to intensive research on the discovery of new natural carotenoids, about 850 natural carotenoids were identified in two decades (Maoka 2020). ...
Carotenoids are natural pigments that provide many health benefits to living organisms. Although terrestrial plants are the major dietary source of carotenoids for humans, aquatic animals (especially fish and shellfish) are equally important because they are rich in certain important carotenoids lacking in fruits and vegetables. Although extensive research has focused on exploring the carotenoid content and composition in fish and shellfish, this information is poorly organized. This paper reviews the scientific evidence for the carotenoid content and composition in fish and shellfish. It makes serious attempts to summarize the relevant data published on specific research questions in order to improve the understanding of various evidence to clarify the research status of carotenoids in fish and shellfish and defining topics for future studies. From the analysis of published data, it is obvious that most fish and shellfish are rich in complex carotenoids (e.g. astaxanthin, fucoxanthin, fucoxanthinol, lutein). These carotenoids have stronger antioxidant effect, higher efficiency in removing the singlet oxygen and the peroxyl radicals, and have a variety of health benefits. Carotenoid levels in fish and shellfish depend on genotype, climatic conditions of the production area, storage and cooking methods. However, the information of the bioavailability of fish/shellfish carotenoids to human is very limited, which hinders the actual contributions to health. The findings of this study can be used as a guide to select appropriate fish and shellfish as dietary sources of carotenoids, and provide information about potential fish and shellfish species for aquaculture to produce carotenoids to meet part of the growing demand for natural carotenoids.
... The most significant consequence of serious vitamin A deficiency is xerophthalmitis, in which irreversible blindness may occur. Xerophthalmia was documented in the ancient ebers papyrus in 1400 BC [1]. The fact that vitamin A deficiency caused xerophthalmitis was observed after World War I and pathological effects of vitamin A deficiency on epithelium became known [2]. ...
Vitamin A is the first defined vitamin and is also known as an anti-inflammatory micronutrient. Although the primary biological function is the preservation of epithelial tissue integrity, vision, and growth, vitamin A also plays a role in immune system regulation. It is known that susceptibility to infections increases in developing countries due to vitamin A deficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to evaluate the role of vitamin A on the immune system in line with current studies. In this review, we focused on the immunobiological effects of vitamin A and its precursors. Vitamin A refers to retinoids and carotenoids, but both function in the body through the most active form, all trans retinoic acid. All trans retinoic acid has the highest affinity of nuclear retinoic acid receptor. Reports from in-vivo and in-vitro studies shown that the formation of retinoic acid/retinoic acid receptor complex is important in the generation of innate and adaptive immune cell response. In addition to immune cell response, vitamin A also plays an important role in mucus secretion, morphological formation and functional maturation of epithelial cells. In this way, vitamin A appears to contribute to immune development by regulating immune cell response and providing mechanistic defense. Vitamin A has received particular attention in recent years as the vitamin have been shown to have a crucial effect on the immune response. Although more randomized controlled studies are needed, data from observational human studies have shown that vitamin A is associated with infectious, inflammatory, allergic diseases, and cancers.
... Among carotenoids, β-carotene is the main Vitamin A precursor, that is essential for the normal growth, reproduction, vision, and resistance to infection [69]. Furthermore, some investigations have suggested the preventive benefits of β-carotene against lung and colorectal cancer [70][71][72]. Total carotenoids are commonly high in yellow-fleshed peaches [73], which explains the "Evmolpiya" values. ...
Peaches are one of the most preferred seasonal fruits, and a reliable source of nutrients. They possess biologically active substances that largely differ among varieties. Hence, revealing the potential of several late season peaches is of present interest. Three commonly consumed varieties ("Flat Queen"; "Evmolpiya"; "Morsiani 90") were studied in terms of nutritive and phytochemical content, as well as antioxidant activity with the use of reliable spectrophotometric and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) methods. An analysis of the soil was also made. The phy-tochemical data were subjected to principal component analysis in order to evaluate their relationship. The "Morsiani 90" variety had the highest minerals concentration (2349.03 mg/kg fw), total carbohydrates (16.21 g/100 g fw), and α-tocopherol (395.75 μg/100 g fresh weight (fw)). Similar amounts of TDF (approx. 3 g/100 g fw) were reported for all three varieties. "Flat Queen's" peel extract was the richest in monomeric anthocyanins (2279.33 μg cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3GE)/100 g fw). The "Morsiani 90" variety extracts had the highest antioxidant potential, defined by 2,2-diphe-nil-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays.
