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This article reviews an emerging literature examining the effects of familism across childhood and adolescence. Familism has been described as a Latino cultural value that emphasizes obligation, filial piety, family support and obedience, and its effects have been documented as primarily protective across childhood and adolescence. This review seek...
Citations
... One commonly considered construct is familism 2 , which is a set of cultural values traditionally studied in Hispanic/Latino/a individuals that emphasize support, attachment, loyalty, respect, and obligation to the family (Cahill et al. 2021). Examples of familism include the expectation for the eldest child to help care for younger siblings, the expectation for youth to prioritize family relationships over friendships, or the expectation that youth must behave because their actions reflect upon the family (Stein et al. 2014). ...
... Theoretical work suggested that familism values serve as an important psychological resource for Hispanic/Latino/a families to adaptively handle stressors, such as immigration or marginalization (Stein et al. 2014;Sumner et al. 2018). Empirical research has found that familism was associated with better concurrent adjustment in Hispanic/Latino/a youth, including fewer depressive symptoms and risky behaviors (Cavanaugh et al. 2018;Cupito et al. 2015Cupito et al. , 2016Delgado et al. 2011;Kapke et al. 2017;Santiago and Wadsworth 2011;Stein et al. 2015). ...
... Several studies showed endorsement of family cultural values and psychometric reliability among varied racial/ethnic groups, including adolescents and young adults of Black, Asian, White, and multiracial backgrounds (Christophe and Stein 2022;Li 2014;Schwartz 2007;Telzer and Fuligni 2009). It is important to emphasize that examining cultural processes across racial/ethnic groups does not minimize the importance of culture for racial/ethnic minorities (i.e., familism for Hispanic/Latino/a families, filial piety for Asian families) (Stein et al. 2014;Zhang and Fuligni 2006). Instead, we suggest that considering culture as a phenomenon that solely affects racial/ethnic minority groups perpetuates the "othering" of non-Western/European groups in psychology and centers the White/European majority group, limiting our understanding of cultural influences on youth development . ...
Family cultural values that emphasize support, loyalty, and obligation to the family are associated with lower psychopathology in Hispanic/Latino/a youth, but there is a need to understand the implications of family cultural values for youth development in racially/ethnically heterogeneous samples. This study examined phenotypic associations between parent- and youth-reported family cultural values in late childhood on youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms in early adolescence, and whether family cultural values moderated genetic and environmental influences on psychopathology symptoms. The sample comprised 10,335 children (Mage=12.89 years; 47.9% female; 20.3% Hispanic/Latino/a, 15.0% Black, 2.1% Asian, 10.5% other) and their parents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, and biometric models were conducted in the twin subsample (n = 1,042 twin pairs; 43.3% monozygotic). Parents and youth reported on their family cultural values using the Mexican American Cultural Values Scale at youth age 11–12, and parents reported on youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms using the Child Behavior Checklist at youth ages 11–12 and 12–13. Greater parent- and youth-reported family cultural values predicted fewer youth internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Biometric models indicated that higher parent-reported family cultural values increased the nonshared environmental influences on externalizing symptoms whereas youth-reported family cultural values decreased the nonshared environmental influences on internalizing symptoms. This study highlights the need for behavior genetic research to consider a diverse range of cultural contexts to better understand the etiology of youth psychopathology.
... One of the first embedded circles in which Latine youth practice convivencia is with our families. Like much of the literature on Latines, familia was an important factor in our participants' wellbeing and sense of happiness [2,[5][6][7]. Often, these were sources of strength and support, but like other scholars have found, young adult Latine also described how families can be sources of stress and worry. This stemmed from gendered expectations, the structural conditions and oppressive policies that put pressure on families, and guilt for expressing their own needs and desires amidst at times overwhelming obligations [6,8]. ...
This paper describes how a collective of Latine youth and adult allies used art-based approaches in a participatory action research project to better understand the ways in which young U.S. Latines make meaning of wellbeing. In this study, we interviewed 19 individuals who identified as Latino/a/e, ages 19–24, from Colorado, Washington state and New Jersey. Our team intentionally chose art-based approaches, including music and painting, as analytical tools and healing methods to synthesize the responses of the Latine youth we interviewed. We found that Latine youth and young adults initially struggle with defining wellbeing, considering it to be an overly abstract concept or something only achievable through expensive, Western-based medical practices. We also found that many Latine youth often link the root cause of a majority of their mental health issues to numerous systemic terrors such as racism, capitalism and sexism that directly harm their most intimate and supportive relationships: their immediate or extended family and friendships. Young Latine adults have identified these components as pillars of their wellbeing, along with the need for intergenerational conversations, a sense of convivencia, rootedness with freedom of movement and our right to healing and joy.
