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The Philippines is exploring different alternative sources of energy to make the country less dependent on imported fossil fuels and to reduce significantly the country's CO2 emissions. Given the abundance of renewable energy potential in the country, green hydrogen from renewables is a promising fuel because it can be utilized as an energy carrier...
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Context 1
... continuous growth in economic activities has resulted in a consistently rising demand for energy. According to the Philippine DOE, the country's total power generation in 2019 is 106 TWh dominated by fossil fuels with 55% from coal, 3% oil, and 21% natural gas (see Fig. 1) [56]. The Philippines, albeit has vast reserves of fossil fuels, is still heavily dependent on imported coal (85%) and oil (49%) ...
Context 2
... are another source of energy that is expanding both in terms of the number of investment projects and geographical spread across the country. They accounted for 21% of the country's total energy mix, which includes hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass (see Fig. 1) [56]. Given its geographic advantage in the Pacific, the country has a huge potential for RE generation with 170 GW from the ocean, 76.6 GW wind, 10 GW hydropower, 4 GW geothermal, 1528 MW solar, and 500 MW biomass [57,58]. The government aims to tap these potential and increase the RE capacity to 60% in 2030 by developing localized ...
Context 3
... continuous growth in economic activities has resulted in a consistently rising demand for energy. According to the Philippine DOE, the country's total power generation in 2019 is 106 TWh dominated by fossil fuels with 55% from coal, 3% oil, and 21% natural gas (see Fig. 1) [56]. The Philippines, albeit has vast reserves of fossil fuels, is still heavily dependent on imported coal (85%) and oil (49%) ...
Context 4
... are another source of energy that is expanding both in terms of the number of investment projects and geographical spread across the country. They accounted for 21% of the country's total energy mix, which includes hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass (see Fig. 1) [56]. Given its geographic advantage in the Pacific, the country has a huge potential for RE generation with 170 GW from the ocean, 76.6 GW wind, 10 GW hydropower, 4 GW geothermal, 1528 MW solar, and 500 MW biomass [57,58]. The government aims to tap these potential and increase the RE capacity to 60% in 2030 by developing localized ...
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The usage of fossil fuel dominates the global energy landscape, leading to drastic environmental consequences such as climate change. In this context, the shift towards green hydrogen production is becoming a pressing need. This transition from carbon-based fuels to renewable energy is crucial to mitigate environmental challenges. Hydrogen, an ener...
Background
To limit climate change and reduce further harmful environmental impacts, the reduction and substitution of fossil energy carriers will be the main challenges of the next few decades. During the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), the participants agreed on the beginning of the end of the fossil fuel era. Hydrogen, when pro...
Fossil fuel consumption and pollution from unburned hydrocarbons are today's most pressing global problems. One of the trend solutions is to use green hydrogen to store the energy. In the last decade, we have adopted many alternative renewable sources. However, these sources had high uncertainty due to their dependency on the weather conditions. So...
Green hydrogen is currently considered a key element for delivering free-carbon energy. This paper provides an extensive assessment of the potential of green hydrogen technology as a pathway to the low-carbon economy while highlighting the major technical challenges to its implementation. A detailed overview of green hydrogen production, storage te...
The European Commission's new definition of green hydrogen provides clear guidelines and legal certainty for producers and consumers. However, the strict criteria for electrolysis production, requiring additionality, temporal correlation, and geographical correlation, could increase hydrogen costs, affecting its competitiveness as an energy carrier...
Citations
... With a significantly reduced carbon footprint compared to traditional technologies, hydrogen FC applications mitigate the adverse effects of climate change (Tellez-Cruz et al., 2021a). Hydrogen, a clean energy carrier abundant in the universe, has transitioned from its traditional industrial role to become a versatile player in transportation, power generation, and various applications, driven by its high efficiency and low emissions (Agaton, 2022). The rapid development of hydrogen technology and the integration of FCs into national strategies worldwide promise a global commitment to a sustainable energy future . ...
... • To develop new catalysts and materials using non-precious metals, metal oxides, and composites that can reduce energy consumption and increase yield (Ramani, 2020). • To explore new pathways and processes that can produce hydrogen from renewable sources at low cost and high efficiency (Agaton, 2022). For example, using solar, wind, and geothermal energy to power the electrolysis process or using microorganisms and algae to produce hydrogen from organic matter. ...