... The tomato is one of the most consumed vegetables globally and is a high dietary source of minerals (potassium, magnesium, phosphorus), fibers, carotenoids, and vitamin C [2]. Many nutraceutical compounds produced by tomato are protective against infectious [3,4] and degenerative human diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases [5] or certain cancers [6,7] and strengthen our immune system [8]. For this reason, there has been recent emphasis on breeding new tomato cultivars with high nutraceutical value. ...
... Tomato is consumed year-round and characterized only by moderate nutritional value. However, it is an essential source of carotenoids, which are protective against infection [3,4] and degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular diseases [5] or certain cancers [6,7]. Breeding has targeted tomato fruit color, which is a basic fruit quality objective, demanded by markets. ...
Tomato is one of the most consumed fruit vegetables globally and is a high dietary source of minerals, fiber, carotenoids, and vitamin C. The tomato is also well known for its nutraceutical chemical content which strengthens human immune systems and is protective against infectious and degenerative diseases. For this reason, there has been recent emphasis on breeding new tomato cultivars with nutraceutical value. Most of the modern tomato cultivars are F1 hybrids, and many of the characteristics associated with fruit quality have additive gene action; so, in theory, inbred vigor could reach hybrid vigor. A sum of 20 recombinant lines was released from the commercial single-cross hybrids Iron, Sahara, Formula, and Elpida, through a breeding process. Those recombinant lines were evaluated during spring–summer 2015 under organic farming conditions in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) experimental design with three replications. A sum of eleven qualitative characteristics of the fruit was recorded on an individual plant basis. Results from this study indicated that the simultaneous selection of individual tomato plants, both in terms of their high yield and desired fruit quality characteristics, can lead to highly productive recombinant lines with integrated quality characteristics. So, inbred vigor can reach and even surpass hybrid vigor. The response to selection for all characteristics evaluated shows additive gene action of all characteristics measured. These recombinant lines can fulfill this role as alternatives to hybrid cultivars and those that possess high nutritional values to function as functional-protective food.
... β-carotene was converted into retinol (vitamin A) in the human body with a better yield estimated at 1/6 (Favier et al., 1993;Diabagaté et al., 2019). Vitamin A was involved in growth, vision, and resistance to infection and its deficiency is a major contributor to infant and child mortality (Tee, 1992;Diabagaté et al., 2019). Saba Senegalensis jam could thus contribute to the recommended nutritional intake of carotenoids, especially in children. ...
Saba senegalensis is a plant to the family of Apocynaceae and its fruit called Saba is mainly used as food. For better valorisation, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional potential of jam and syrup derived of this fruit. The study was carried out on the fruit of Saba senegalensis harvested in the north of Côte d'Ivoire. After jam and syrup formulation, pH, dry matter, ash, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, anti-nutritionals factors and nutritional profile have been determined. The results showed that jam and syrup of Saba were acidic with respective pH of 3.11 ± 0.01 and 3.65 ± 0.05. They contented higher in carbohydrates with respective rates of 56.53 ± 0.24 % and 66.27 ± 1.08 %. Vitamin C rate in jam and syrup was respectively about 20.01 ± 0.01 mg/100 g and 18.33 ± 2.22 mg/100 g. The most important mineral was potassium which rate is 136.71 ± 4.08 mg/100 g and 241.76 ± 5.9 mg/100 g in jam and syrup respectively. They also contain phytonutrients such as polyphenols (respectively 103.18 ± 0.69 mg/100 g and 3.29 ± 0.02 mg/100 g) and antinutritional factors such as oxalates (respectively 102.01 ± 6.93 mg/100 g and 19.96 ± 0.01 mg/100 g). Nutritional profile has classified Saba Senegalensis jam and syrup to the group 4 of foods, foods that must be eaten occasionally. The transformation of Saba in jam and syrup could be a good way to valorise this fruit and also ensuring its consumption through the year.
... Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for humans and plays an important role in visual functions, reproduction, cell growth and maintenance. 1 Retinyl Palmitate (RP), the ester form of Vitamin A, is widely used in many products, including foods, drugs and cosmetics, since retinyl esters are chemically and thermally more stable than retinol. Nevertheless, retinoids have limited chemical and photochemical stability, that is strongly affected by environmental factors, including solvent, temperature and oxygen availability. ...
Exposure of retinyl palmitate (RP) to ultraviolet radiation can lead to its photo-degradation and loss of biological activity. Therefore, there is a demand to explore new approaches to protect RP in an easy, economical and efficient way. The objective of this study was to explore the role of policosanol oleogels (PCOs) in the protection of RP from photodegradation. UV-blocking action was tested by placing a layer of PCO as a barrier between a UVA (365 nm) source and 1% RP in soybean oil. Effects of structural characteristics of PCOs cooled at different rates on RP photostability were also studied. The ability of PCOs to prevent radical-mediated reactions was assessed by measuring oil oxidative stability over storage time at 40 °C. The remaining % RP was measured by HPLC during 4 days of UVA irradiation. PCO blocked energy absorption from UVA and further dampened the UVA mediated ionic photodissociation and free radical reactions due to matrix immobilization. After 4 days of UV exposure, photodegradation of RP was reduced by 64% when a PCO layer was used as a barrier. Peroxide values (PV) and p-anisidine values (p-A.V.) of soybean oil (SO) were significantly higher than those of PCOs over storage time. Cooling rate processing played a significant role in RP protection; the faster the cooling rate, the higher the RP photostability. This study demonstrated that the protective mechanism of RP in PCOs is a combined effect of physical UV-barrier action, molecular immobilization and inhibition of the free radical-mediated reaction.
... Carotenoids have conjugated reactive double bonds, which give these pigments antioxidant properties that affect free radicals [7]. Carotenoids according to their chemical structure are classififed in two groups Carotenes which contains no oxygen atom, contains carbon and hydrogen atoms (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, etc.) and Xanthophylls; carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin etc.) which have at least one oxygen atom in the structure and may contain hydroxyl and ketone groups. ...
FACTORS AFFECTING CAROTENOID AMOUNT IN CARROTS (Daucus Carota)
ABSRACT
In this study investigated the factors affecting the changes in carotenoid levels in carrots which are rich in vitamins, minerals, pulp, antioxidants and carotoneids. Nowadays, increasing interest in healthy nutrition, determining the positive effects of vegetables on human health are increasing the importance of carrot plant which contains plenty of antioxidant substances like carotenoids, β-carotene and vitamin A. Carrot contains carotenoids such as α-, β-, γ-, ζ- carotene, lutein, β-zeacharotene and lycopene, and 60-80% of them are β-carotene. Carrot is the first carotene isolated vegetable and one of the most important sources of vitamin A.
Keywords: Daucus carota L, Carotenoids, Beta carotene,
Vitamin A, β-zeacharotene and Lycopene
... They have antioxidant (Misawa et al., 1995) and anticancer activities (Temple and Basu). In addition, carotenes have been used as food colorant, light energy absorber, oxygen transporter, provitamin A producer, and in-vitro antibody production enhancer (Krinsky, Mathews-Roch and Bauernfeind, 1979, Palozza et al., 1979, Tomita, 1983, Tee, 1992. ...
Two orange pigments have been produced by two different bacterial strains. They have been
isolated from soil of West Bengal, India. Upon 16s rRNA analysis, one strain named as PNSMO has
been identified as Pseudomonas geniculata deposited at NCBI with GenBank accession number,
KU726551. Another one named as PNSLO has been identified as Deinococcus soli with GenBank
accession number, KU726552. Optimum temperature and pH have been adjusted for maximum
pigment production. Moreover, pigment productions by the two bacteria have also been increased by
using Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) as the catalytic agent. The two orange pigments have been
extracted from two different bacteria by methanol extraction procedure. Those pigments have been
identified as Carotene, when passed them through HPLC and UV-Vis spectrometer. The Rf values
of those pigments have been found to be around 0.88. It is probable that the carotene pigments,
produced by those two bacterial strains, have been reported for the first time by us. In the present
investigation, an attempt has been made to find the characteristics of the two orange pigments
produced by the different bacterial strains isolated from soil. The results have been tabulated, shown
graphically, and discussed.
