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Vector and Raster Data Models (adapted from Bolstad 2002). 

Vector and Raster Data Models (adapted from Bolstad 2002). 

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Spatial decision making problems are multi-facetted challenges. Not only they often involve numerous technical requirements, but may also contain economical, social, environmental and political dimensions that may have conflicting values. Solutions for these problems involve highly complex spatial data analysis processes and frequently require adva...

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... issue of perspective is recursive, because the interoperable entities themselves may be an integration of other constituents. Thus, the relationship of the observer to the constituent makes a difference as to whether the appropriate term is integration or interoperability (Brownsword et al 2004). We shall not make any further distinction between these terms in the remainder of this study. ...
Context 2
... a particular application area has been chosen, the next task is to select those features which are relevant to the application and to capture information about their locations and characteristics. In order to bring the real world into GIS, one has to make use of simplified models of the real world. A geographic data model is a set of constructs for describing and representing selected aspects of the real world in a computer. There are two basic data models used in GIS; these models are (Zeiler 1999; Davis 2001; Bolstad 2002; Bernhardsen 2002; Longley et al. 2005): Vector Data Model: The basis of the vector model is the assumption that the real world can be divided into clearly defined elements (features) each element consists of an identifiable object with its own geometry of points, lines, or areas. Vector data represents the shapes of features precisely and compactly as an ordered set of coordinates with associated attributes. Points (e.g., wells) are recorded as single coordinate pairs, lines (e.g., roads) as a series of ordered coordinate pairs, and polygons (e.g., census tracts) as one or more line segments that close to form a polygon area. Vector models are particularly useful for representing and storing discrete features such as buildings, pipes, or parcel boundaries. Raster Data Model: In a raster model, the world is represented as a surface that is divided into a regular grid of cells. The x, y coordinate of at least one corner of the raster are known, so it can be located in geographic space. Raster models are useful for storing and analyzing data that is continuous across an area. Each cell contains a value that can represent membership in a class or a category, a measurement, or an interpreted value. Raster data includes images and grids. Images, such as an aerial photograph, a satellite image, or a scanned map, are often used for generating GIS data. Grids represent derived data and are often used for analysis and modeling. They can be created form sample points or by converting vector data. The smaller the cell size for the raster layer, the higher the resolution and the more detailed the map. Both vector and raster data models are shown in figure 2. Any geographic information system should be capable of six fundamental operations in order to be useful for finding solutions to real-world problems. A GIS should be able to capture, store, query, analyze, display, and output data (Zeiler 1999, Bolstad ...

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