... The continuing decline and deterioration of forests become more widely acknowledged as a global phenomenon (Taylor et al., 2021;FAO, 2022). Nestled in the Western Pacific, the Philippines, an archipelagic country comprising around 7,641 islands (Agaton et al., 2022), is no exception. In 1900, over 70% of the Philippines' total land area of 30 M ha was covered with forests (ESSC, 1999), as mentioned in Aquino et al., 2014). ...
Effective forest management results from the collaborative efforts of the local government units (LGUs), community members, academia, and policy implementers. The devolution of certain forest management functions from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to LGUs, as mandated by the Republic Act No. 7160 (the Local Government Code of 1991), aims to achieve a more grassroots approach to managing and maintaining ecological balance. This study identified relevant policies, assessed their implementation using the case of devolved forest management in Mauban, Qvuezon Province, Philippines, and provided recommendations for improving devolved forest management functions. Data collection methods included key informant interviews, surveys, and desk research. Key policies supporting devolution included DAO No. 92-30, DENR-DILG Joint Memorandum Circular (JMC) No. 1998-01, and DENR-DILG JMC No. 2003-01. These policies provided the legal and technical foundations for effective implementation. Survey results indicated that respondents benefited economically, socially, environmentally, technically, and through capacity-building activities. However, challenges such as lack of technical and financial assistance were also noted. Implementation strategies varied among five barangays in Mauban, considering existing tenurial arrangements within their jurisdiction. The study recommends the following: 1) reviewing and updating the policies on devolved forest management functions, 2) allocating a budget to perform devolved functions effectively, 3) amending paragraphs A and B of Sections 443, 454, and 463 of RA 7160, and 4) monitor and evaluate the devolved management functions, among others.
... Regarding the existing infrastructure routes of seaports, roads, and railways, AHP mapped six possible landing regions, specifically Morocco, Egypt, South Africa, Ethiopia-Djibouti, Nigeria-Ghana, and Tanzania-Rwanda-Kenya for a green H 2 economy [36], as illustrated in Figure 4a,b. Not all countries have access to renewable sources, which might limit their dependence on these renewable sources [37]. North African regions' high renewable energy potential means a high potential for green H 2 production. ...
The global need for energy has risen sharply recently. A global shift to clean energy is urgently needed to avoid catastrophic climate impacts. Hydrogen (H2) has emerged as a potential alternative energy source with near-net-zero emissions. In the African continent, for sustainable access to clean energy and the transition away from fossil fuels, this paper presents a new approach through which waste energy can produce green hydrogen from biomass. Bio-based hydrogen employing organic waste and biomass is recommended using biological (anaerobic digestion and fermentation) processes for scalable, cheaper, and low-carbon hydrogen. By reviewing all methods for producing green hydrogen, dark fermentation can be applied in developed and developing countries without putting pressure on natural resources such as freshwater and rare metals, the primary feedstocks used in producing green hydrogen by electrolysis. It can be expanded to produce medium- and long-term green hydrogen without relying heavily on energy sources or building expensive infrastructure. Implementing the dark fermentation process can support poor communities in producing green hydrogen as an energy source regardless of political and tribal conflicts, unlike other methods that require political stability. In addition, this approach does not require the approval of new legislation. Such processes can ensure the minimization of waste and greenhouse gases. To achieve cost reduction in hydrogen production by 2030, governments should develop a strategy to expand the use of dark fermentation reactors and utilize hot water from various industrial processes (waste energy recovery from hot wastewater).
... As a result, the present methods of producing hydrogen are burdened with high costs, severe process conditions, and a dependence on fossil fuels. It is necessary to investigate alternate techniques that use sources of clean energy, such as wind power, sunlight, and Fig. 1 The electron-hole recombination of photocatalytic efficiency in the SiC hydropower to create hydrogen [29,30]. Solar energy is thought to be a more promising source among these sustainable energies because it depends less on position than hydropower energy and wind. ...
Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing trend toward researching novel photocatalysts for water splitting and protecting the environment from pollution using sunlight. One approach promising for converting solar energy into sustainable hydrogen fuel is solar water splitting using silicon carbide photocatalyst. SiC nanostructures have garnered much attention from researchers due to their unique chemical and physical characteristics for solar-water-splitting applications. Water splitting with the use of solar energy is a clean, environmentally beneficial method that can help overcome the energy issue and make a big contribution to environmental preservation. The development, difficulties, and prospects of employing SiC for water-splitting-based hydrogen production are covered and summarized in this paper. Moreover, self-oxidation, photocorrosion, and electron–hole recombination have all been used to analyze SiC’s photocatalytic performance.