... Respeto denotes feelings and attitudes of respect and deference to elders and members of authority within the family system (Calzada et al., 2010). The values of respeto and familismo conceptually overlap; as youth recognize and calibrate their behavior to reflect their role within the family hierarchy (respeto), feelings of attachment, connection, and loyalty to the family as a whole (familismo) are created (Stein et al., 2014). Respeto has been found to have promotive effects by increasing academic engagement (Gonzales et al., 2008), suggesting positive links between respeto and the academic element of Competence. ...
... For Mexican-origin youth, standards of appropriate behavior and interpersonal connections are, in part, framed through the cultural values of familismo and respeto (Constantine & Sue, 2006). By emphasizing the importance of knowing one's role and position within the family dynamic as well as reinforcing prosocial, responsible, and respectful interactions with others, familismo and respeto serve as markers of culturally acceptable behavior (Constantine & Sue, 2006;Stein et al., 2014). This value system is characterized by an other-oriented approach in which a sensitivity to the needs others are rewarded (Calderón-Tena, 2011;Knight et al., 2016). ...
The current study examined the Five Cs model of positive youth development (PYD; Lerner et al., 2005) in U.S. Mexican-origin youth (N = 674, 50% female) and tested the extent to which ethnic pride, familismo, and respeto, as an index of cultural orientation, predicted PYD across midadolescence. PYD was modeled using a bifactor structure, which defined global PYD and the Five Cs (Caring, Character, Competence, Confidence, and Connection) using theoretically similar measures matched to the conceptual definitions of the Cs. Tests of longitudinal invariance of the bifactor model at ages 14 and 16 established scalar invariance, providing support for the structure and stability of the Five Cs and global PYD using the theoretically similar measures across time. Adolescents' cultural orientation (latent factor incorporating familismo, respeto, and ethnic pride) at age 14 was positively associated with the Five Cs within and across time. Greater cultural orientation at age 14 predicted increased global PYD across ages 14 and 16. The contribution of cultural orientation to the PYD across midadolescence did not differ by adolescent gender or nativity. These findings demonstrate the robust nature and stability of the Five Cs model of PYD and provide novel evidence that ethnic pride, familismo, and respeto promote greater PYD in Mexican-origin youth during midadolescence. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
... Familism is a multidimensional cultural construct that emphasizes support, respect, loyalty, and obligation to the family (Cahill et al., 2021), comprising attitudes regarding the importance of family and behaviors that reflect how family is prioritized (Hernández & Bámaca-Colbert, 2016). Several attitudinal and behavioral measures of familism exist, with most childhood research relying on parent reports (see Stein et al., 2014). Familism is argued to be specific to Hispanic/Latino individuals (Grau et al., 2009) but has also been identified in other racial/ethnic groups (Christophe & Stein, 2022). ...
... Much of the work on familism focuses on adolescents (Stein et al., 2014), with the limited handful of studies in middle childhood demonstrating the positive effects of parental attitudinal familism on children's outcomes, including prosocial behaviors and academic motivation (Morcillo et al., 2011;Stein et al., 2020). It is also theorized that family cultural values could support children's selfregulation (Li-Grining, 2012;Raver, 2004). ...
... It is also theorized that family cultural values could support children's selfregulation (Li-Grining, 2012;Raver, 2004). For example, familism values emphasize the need for children to place the family's needs before their own (Stein et al., 2014). This could, in turn, bolster children's ability to inhibit their automatic responses or desires to successfully function within the family system. ...
