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1 distribution of settlements within Poieneşti -Lukaševka culture; 2: Poieneşti -Lukaševka distribution -type settlements and Getic fortifications in the lower Raut. Numbering site on map 1,2: 9 -Brănești II; 36 -Măşcăuţi; 41 -Orheiul VechiEast Side; 44 -Pohărniceni -Petruha; 46 -Trebujeni -Potârca; 58 -Brănești -West Side; 59 -Ivancea II; 60 -Ivancea -Near the Forest; 61 -Ivancea IV; 62 -Mășcăuți -East Side; 63 -Orheiul Vechi -East Side; 64 -Trebujeni -Fântâna Joaiei; 65 -ButuceniVest Side; 66 -Butuceni; 67 -Butuceni -East Side; 68 -Mășcăuți -Poiana Ciucului.
Source publication
The subject of the present study aims at one of the aspects that characterize populations at the end of the 1 st millennium BC. It is already a certitude that the last centuries of the pre-Christian Era were characterized by a large mobility of populations, fact that determined the resemblances between a number of cultures of the III-rd Century BC....
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... site is situated in the area with the biggest concentration of Poienești-Lukaševka sites on the left side of the Prut River. It is the area of the lower valley of the Raut River ( Fig. 1.2), the same area where are situated the homonym sites from Lukaševka. Only in the Oreheiul Vechi area, there are at least 10 sites clearly attested ( Fig. ...
Context 2
... site is situated in the area with the biggest concentration of Poienești-Lukaševka sites on the left side of the Prut River. It is the area of the lower valley of the Raut River ( Fig. 1.2), the same area where are situated the homonym sites from Lukaševka. Only in the Oreheiul Vechi area, there are at least 10 sites clearly attested ( Fig. ...
Context 3
... Vechi, as such, is one of the most unusual sites in the Pruto-Dniestrian space. It is a true natural, landscape and archaeological reserve. It is situated down the Raut River ( Fig. 1.2), at around 18 km from Rauts flow into the Dniester. It is situated very strategically, but is also very picturesque ( Fig. ...
Context 4
... Vechi, as such, is one of the most unusual sites in the Pruto-Dniestrian space. It is a true natural, landscape and archaeological reserve. It is situated down the Raut River ( Fig. 1.2), at around 18 km from Rauts flow into the Dniester. It is situated very strategically, but is also very picturesque ( Fig. ...
Context 5
... proximity of the current town Orhei and are mainly generated by the very specific meandering of the Raut River between the calcareous rocks, that has shaped promontories with high and steep borders of a very particular beauty. The landscape becomes truly spectaculous nearby Raut's meandering borders between the Butuceni and Trebujeni villages ( Fig. 2.1-2). In this area, the water flow shaped two promontories with entirely particular landscape enclosed between the Raut's rocky and steep borders of over 90 m height. The territory is almost isolated. The communication with the outside world is possible only from its western side for the "Peştere" promontory, via a narrow saddle in the ...
Context 6
... GR I.2.A pots with short body, poorly shaped body profile, with all parts well defined: rim, neck, shoulder and body (average size of the pot mouth is about 16-20 cm ( Fig. ...
Context 7
... GR I.3.A In this variant are included vessels with well shaped body profile and all the component parts well defined: rim, neck, shoulder and body. The rim of the vessels is well pronounced, splayed and the edge is regularly cut towards the outside or rounded (Fig. ...
Context 8
... GR I.3.B.a Vessels with well shaped body profile, without neck and with vertical rim, rather high and straight cut edge (Fig. ...
Context 9
... GR I.3.B.b Pots with well shaped body profile, without neck and with vertical rim, rather short, cut obliquely ( Fig. ...
Context 10
... GR I.3.C.a: pots with well shaped body profile, almost globular, without neck, with slightly thickened splayed rim ( Fig. ...
Context 11
... GR II.1 In this type were included vessels with well shaped body profile, with all component parts well defined: rim, neck, shoulder and body. The rim of the vessels is well pronounced, rather not high, splayed, with the edge regularly cut on the outside or rounded. A copy of this type was decorated with sockets both on the body and on the rim (Fig. ...