... 8,9 Biomass methodologies integrate biological procedures, such as biological water−gas shift (BWGS) reaction, dark fermentation (DF), and photofermentation (PF), while thermochemical processes encompass gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction. The water-splitting category includes techniques such as electrolysis, thermolysis and photolysis. 2 Several studies in Brazil, 10 Spain, 11 Africa, 12 the Philippines, 13 and South Korea 14 have already assessed the prospects for using low-carbon H 2 as a key element in decarbonization. Like all emerging energy sources, there are challenges related to transportation, production cost, infrastructure development, and the skilled labor force for large-scale hydrogen production. ...
Scientists worldwide have been inspecting hydrogen production routes and showing the importance of developing new functional materials in this domain. Numerous research articles have been published in the past few years, which require records and analysis for a comprehensive bibliometric and bibliographic review of low-carbon hydrogen production. Hence, a data set of 297 publications was selected after filtering journal papers published since 2010. The search keywords in the Scopus Database were “green hydrogen” and “low carbon hydrogen production and materials”. The data were analyzed using the R Bibliometrix package. This analysis made it possible to determine the total annual publication rate and to segregate it by country, author, journal, and research institution. With a general upward trend in the total number of publications, China was identified as the leading country in research on the subject, followed by Germany and Korea. Keyword analysis and the chronological evolution of several important publications related to the topic showed the focus was on water splitting for low-carbon H2 production. Finally, this review provides future directions for technologies and functional materials for low-carbon hydrogen production.
... 6 Despite the decline in the cost of both, green hydrogen remains uncompetitive compared to hydrogen produced with natural gas or methane (Lee and Saygin, 2023). Similarly, challenges arise in the storage, transportation, and application of green hydrogen as well due to technological limitations, lack of safety and regulation standards, cost, and promoting hydrogen (Agaton et al., 2022;Fokeer et al., 2023). 7 ...
... Expanding industrial use requires adaptions in the production units, processes, and technology (IRENA, 2020a). Socially, promoting hydrogen acceptance is challenging, and uncertainties in policy, regulations, standards, and certifications persist (Agaton et al., 2022;Fokeer et al., 2023). Despite the technical feasibility of various applications, actual adoption depends on further developments and cost considerations compared to alternatives. ...
Green hydrogen is widely recognized as a promising solution for reconciling economic growth with environmental sustainability. It holds significant potential for decarbonizing hard-to-abate sectors, such as steel and chemicals, and for fostering industrial development, job creation, and technological learning. However, the pathways through which emerging economies can effectively seize these opportunities remain underexplored. This paper addresses this gap by analyzing the green hydrogen strategies of Brazil, Chile, China, and South Africa. Drawing on extensive data, including stakeholder interviews, governmental documents, and academic sources, it uncovers marked contrasts in how these countries approach this window of opportunity. While Chile and South Africa prioritize green hydrogen, and Chile adopts an export-oriented agenda, Brazil and China adopt more technology-agnostic approaches that emphasize domestic markets. These variations reflect differences in natural resource endowments, energy infrastructure, and market dynamics. The analysis reveals that industrial policies across these countries focus predominantly on supply-side measures, with demand-side incentives lagging behind. Moreover, private sector responses often diverge from national strategies, illustrating the challenges of aligning policies with market realities. The findings emphasize the need for tailored, context-sensitive approaches to green hydrogen development, challenging the notion of a universal blueprint. For policymakers in the Global South, this study offers critical insights for leveraging green hydrogen for industrial transformation.
... Vietnam's integrated approach, which combines wind power with solar photovoltaic could serve as a model for Indonesia, especially in several regions, such as Sulawesi and Maluku, that have comparable geographic and climatic conditions. In addition, the Philippines, with its archipelagic geography similar to that of Indonesia, is focused on maximizing its ocean energy potential, including tidal and wave energy, which accounts for an estimated 10% of the total renewable energy capacity of the country (Agaton et al., 2022). This approach has enabled the Philippines to maintain competitive hydrogen production costs, illustrating that Indonesia could benefit from further exploring these under-utilized energy resources. ...