There is a dearth of research examining the relation between culture and childhood self-regulation in family psychology. Family orientation refers to the emphasis on providing support, respect, and obligation to the family system, and it is important for children's functioning, yet existing literature on related constructs often relies on parent-reported measures. Additionally, twin research has neglected the role of culture in the genetic and environmental contributions to children's self-regulation. Using observational and self-reported data from children, parents, and teachers, this study (a) proposed novel coding schemes and factor analytic approaches to capture family orientation, (b) examined associations between family orientation and self-regulation, and (c) tested whether family orientation moderated the heritability of self-regulation in middle childhood. Twin children (N = 710; Mage = 8.38 years, SD = 0.66; 49.1% female; 28.3% Hispanic/Latino/x, 58.5% White) were drawn from the Arizona Twin Project, which recruited children from birth records at 12 months of age. Family orientation values were indexed by parent-reported familism, and family orientation behaviors comprised coded measures of children's family orientation and experimenter ratings of caregiver and child behavior. Self-regulation was assessed using multiple task-based assessments of executive function and parent- and teacher-reported effortful control. Net of covariates, higher family orientation behaviors positively predicted nearly all measures of children's self-regulation, and associations were consistent across sex, family socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity. There was no evidence that family orientation values nor behaviors moderated the heritability of children's self-regulation. This study highlights the complex nature of cultural variation within the family and its importance for children's self-regulatory abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
... Foundational cultural values observed in many Hispanic families' everyday interactions and practices are familismo (familism) and respeto (respect). The cultural value of familismo highlights the importance of the family unit and the uniquely strong connection of family beyond that of any one individual family member while also providing well-defined roles for all members (e.g., caregivers, children) within the family unit (Calzada et al., 2010;Stein et al., 2014). The cultural value of respeto unfolds within the family unit and is a principal aim and outcome for successful child rearing for many Hispanic parents. ...
Purpose:
This research aimed to evaluate evidence of Pathways parent-mediated early autism intervention as a culturally and linguistically sensitive intervention (CLSI) for Hispanic families with autistic children.
Methods:
We used Bernal et al.'s ecologically valid (EV) framework to evaluate current practice and Hispanic parents' perceptions of Pathways 1 ½ years after completing the intervention. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. Nineteen parents were contacted, of which 11 completed a semi-structured interview about their experience with Pathways.
Results:
On average, the group that completed the interview was less educated, had more monolingual Spanish speakers, and rated their general experience with the intervention slightly more positively than those who did not agree to complete the interview. A review of Pathways's current practices through the lens of the EV framework suggested that Pathways was a CLSI for Hispanic participants in the domains of context, methods, language, and persons. Parental interviews echoed these strengths. However, Pathways did less well balancing evidence-based intervention strategies for autistic children with the heritage value of respeto.
Conclusion:
Pathways demonstrated strengths regarding cultural and linguistic sensitivity for Hispanic families with young autistic children. Future work with our community stakeholder group will integrate heritage and majority culture perspectives to strengthen Pathways as a CLSI.
... Conversely, when the moderating influence of students' nativity was considered, the familismachievement relation was strongest and positive when the proportion of students born outside the U.S. decreased. In view of these findings, and similar ones (e.g., Gordon, 2017;Stein et al., 2014;Toyokawa & Toyokawa, 2019;Valenzuela & Dornbusch, 1994), it seems reasonable to speculate that in the Mexican American sample the moderating influence of calibration bias may itself be a function of nativity status or other variables omitted from the model. ...
Racial/ethnic disparities in math achievement are especially troubling because math proficiency predicts long-term educational outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying these disparities remain unclear. Previous research has demonstrated that across diverse samples, both within and outside the United States, the relation between students' academic aspirations and later postsecondary attainment is mediated by initial levels of math ability and by growth in that ability across time. The key issue examined in this investigation is the extent to which students' underestimation or overestimation of their math ability (i.e., calibration bias) moderates those mediated effects and whether this moderation varies as a function of race/ethnicity. Using data from two longitudinal national surveys (i.e., NELS:88 and HSLS:09), these hypotheses were tested in samples of East Asian American, Mexican American, and Non-Hispanic White American high school students. In both studies and in all groups, the model explained large portions of the variance in postsecondary attainment. In East Asian Americans and non-Hispanic White Americans, calibration bias moderated the effect mediated by 9th grade math achievement. The strength of this effect was greatest at high levels of underconfidence and steadily weakened as self-confidence grew, suggesting that some degree of underconfidence may be achievement-promoting. Indeed, in the East Asian American sample, this effect became negative at high levels of overconfidence (i.e., academic aspirations actually predicted the lowest postsecondary attainment levels). Educational implications of these findings are discussed and possible reasons for the failure to find moderation effects in the Mexican American sample are explored.
... Attitudinal familism in adolescents has been associated with the perception of parents serving as legitimate sources of guidance and unquestionable authority [52]. These attitudes have been historically present among Latin American parents compared to parents from other cultural backgrounds [53]. ...
... Disagreements between parents and adolescents regarding the latter's autonomy have been associated with alterations in the psychological adaptation of adolescents [53]. Especially among adolescents with authoritarian fathers, this parenting style may trigger emotional eating among adolescents and increase their risk of unhealthy weight gain [55]. ...
