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differs significantly from zero. This indicates that across a variety of methods, higher lev- els of target disclosure are associated with greater liking for the target. However, we cannot infer a causal relation, because this
Source publication
Self-disclosure plays a central role in the development and maintenance of relationships. One way that researchers have explored these processes is by studying the links between self-disclosure and liking. Using meta-analytic procedures, the present work sought to clarify and review this literature by evaluating the evidence for 3 distinct disclosu...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... shown in the lower panel of Table 1, the mean effect for correlational studies was considerably larger than for the full sample, d = .845 (r = .389). ...Context 2
... studies. As shown in the last column of Table 1, the ho- mogeneity statistic (Cw) for the full set of studies and for studies within each category was significant, indicating substantial within-group variation. Indeed, a review of the 94 individual effect sizes, shown in a stem-and-leaf display in Figure 2, reflects substantial variation both in the magnitude and direction of effects across studies. ...Similar publications
People who are demographically different from one another face a fundamental challenge in developing high-quality relationships in organizations. We build theory about how the status differences that often accompany demographic characteristics can hinder this development through their influence on disclosure of personal information. We theorize abo...
The relationship between self-disclosure and liking another person is well-known, as is the prevalence and importance of self-disclosure in computer-mediated interactions. The effects of conversation partners’ responses to disclosures are an overlooked issue, implicated but not examined in most previous research. An original experiment examined whe...
Prior research has provided evidence for the self-disclosure reciprocity effect: self-disclosure promotes fur-ther self-disclosure. In this study, we examined a related but distinct issue about self-disclosure reciprocity: the effects of self-disclosure reciprocity (vs. non-reciprocity) on affiliative interpersonal outcomes (e.g., liking) in ini-ti...
This study tested the degree to which self-disclosure and relational uncertainty sequentially mediate the associations among family communication patterns (FCP) (i.e., conversation and conformity orientations) and relational outcomes (closeness and satisfaction) in the sibling relationship. Participants included 329 emerging adults who completed on...
This study tested a model of interpersonal communication motives and the construct validity of the Interpersonal Communication Motives Instrument (ICM). Specifically, we hypothesized that ICM would be differentially related to who we talk to, how we talk, and what we talk about. In Study 1, questionnaires were completed by 319 adults who rated thei...
Citations
... The positive relationship between selfdisclosure and social attraction is established in the literature. Offline meta-analytic research (Collins and Miller, 1994) and online computer-mediated and social media experiments (e.g. Kashian et al., 2017;Qin et al., 2021) have shown people like people who self-disclose to them. ...
... Breadth refers to the number of topics discussed, and depth refers to the intimacy of the topics discussed. Meta-analytic research has shown that the disclosure-liking effect is stronger in studies that vary self-disclosure depth (vs breadth), suggesting self-disclosure depth enhances receiver liking (Collins and Miller, 1994). Similarly, research has shown that social media users feel more connected to people who post intimate (vs less intimate) status updates (Utz, 2015). ...
... Nah, 2022), research has not yet accounted for the relationship between influencer self-disclosure and followers' social attraction enroute to parasocial relationship development, in line with parasocial relationship development models (Tukachinsky and Stever, 2019). Following social penetration theory that says people develop relationships through self-disclosure, and empirical precedent that shows people like people who self-disclose intimately to them (Collins and Miller, 1994;Utz, 2015), the following hypothesis is proposed: ...
A 2 (influencer type: nano with 5000 followers vs mega with 1.1 million followers) × 2 (influencer self-disclosure: low depth vs high depth) between-subjects online experiment tested the different pathways social media influencers take to achieve persuasion outcomes in one model. Participants viewed an Instagram influencer’s profile page with either 5000 or 1.1 million followers, and a post from the influencer with either low or high depth self-disclosure. Participants then answered questions regarding social attraction, parasocial relationship, perceived expertise, persuasion outcomes, covariates, and demographic information. Results showed three serial pathways facilitate persuasion: two pathways through self-disclosure depth by way of social attraction and parasocial relationship development and another pathway through follower size by way of perceived expertise. This research advances understanding of the influencing process by using theory and empirical precedent to derive and test an integrated model of the influencing process.