This study examines the feasibility and prospects of integrating marine renewable energy (MRE) with green hydrogen production in Indonesia. As global energy demand increases and the environmental impacts of fossil fuels become more pronounced, the search for sustainable alternatives intensifies. Indonesia, with its extensive maritime resources, presents a unique opportunity to harness tidal wave and offshore wind energy for green hydrogen production from seawater. This research explores various electrolysis methods, particularly those that eliminate the need for desalination, thereby enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. The findings indicate that advanced electrolysis techniques can significantly lower energy and production costs while maintaining environmental sustainability by avoiding harmful chemicals and ensuring minimal ecological footprints. Moreover, the utilization of Indonesia’s extensive marine resources can foster energy independence, boost economic growth, and lower carbon emissions, which highlights the need for ongoing research and optimization to improve the economic and environmental feasibility of these technologies. This review article provides an in-depth analysis of the potential for MRE and green hydrogen production in Indonesia, outlining a viable path toward sustainable energy development.
... Modu et al. (2023) and Herdem et al. (2023) are the only review papers to study optimization software and sustainability, although these are significant issues, especially in the field of energy (Perna et al., 2023). Finally, although Agaton et al. (2022), Amin et al. (2022), Capurso et al. (2022), Razi and Dincer (2022), and Spezakis and Xydis (2022) review papers related to a specific region, none focus on NL. This paper, therefore, aims to address all aforementioned gaps. ...
Growing concerns over climate change and reliance on fossil fuels bring further attention towards sustainable energy sources. This has been amplified by the recent Russia-Ukraine war. Hydrogen from renewable sources is a promising response to the existing concerns. Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) is an encouraging location for producing hydrogen due to its natural resources. Furthermore, its geopolitical situation positions NL to be superbly situated to help alleviate the current energy crisis in Europe. To have sustainable hydrogen production and supply from NL it is essential to utilize the available resources. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews all scientific papers on NL hydrogen production, storage, and distribution. The papers are reviewed from hydrogen sources, production methods and technologies, storage methods, transportation, transmission, optimization, and sustainability perspectives across NL. Finally, some insights for academics, government, and industry sectors are provided based on our results.
... In the power-to-power application scheme, currently, the overall round-trip efficiency falls within the range of 30-40%, with utilization limited to off-grid conditions only. Of course, this efficiency is affected by the losses of several factors, including electrolyzer efficiency, conversion process, transportation, and afuel cell or combustion efficiency, among others [60,61]. ...
Indonesia targets a clean energy mix of 31% by 2050 and net zero emissions by 2060. Green hydrogen is seen as a key strategy. This study examines the current state, challenges, and future potential of green hydrogen development in Indonesia. Despite high potential, technical, economic, social, and regulatory hurdles exist. The government is initiating pilot projects, regulations, and collaborations to accelerate the transition to a green hydrogen economy. This study aims to inform and recommend strategies for optimizing this development.
... Hydrogen is a gas with a high calorific value that can be obtained from various raw materials and used in different energy and non-energy applications. The growing interest in this fuel throughout the world is due to its use as a form of energy that contributes to the reduction in greenhouse gases when produced from renewable energy sources [44]. ...
... Decarbonization goals set out in the Paris Agreement and strengthened at COP26 underscore the need for technological options to reduce emissions in fossil fuel-dependent sectors of the economy, such as transportation and energy-intensive industries. Additional drivers have also emerged, such as the Net Zero Bank Alliance (NZBA) led by the United Nations (UN), which establishes guidelines for the availability of credits based on the commitment of investors to resolving the climate issue and the carbon emissions of each project funded [44]. ...
For centuries, fossil fuels have been the primary energy source, but their unchecked use has led to significant environmental and economic challenges that now shape the global energy landscape. The combustion of these fuels releases greenhouse gases, which are critical contributors to the acceleration of climate change, resulting in severe consequences for both the environment and human health. Therefore, this article examines the potential of hydrogen as a sustainable alternative energy source capable of mitigating these climate impacts. It explores the properties of hydrogen, with particular emphasis on its application in industrial burners and furnaces, underscoring its clean combustion and high energy density in comparison to fossil fuels, and also examines hydrogen production through thermochemical and electrochemical methods, covering green, gray, blue, and turquoise pathways. It discusses storage and transportation challenges, highlighting methods like compression, liquefaction, chemical carriers (e.g., ammonia), and transport via pipelines and vehicles. Hydrogen combustion mechanisms and optimized burner and furnace designs are explored, along with the environmental benefits of lower emissions, contrasted with economic concerns like production and infrastructure costs. Additionally, industrial and energy applications, safety concerns, and the challenges of large-scale adoption are addressed, presenting hydrogen as a promising yet complex alternative to fossil fuels.