Parenting styles are a risk factor for adolescents overweight/obesity worldwide, but this association is not well understood in the context of Latin America. This study examines the association between the parenting styles of mothers and fathers and the risk of overweight/obesity among Costa Rican adolescents. Data are cross-sectional from a sample of adolescents (13–18 years old) enrolled in ten urban and eight rural schools (n = 18) in the province of San José, Costa Rica, in 2017. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the likelihood of adolescents being overweight according to the mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles. A significant association was found between the risk of adolescent overweight/obesity and the paternal authoritarian style only in rural areas (B = 0.622, SE = 0.317, Wald = 3.864, ExpB = 1.863, p = 0.04), and between said risk and the paternal permissive style only in male adolescents (B = 0.901, SE = 0.435, Wald = 4.286, ExpB = 2.461, p = 0.038). For maternal parenting styles, no associations reached significant levels once logistic regression models were adjusted for the fathers’ parenting styles. These findings underscore the importance of further studying the role of fathers’ paternal parenting styles on Latin American adolescent weight outcomes. Expanding our understanding of the parenting styles of fathers has important implications for the design and implementation of culturally- and gender-appropriate family interventions.
... In addition, mothers' familismo endorsement relates to children's behavioral adjustment in the school setting . Moreover, familismo has also been associated with Latino youth's, particularly adolescents', improved psychosocial functioning (Stein et al., 2013(Stein et al., , 2014, including more prosocial behavior tendencies (Calderón-Tena et al., 2011) and development of maturity and social competence (Kuperminc et al., 2009). Finally, familismo may also promote adaptive social behavior among Latinx youth in general (Stein et al., 2013(Stein et al., , 2014. ...
... Moreover, familismo has also been associated with Latino youth's, particularly adolescents', improved psychosocial functioning (Stein et al., 2013(Stein et al., , 2014, including more prosocial behavior tendencies (Calderón-Tena et al., 2011) and development of maturity and social competence (Kuperminc et al., 2009). Finally, familismo may also promote adaptive social behavior among Latinx youth in general (Stein et al., 2013(Stein et al., , 2014. ...
... The three values: familismo, respeto, and educación each influence the ways in which families talk with their children, the role they see themselves playing in their child's education, and the behaviors they may prioritize and reinforce in their child (Cycyk & Iglesias, 2015). Familismo refers to the interconnectedness emphasized in many Latino families and the central importance of extended family in the development of a child rather than a focus only on the nuclear family (Fracasso et al., 1997;Calzada et al., 2012;Stein et al., 2014). Given this value it is important for programs to include more than the nuclear family in approaches to supporting home literacy. ...
Parenting practices and home learning environments are critical for young children’s reading development. To foster a curiosity and love of reading and promote literacy development, it is important for parents to provide a home learning environment that is supportive and encouraging of children’s reading activities. This is particularly true for children who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, such as bilingual and bicultural (L2/C2) children in Chinese immigrant families. Given that traditional Chinese culture emphasizes the role or duty of parents to set high expectations for children’s academic success, it is essential to understand the culture perspective to literacy development in Chinese immigrant families. On the other hand, the self-determination perspective emphasizes the importance of the child in making decisions for themself and taking control of their own learning. Together, these perspectives highlight the importance of understanding how cultural background and self-determination in Chinese immigrant families can be balanced or interwoven to support children’s literacy development. In this chapter, we will discuss the literacy development in Chinese immigrant families from the lens of culture and self-determination theory, as well as the parenting practices that can promote children’s reading motivation, engagement, and competence.
... Direct involvement of H/L parents with their anxious youth's treatment is a viable approach to enhance CBT outcomes among youth given data showing H/L parents prefer involvement compared with noninvolvement (Dumka et al., 1998;Pina, Villalta, et al., 2009;Seligman et al., 2020). This parental preference may relate to the cultural value of familismo, which refers to the importance of family as a key source of support and loyalty (Stein et al., 2014), wherein family interests are placed above individual interests (Rosselló et al., 2008). In our work on parent involvement CBT, parents participate in their child's treatment in the same sessions and are taught specific strategies to help their child reduce their anxiety (e.g., Silverman et al., 2009Silverman et al., , 2019Silverman et al., , 2022. ...