... Self-disclosure Following the prior definitions of self-disclosure, self-disclosure is defined as a message about oneself that an individual communicates with others (Wheeless, 1978). It is a multidimensional construct with wellaccepted dimensions of amount, depth, intent, honesty, and valence (Collins and Miller, 1994;Forgas, 2011;Posey et al., 2010;Wheeless, 1978). Amount is the degree of frequency and duration of an individual's disclosures; depth is the degree of intimacy in the communication; intent is the degree of an individual's control and awareness over his or her self-disclosure; honesty is the degree of accuracy; and valence is the degree of positivity of the information disclosed in communication (Posey et al., 2010, p. 183). ...
Purpose
Researchers continue to address the concept of self-disclosure because it is foundational for helping social networking sites (SNS) function and thrive. Nevertheless, the authors' literature review indicates that uncertainty remains around the underlying mechanisms and factors involved in the self-disclosure process. The purpose of this research is to better understand the self-disclosure process from the lens of dual-process theory (DPT). The authors consider both the controlled factors (i.e. self-presentation and reciprocity) and an automatic factor (i.e. social influence to use an SNS) involved in self-disclosure and broaden The authors proposed a model to include the interactive facets of enjoyment.
Design/methodology/approach
The proposed model was empirically validated by conducting a survey among users of WeChat Moments in China.
Findings
As hypothesized, this research confirms that enjoyment and automatic processing (i.e. social influence to use an SNS) are complementary in the SNS self-disclosure process and enjoyment negatively moderates the positive relationship between controlled factor (i.e. self-presentation) and self-disclosure.
Originality/value
Theoretically, this study offers a new perspective on explaining SNS self-disclosure by adopting DPT. Specifically, this study contributes to the extant SNS research by applying DPT to examine how the controlled factors and the automatic factor shape self-disclosure processes and how enjoyment influences vary across these processes – enriching knowledge about SNS self-disclosure behaviors. Practically, the authors provide important design guidelines to practitioners concerning devising mechanisms to foster more automatic-enjoyable value-added functions to improve SNS users' participation and engagement.
... Wang, Burke, and Kraut (2016) report a negative correlation between network size and SD, while tie strength and network density demonstrate positive associations. Collins and Miller (1994) conduct empirical studies on dyadic relationships, determining that individuals are less likely to reveal personal information to acquaintances as compared to close friends. Choi and Bazarova (2015) explore the interplay between privacy boundaries and network attributes (size and diversity of audiences within the boundary) on users' SD. ...
Voluntary sharing of personal information is at the heart of user engagement on social media and central to platforms' business models. From the users' perspective, so-called self-disclosure is closely connected with both privacy risks and social rewards. Prior work has studied contextual influences on self-disclosure, from platform affordances and interface design to user demographics and perceived social capital. Our work takes a mixed-methods approach to understand the contextual information which might be integrated in the development of privacy-enhancing technologies. Through observational study of several Reddit communities, we explore the ways in which topic of discussion, group norms, peer effects, and audience size are correlated with personal information sharing. We then build and test a prototype privacy-enhancing tool that exposes these contextual factors. Our work culminates in a browser extension that automatically detects instances of self-disclosure in Reddit posts at the time of posting and provides additional context to users before they post to support enhanced privacy decision-making. We share this prototype with social media users, solicit their feedback, and outline a path forward for privacy-enhancing technologies in this space.
... On the one hand, engaging in transmitting negative information carries reputational and relational risks, such as being seen as less warm, and trustworthy (Farley, 2011;Gawronski & Walther, 2008). On the other hand, it may deepen relationships, since making oneself vulnerable by sharing personal information about the self, especially some slightly negative information, typically promotes liking and feelings of closeness between the sharer and information recipient (Collins & Miller, 1994;Graham et al., 2008). ...
The current research investigates whether, when, and why power states, a prevalent experience in everyday life, influence negative WOM (NWOM). The authors find that low‐power consumers tend to engage more in NWOM, and this effect is driven by less image‐impairment concerns and heightened motives to protect others induced by low‐power states. We further showed that interpersonal closeness (IC)—people' feeling of proximity between they and others—moderates the positive effect of low‐power states on NWOM sharing. That is, the differences of sharing NWOM between low‐power and high‐power consumers are attenuated when facing high IC. To account for this, both image‐impairment concerns and motives to protect others mediate the effect of power states when recipients are interpersonally close others; however, only image‐impairment concerns mediate the effect of power states when recipients are interpersonally distant others. These findings make theoretical contributions to research in interpersonal communication, WOM, and power, and holds practical implications for marketers interested in understanding how NWOM spreads.