Context 12
... GR III.1 The vessels from this type are frustoconical in shape, open in type (the maximum diameter is at the aperture), the walls of which have an oblique line located at an angle of about 50-60 degrees relative to the line of the mouth. The rim of this plate type has straight edges, slightly narrowed or cut on the inside (Fig. ...
Context 14
... GR III.2.B Frustoconical shaped vessels with not very high rim, placed in a vertical position (Fig. 8.12) Analogies in the environment of Poieneşti--Lukaševka culture were discovered in multiples settlements, such as those from Borniș 35 , Botoșa-na 36 , Lozna Hlibicioc 37 , etc. Moreover, such forms of plates are neither foreign to the environment of the GC 38 , nor to the Northern Central Europe's Jastorf culture in Brandenburg region 39 ...
Context 15
... GR IV.1.A.a represents mugs with poorly shaped body profile with practically no neck and high splayed rim ( Fig. ...
Context 16
... GR IV.1.A.b represents mugs with poorly shaped body profile with practically no neck and the rim placed vertically ( Fig. ...
Context 17
... GR IV.1.B.a represents mugs with poorly shaped body profile, practically without neck, with small splayed rim ( Fig. ...
Context 18
... 1992, Fig. 9.1. 40 , Cucorăni 41 etc. Similar vessels were uncovered in the North of Central Europe, in Jastorf culture Niedersachsen 42 ...
Context 19
... GR IV.2 is represented by vessels with short body, poorly shaped body profile, with all compounding parts well outlined: rim, neck, shoulder and body ( Fig. 9.13-14). Analogies for this type were found within Poieneşti-Lukaševka culture only at the necropolis from Borosești 43 ...
Context 20
... GR IV.3 includes mugs with almost straight body, which have a small curvature that narrows the vessels in its upper part, with inward rim and the maximum diameter of which is fixed in the body (Fig. 9.15). Analogies for this type of mugs were found in the environment of Poieneş-ti-Lukaševka culture only, in settlements such as those from Botoșana 44 and Lozna Hlibicioc 45 ...
Context 21
... this category are included frustoconical shaped cups, open in type (maximum diameter is located at the aperture). The walls follow an oblique line placed at an angle of around 50-60 degrees relative to the mouth line. The rim is rounded or cut slant inside. The diameter of the mouth varies between 14 and 20 cm ( Fig. 10.1-4). There are kwon analogies within Poieneşti-Lukaševka culture only by the example discovered at Botoșana 46 ...
Context 22
... one specimen has been discovered by now. It is an hourglass shaped vessel whose lower part consists of a support with a concave bottom and the upper part is shaped like a cup with a wide mouth. The height of the goblet is 12 cm (Fig. 10.5). The foot diameter is 6,5 cm, and the mouth diameter is close to 12 cm ( Fig.) ...
Context 23
... one such vessel was discovered so far. It is a frustoconical shaped vessel, closed in type, with a maximum diameter in the upper part of the body. The saltcellar has inward rounded rim with the diameter of 6,3 cm and the height of around 3 cm (Fig. ...
Context 24
... vessels included in this type are flatbread shaped with a diameter varying from 16 cm to 24 cm, and the thickness from 1 cm and 2,5 cm. The edges are usually rounded, the horizontal surface is flat. Burning is uneven and incomplete. Some copies have traces of secondary burning (Fig. 5.12-5). In the category of coarse vessels, type GR VIII have been in circulation outside of Poieneşti-Lukaševka culture (Botosana 53 , Tîrpești 54 ), in the Getae environment 55 and in the North of Europe (Jastorf Brandenburg 56 ...
Context 25
... one such piece was discovered so far. It is a truncated cone shaped vessel, closed in type, the maximum diameter being in the upper part of the vessel body. It has high splayed rim, straight cut. Mouth diameter is 22 cm, height -around 2,4 cm ( Fig. 10.8 ples found in the settlements from Botoșana 57 and Dolheștii Mari 58 ...