... Parent psychological control may be experienced as congruent with the cultural values of respeto (conformity to role expectations within the family, encouraging obedience, and respect for adult's authority; Stein et al., 2014) and educación (moral education and development); both of which are prominent among low-acculturated families (Halgunseth et al., 2006;Vaclavik et al., 2017;Yau & Watkins, 2018). Low-acculturated families' emphasis on respeto and educación is evident in statements high in psychological control such as, "We work hard to send you to a private school, and you have to appreciate that, and you have to earn the sacrifices that we make" (Yau & Watkins, 2018, p.141), and "You must look adults in the eye and answer when they speak to you to show you have good manners. ...
Objective:
Although cognitive behavioral treatments (CBTs) are well-established evidence-based interventions for anxiety disorders in youth, there is long-standing underrepresentation of Hispanic/Latino (H/L) families in youth anxiety clinical trials research. The impact of such underrepresentation is that clinicians who work with H/L youth have minimal evidence-based guidance on best practices. The present study moves toward informing best practices for working with H/L youth with anxiety disorders by examining H/L parents' acculturation and enculturation as moderators of youth anxiety outcomes following CBTs.
Method:
Two hundred eleven H/L youths ages 6-16 (M = 9.41 years, SD = 2.39 years; 43.8% female) and their parents were assigned to individual-youth CBT or one of two parent involvement CBTs: one targeted decreasing parent psychological control, the other targeted decreasing parent use of negative reinforcement. Parent acculturation and enculturation were measured at pretreatment; youth anxiety severity was measured at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up evaluations.
Results:
Youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in both parent involvement CBTs compared with individual-youth CBT. Parent acculturation, but not enculturation, significantly moderated outcomes. At lower levels of parent acculturation, youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in the parent involvement CBT that targeted negative reinforcement. At higher levels of parent acculturation, youth anxiety outcomes were enhanced in the parent involvement CBT that targeted psychological control.
Conclusions:
These findings further support the efficacy of CBTs for anxiety disorders in H/L youth and suggest guidance for tailoring parent involvement treatments based on parent acculturation levels. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
... Familism may be an important strength and source of resiliency for low-income, Mexicanorigin immigrant families. Familism is considered a core value in Latino culture and parental familism has been associated with lower rates of internalizing symptoms and externalizing behaviors (Hernández & Bámaca-Colbert, 2016;Knight et al., 2010;Sabogal et al., 1987;Stein et al., 2014). Familism can be both attitudinal (values, attitudes, and beliefs about the family) and behavioral (seeking the family for support) (Hernández & Bámaca-Colbert, 2016). ...
... Yet parental familism may be especially important during this developmental time as children develop attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors that are influenced by their parents. Stein et al. (2014) have posited that during middle childhood (age 7-10), children begin to internalize values of familism which then translate into child behaviors such as providing support to others and developing close relationships with family members, especially parents. These close and supportive relationships with family members may promote child adjustment. ...
... Parental warmth has previously been defined as pleasant interactions between a parent and child, as shown through physical affection and statements that demonstrate love and care (Holmbeck et al., 2007). Generally, research suggests that familism influences parenting behaviors such as warmth, involvement, and responsiveness (Behnke et al., 2008;Coltrane et al., 2004;Morcillo et al., 2011;Romero & Ruiz, 2007;Stein et al., 2014;Taylor et al., 2012;White et al., 2013). For example, Gamble and Modry-Mandell (2008) have found that higher levels of familism were associated with higher levels of self-reported parental warmth and closeness among mothers, while White and Roosa (2012) found that higher levels of familism were associated with higher levels of self-reported parental warmth among fathers of Mexican origin. ...
Familism may be an important strength and source of resiliency among Mexican-origin immigrant families. Familism has been associated with fewer internalizing symptoms among Latino youth; however, little is known about the mechanism behind this association. This study explored how parental familism may promote parenting behaviors including warmth and support, in addition to family cohesion, and how these factors may impact child internalizing symptoms during middle childhood among Mexican immigrant families. Participants included 104 children between the age of 6–10 (Mage = 8.39) and their primary caregivers (98% mothers; 90% born in Mexico). This longitudinal study utilized a multi-method approach that encompassed parent-report, child-report and observational measures. Data was collected every 6 months through three home visits. Participants completed surveys and video-recorded family interaction tasks. Results demonstrated that parental familism was a significant, positive predictor of observed parental warmth and family cohesion over the course of six months. Further, observed parental warmth and support was associated with less child-reported depressive symptoms six months later. Mediation results indicated a significant indirect effect of familism on child-reported depressive symptoms through observed parental warmth. This study highlights the importance of building on Latino immigrant families’ existing strengths that incorporates families’ values, parenting behaviors, and family cohesion to reduce child internalizing symptoms.