... While maintaining a private life has numerous psychological benefits, selective openness can also be valuable. Sharing aspects of one's life in a controlled and intentional manner can lead to social support, validation, and a sense of belonging (Collins & Miller, 1994). The key is to strike a balance between sharing enough to foster connection and retaining enough privacy to preserve one's psychological well-being. ...
In today's digital age, where sharing personal details is common, maintaining privacy is often undervalued. However, keeping aspects of one's life private has significant psychological benefits, such as enhanced emotional well-being, a stable self-identity, and improved interpersonal relationships. Privacy allows individuals to control their personal narratives, reducing stress and anxiety while fostering a sense of autonomy. It also enables the establishment of boundaries, protecting against the risks of overexposure and dependence on external validation. While selective openness can foster connection, finding a balance between sharing and privacy is crucial for mental health and authentic relationships.
... The three interpersonal dimensions are highly interrelated. People are more likely to be friends with people they like and feel similar to (Collins & Miller, 1994;McPherson et al., 2001); people grow to like and feel similar to people they are familiar with (Zajonc, 1968); people feel similar to people they are induced to like (Collisson & Howell, 2014). As these phenomena are highly related, empirical work that focuses only on one or two of them is at risk of inadvertently confounding one interpersonal dimension or source of information for another. ...
People constantly make inferences about others' beliefs and preferences. People can draw on various sources of information to make these inferences, including stereotypes, self‐knowledge, and target‐specific knowledge. What leads people to use each of these sources of information over others? The current study examined factors that influence the use of these sources of information, focusing on three interpersonal dimensions – the extent to which people feel (a) familiar with, (b) similar to, or (c) like the target. In four studies (total N = 1136), participants inferred the beliefs and preferences of others – celebrities (Studies 1a–1b), constructed fictional targets (Study 2), and actual acquaintances (Study 3). Participants also rated familiarity with, similarity to, and liking of the target. Analyses assessed the use of each source of information by comparing inferences with information provided by those sources. Familiarity was associated with greater use of target‐specific knowledge, while similarity and liking were associated with self‐knowledge. Low similarity and high liking were associated with increased use of stereotypes. We discuss the implication of these findings and their applicability to unique cases, including inferences about celebrities, public figures, and positively stereotyped groups, in which familiarity, similarity, and liking do not perfectly align.
... In addition to their societal impact, sharing personal experiences, especially those involving stress or adversity, can provide benefits to the discloser. Research indicates that such disclosures can lead to improvements in physical health, psychological functioning, and subjective well-being [4][5][6][7][8] . The benefits of disclosure could be particularly important in racial discrimination disclosure, as experiencing discrimination either directly or vicariously through a family member has been linked to greater depressive symptoms, anxiety, and anger 9 . ...
Sharing experiences with racism (racial discrimination disclosure) has the power to raise awareness of discrimination and spur meaningful conversations about race. Sharing these experiences with racism on social media may prompt a range of responses among users. While previous work investigates how disclosure impacts disclosers and listeners, we extend this research to explore the impact of observing discussions about racial discrimination online—what we call vicarious race talk. In a series of experiments using real social media posts, we show that the initial response to racial discrimination disclosure—whether the response denies or validates the poster’s perspective—influences observers’ own perceptions and attitudes. Despite observers identifying denial as less supportive than validation, those who observed a denial response showed less responsive attitudes toward the poster/target (Studies 1–3) and less support for discussions about discrimination on social media in general (Studies 2–3). Exploratory findings revealed that those who viewed denial comments also judged the transgressor as less racist, and expressed less support and more denial in their own comments. This suggests that even as observers negatively judge denial, their perceptions of the poster are nonetheless negatively influenced, and this impact extends to devaluing the topic of discrimination broadly. We highlight the context of social media, where racial discrimination disclosure—and how people respond to it—may be particularly consequential.
... Self-disclosure, linked to increased liking among acquaintances and strangers, can create a positive feedback loop of individuals disclosing more often to people they like (Collins & Miller, 1994). The content of disclosure (e.g., inappropriate or intimate details) may blunder potential benefits due to violating perceived social norms. ...