Context 26
... one such piece was discovered so far. Pot lid with a bowl shape with handle. Diameter is 12 cm and height is 7 cm (Fig. 10. 7). We have not found analogies for such ...
Context 27
... GR(B) I.1 includes vessels with straight or almost straight body, with a medium-sized mouth diameter of around 16-18 cm (Fig. ...
Context 28
... GR I.2.A represents vessels with poorly shaped body profile, small proportions (medium size of around 16-20 cm on the aperture), with all parts clearly modeled: rim, neck, shoulders and body ( Fig. ...
Context 29
... GR I.2.B pots with poorly shaped body profile, without neck, not very big rim which could be placed either on the vertical (with rounded edge an cut straight) or splayed (Fig. ...
Context 31
... F I.1 represents vessels with straight or almost straight body. The rim is not too big, bold and faceted (Fig. 11.1). Analogies for such vessels have been reported in the environment of Poieneş-ti-Lukaševka culture, such as the examples discovered at the settlements of Borniș 59 , Botoșana 60 , Dolheștii Mari 61 , and in Northern Central Europe, in Przeworsk culture 62 63 . According to the typology developed by M. Babeş, these pots were included in ...
Context 32
... F I.2.A.a includes vessels that have a beginning of a neck, short shoulder, the rim is thick and slightly splayed or almost vertical, with three facets ( Fig. ...
Context 33
... F I.2.A.b contains vessels with practically no neck, with non-bold rim, very little splayed or almost vertical, with one or two facets (Fig. ...
Context 34
... F I.2.B.a includes vessels with rather high rim, slightly thick and slightly splayed, usually faceted (Fig. ...
Context 35
... F I.2.B.b consists of vessels with high rim, strongly splayed, forming something similar to a threshold when transiting to the body. The rim of these vessels can be both faceted and non-faceted (Fig. ...
Context 36
... F I.2.B.c includes vessels with rather high rim, bold and very little splayed/almost vertical, with facets ( Fig. ...
Context 37
... F II.1 These are vessels that have a well delimited transition from body to the upper part, with a beginning of neck and presence of shoulder and frustoconical in shape lower part. The rim is usually thick and faceted (Fig. ...
Context 39
... 1987, Fig. 20 Variant F II.2.A. With slightly thickened rim, rather high and faceted (Fig. ...
Context 40
... F II.2.B. With thin rim, sharp to the edge, beveled inwards, with both faceted and non-faceted examples (Fig. ...
Context 41
... F II.2.C. With short rim, slightly splayed, relatively proportional and cut straight (Fig. ...
Context 42
... 1994, Fig. 4 Sub-variant F III.1.A.a is represented by plates with splayed rim which form an obtuse angle relative to the body, with short, faceted and thickened rim. The mouth diameter varies between 26 and 36 cm, but there are also some examples with a smaller diameter (Fig. ...
Context 43
... F III.1.A.b represents plates with splayed rim which forms an obtuse angle relative to the vessel body, with high, faceted and thin rim (Fig. ...
Context 44
... F III.1.B consists of vessels with well shaped body profile, which have a visible delimiting threshold in the neck area and short shoulder (Fig. ...
Context 45
... F III.2 includes plates whose body approach a frustoconical shape, with strong splayed rim, almost vertical in relation to the vessel body, which is totally devoid of shoulder ( Fig. 12.10-11). However there are examples with faceted and non-faceted rim. Such vessels are included in type II A2 in the typology developed by M. Babeș ( Babeș 1993, ...
Context 47
... F III.3.A includes plates that are wavy in side elevation, practically without neck, with splayed rim which thins towards the edge and is faceted ( fig. 13.3). In the typology developed by M. Babeș such plates form type ...
Context 48
... F III.3.B has a well shaped body profile, with threshold in the neck area and very short shoulder (Fig. 13.4). The rim is splayed and thin towards the edge, with both examples of faceted and non-faceted rim. Such vessels are classified as type D in the typology of M. ...