... Interviewers are encouraged to introduce themselves, use the interviewee's name often (i.e., vocatives; Abbe & Brandon, 2014;Walsh & Bull, 2012), and start with personal background questions that suggest a desire to learn about the interviewee as a person (Carol et al., 2021;Holmberg & Madsen, 2014). While eliciting background information, interviewers are encouraged to reveal personal information about themselves, a process called mutual self-disclosure, as a way of eliciting liking (Collins & Miller, 1994;Dianiska et al., 2021;Vallano & Compo, 2011;Wachi et al., 2018). Self-disclosure by interviewers can also help establish common ground between the interviewer and interviewee, demonstrate reciprocity of disclosure, and emphasize similarities (Collins & Miller, 1994;Goodman-Delahunty & Howes, 2016;Vallano et al., 2015). ...
... While eliciting background information, interviewers are encouraged to reveal personal information about themselves, a process called mutual self-disclosure, as a way of eliciting liking (Collins & Miller, 1994;Dianiska et al., 2021;Vallano & Compo, 2011;Wachi et al., 2018). Self-disclosure by interviewers can also help establish common ground between the interviewer and interviewee, demonstrate reciprocity of disclosure, and emphasize similarities (Collins & Miller, 1994;Goodman-Delahunty & Howes, 2016;Vallano et al., 2015). ...
... Theoretically, upon learning about an interviewer's similar experiences or difficulties, the adolescent might feel more like an equal and hence be more likely to disclose a subsequent critical event. Moreover, depending on the nature of the mutual self-disclosure, the interviewer may also come to appear more like a peer, leading to increased trust and liking, as well as efforts to affiliate on the part of the adolescent (Collins & Miller, 1994;Dutton et al., 2019). Of course, for such self-disclosures to be effective, they have to be genuine-ADOLESCENT RAPPORT BUILDING 18 and perceived as such by adolescents--highlighting the need to consider not only the mutual self-discosure itself, but also what adolescents think about that disclosure. ...
Adolescents frequently experience and witness violence and crime, yet very little research has been conducted to determine how best to question these witnesses to elicit complete and accurate disclosures. This systematic review integrated scientific research on rapport building with child and adult witnesses with theory and research on adolescent development in order to identify rapport building techniques likely to be effective with suspected adolescent victims and witnesses. Four databases were searched to identify investigations of rapport building in forensic interviewing of adolescents. Despite decades of research of studies including child and adult participants, only one study since 1990 experimentally tested techniques to build rapport with adolescents. Most rapport strategies used with children and adults have yet to be tested with adolescents. Tests of these strategies, along with modifications based on developmental science of adolescence, would provide a roadmap to determining which approaches are most beneficial when questioning adolescent victims and witnesses. There is a clear need for research that tests what strategies are best to use with adolescents. They may be reluctant to disclose information about stressful or traumatic experiences to adults due to both normative developmental processes and the types of events about which they are questioned in legal settings. Rapport building approaches tailored to address adolescents’ motivational needs may be effective in increasing adolescents’ reporting, and additional research testing such approaches will provide much-needed insight to inform the development of evidence-based practices for questioning these youth.
... Therefore, we recommend not using self-disclosure in human-robot interaction. This is in contrast to prior studies where self-disclosure promoted the attribution of trust or likability in interactions with humans (Towner et al., 2022;Collins and Miller, 1994) or chatbots (Y.-C. Lee et al., 2020;Saunderson and Nejat, 2019). ...
This German study (N = 317) tests social communication (i.e., self-disclosure, content intimacy, relational continuity units, we-phrases) as a potential compensation strategy for algorithm aversion. Therefore, we explore the acceptance of a robot as an advisor in non-moral, somewhat moral, and very moral decision situations and compare the influence of two verbal communication styles of the robot (functional vs. social). Subjects followed the robot's recommendation similarly often for both communication styles (functional vs. social), but more often in the non-moral decision situation than in the moral decision situations. Subjects perceived the robot as more human and more moral during social communication than during functional communication but similarly trustworthy, likable, and intelligent for both communication styles. In moral decision situations, subjects ascribed more anthropomorphism and morality but less trust, likability, and intelligence to the robot compared to the non-moral decision situation. Subjects perceive the robot as more moral in social communication. This unexpectedly led to subjects following the robot's recommendation less often. No other mediation effects were found. From this we conclude, that the verbal communication style alone has a rather small influence on the robot's acceptance as an advisor for moral decision-making and does not reduce algorithm aversion. Potential reasons for this (e.g., multimodality, no visual changes), as well as implications (e.g., avoidance of self-disclosure in human-robot interaction) and limitations (e.g., video interaction) of this study, are discussed.