Context 49
... F III.4 In this type are included vessels that have a frustoconical shape, open in type, with the maximum diameter at the aperture. The walls follow an oblique line, forming an angle of 50-60 degrees relative to the mouth line. The edges are rounded and slightly narrowed ( Fig. ...
Context 50
... F III.5 These are closed type vessels, frustoconical in shape with the wall curvature going inward narrowing the mouth diameter, which is smaller than the maximum diameter of the vessel (Fig. ...
Context 52
... F IV.1 Vessels with short body, rather curved, without neck, with splayed and faceted rim (Fig. ...
Context 53
... F IV.2 These mugs are more slender, with almost straight body, small rim, slightly splayed or straight (Fig. ...
Citations
... l. 2017, 32-74). The results obtained seem to be quite interesting and forward-looking. For this reason, ceramics of the two cultures of two neighboring settlements -Orheiul Vechi, Orhei District, Republic of Moldova (PL culture: Munteanu and Iarmulschi 2017;Postică and Munteanu 1999) and Butuceni, Orhei District, Republic of Moldva (Getic culture : Munteanu et. al. 2014;Munteanu et al. 2015;Munteanu 2015;) -were examined for these parameters (Fig. 2, points marked with yellow). The choice was determined by several reasons, the same, in fact, which determine us now to prioritize the examination of namely these settlements (Branesti and Ivancea, Fig. 2, points 1 and 2). First, because it is a microregion ...
... For this reason, ceramics of the two cultures of two neighboring settlements -Orheiul Vechi, Orhei District, Republic of Moldova (PL culture: Munteanu and Iarmulschi 2017;Postică and Munteanu 1999) and Butuceni, Orhei District, Republic of Moldva (Getic culture : Munteanu et. al. 2014;Munteanu et al. 2015;Munteanu 2015;) -were examined for these parameters (Fig. 2, points marked with yellow). The choice was determined by several reasons, the same, in fact, which determine us now to prioritize the examination of namely these settlements (Branesti and Ivancea, Fig. 2, points 1 and 2). ...
The aim of laboratory analysis carried out on pottery fragments recovered from the Poienești-Lucaşeuca (PL) site of Orheiul Vechi and the Getic site of Butuceni was to verify the hypothesis that there was a continuity in pottery technology traditions and the hypothesis that there was continuity in raw material use. In order to verify these hypotheses, i.e. to determine whether we are dealing with continuity or with changes in pottery manufacturing, two factors must be taken into account: know-how and raw material. This means that it is
necessary to perform both technological and raw material analyses. For the purposes of this study the following methods were used: MGR-analysis, chemical analysis by WD-XRF, thin-section studies and estimation of physical ceramic properties. The results of archaeometric analysis of pottery from the PL site of Orheiul Vechi and the Getic site of Butuceni did not substantiate the hypothesis
that there had been continuity in pottery technology traditions. The results of archaeometric analysis of pottery from the PL site of Orheiul Vechi and the Getic site of Butuceni did, conversely, confirm the hypothesis that there was a continuity in raw material use. At both sites and in both phases there is a marked emphasis on local production of ceramics using locally sourced raw materials. The analyses performed show how vital technological analyses are in
the study of ancient pottery. If the only chemical composition and/or thin-sections are analysed (which is the most common practice) and a report is then written up based on even the precise findings of a technique such as WD-XRF and on sophisticated statistical methods, there is a chance that the resultant cultural and historical conclusions may be erroneous. Without technological analyses, the conclusions drawn solely from the results of chemical analysis/thin-section
studies would be that from an archaeometric point of view, there is nothing to suggest a lack of continuity in ceramic production traditions between the Getic site and the PL site. In summary, the similarities in production between pottery from the Getic site and the PL site are clearly reflected in the raw materials used, both in terms of plastic ingredients and intentional temper. However, the results of preliminary technological analyses suggest that there is a lack of continuity in
pottery technology traditions. In this way, given the differences observed in the physical ceramic property values, a broader range of analyses is required that will enable us to more accurately reconstruct the ceramic technology.
