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(colour online) Differences in (a) consumed quantities (in g/d or ml/d) and (b) greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) of consumed diets (in kg CO 2-equivalents (CO 2 e)/d) within groups of Dutch girls, boys, women and men, when comparing diets with a high and a low environmental load
Source publication
To evaluate the greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) of diets in Dutch girls, boys, women and men and to explore associations with diet composition.
Descriptive analyses for the total population as well as stratified for gender, age and dietary environmental load.
The Netherlands.
Dutch children and adults aged 7-69 years (n 3818).
The GHGE of daily diet...
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Background:
Inadequate hydration is a public health issue that imposes a significant economic burden. In Spain, data of total water intake (TWI) are scarce. There is a clear need for a national study that quantifies water and beverage intakes and explores associations between the types of beverages and energy intakes.
Methods:
The Anthropometry,...
Citations
... The earlier measurement methods of food carbon emissions mainly include life cycle assessment (LCA), input-output analysis (IOA) and the economic input-output life cycle assessment model (EIO-LCA) (Matthews and Small, 2000;Duchin, 2004;Baroni et al., 2007;Audsley et al., 2010;Venkat, 2012). Related studies involved the measurement of indirect food carbon emissions (Pelletier et al., 2011), influencing factors of food carbon emissions differences (Temme et al., 2015), and how to adjust diet for reducing food carbon emissions (Tom et al., 2016). ...
Exploring carbon emission effects based on the evolution of residents' dietary structure to achieve the carbon neutrality goal and mitigate climate change is an important task. This study took China as the research object (data excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) and used the carbon emission coefficient method to quantitatively measure the food carbon emissions from 1987-2020, then analyzed the carbon emission effects under the evolution of dietary structure. The results showed that during the study period, the Chinese dietary structure gradually changed to a high-carbon consumption pattern. The dietary structure of urban residents developed to a balanced one, while that of rural residents developed to a high-quality one. During the study period, the per capita food carbon emissions and total food consumption of Chinese showed an increasing trend. The per capita food carbon emissions of residents in urban and rural showed an overall upward trend. The total food carbon emissions in urban increased significantly, while that in rural increased first and then decreased. The influence of beef and mutton on carbon emissions is the highest in dietary structure. Compared with the balanced dietary pattern, the food carbon emissions of Chinese residents had not yet reached the peak, but were evolving to a high-carbon consumption pattern.
... Recent zijn de bevindingen uit dit advies bevestigd.[57][58][59][60] De commissie heeft de uitkomsten van dat advies naast de huidige richtlijnen gelegd. ...
... A reduction of environmental pressures and the revision of food systems is essential in our response to climate change (Campbell et al., 2017;Crippa et al., 2021). Livestock farming, particularly of ruminants, is a well-documented and significant contributor to food-related greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) (Clune et al., 2017;Poore and Nemecek, 2018;Temme et al., 2015). Furthermore, food products associated with marked increases in disease risksred and processed meatsare often associated with the most damaging environmental impacts that go beyond the potential ecosystem services offered by some livestock systems (Clark et al., 2019). ...
... Extrapolations were based on the ingredients of the foods and similarity in the variety of foods and of the production system. 49 ...
Background
The Healthy Reference Diet (HRD) was created to formulate dietary guidelines that would be healthy and sustainable. We aimed to construct a diet score measuring adherence to the HRD and to explore its association with cardiovascular events and environmental impact.
Methods and Results
We included 35 496 participants from the population‐based EPIC‐NL (European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition‐Netherlands) study. HRD scores were calculated using data from food frequency questionnaires (0–140). Data on morbidity and mortality were retrieved through linkage with national and death registries. Data on environmental impact indicators were obtained from life cycle assessments. Associations between adherence to the HRD and cardiovascular events were estimated with Cox proportional hazard models. Linear regression analysis was conducted for the adherence to the HRD and each environmental indicator. High adherence to the HRD was associated with 14%, 12%, and 11% lower risks of cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio [HR] Q4vsQ1 , 0.86 [95% CI, 0.78–0.94]), coronary heart disease (HR Q4vsQ1 , 0.88 [95% CI, 0.78–1.00]), and total stroke (HR Q4vsQ1 , 0.89 [95% CI, 0.72–1.10]), respectively. High HRD adherence was associated with 2.4% (95% CI, −5.0 to 0.2) lower greenhouse gas emissions, 3.9% (95% CI, −5.2 to −2.6) less land use, 0.5% (95% CI, −2.6 to 1.6), less freshwater eutrophication, 3.3% (95% CI, −5.8 to −0.8), less marine eutrophication, 7.7% (95% CI, −10.8 to −4.6), less terrestrial acidification, and 32.1 % (95% CI, 28.5–35.7) higher blue water use.
Conclusions
High adherence to the HRD was associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease, and modestly lower levels of most environmental indicators but a higher level of blue water use.
... 27 LCA is a method to evaluate environmental loads related to all stages of a product's life (production, processing, packaging, transportation, storage, preparing, cooking, and wastage), in this case from farm to fork. 28 There is currently no data on GHGE values for foods produced in Turkey. As a result, for GHGE data, a literature review was conducted, and these data were used. ...
Due to the expected growth rate in world energy consumption in the near future, it is critical to estimate future energy consumption and associated environmental problems as precisely as possible. This study aims to describe total greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) linked to different geographical diet profiles in Turkey, to map the environmental impacts that these generate. We used the last Address Based Population Registration System results to identify regions, populations, and some developmental parameters such as population density, the population growth rate, gross domestic product per capita, and socio-economic development scores, and the latest National Nutrition and Health Survey to determine the nutrient composition of Turkey's regional diets. The West Marmara diet had the highest GHGE levels, at 2983.79 g CO2-eq. per person per day, followed by the Istanbul diet and South-eastern Anatolia diet (2941.73 g CO2-eq. per person per day and 2935.08 g CO2-eq. per person per day) whereas the Mediterranean diet had the lowest, at 2623.90 g CO2-eq. per person per day. The contributions of beef and lamb to total diet weight (both were 0.98%) were lower than their contribution to total GHGE (21.65% and 21.04%). Our findings indicated that dietary changes could significantly help to reduce GHGE. Additionally, GHGE of diets might be associated with developmental parameters, but we did not find statistical differences. If the balance between natural resources and economic growth factors cannot be achieved in developing countries such as Turkey, which is a member of the United Nations, the environment will start to suffer and environmental sustainability will become a distant goal. Therefore, more studies are needed to confirm these results.
... When comparing protein sources, all plant-based foods were found to underscore GHGEs of animal-based products [6]. Clear tendencies can be observed: Vegan diets display the lowest CFs, followed by vegetarian and pescetarian diets while increasing the proportion of meat in a diet results in higher CFs [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Shifting to (mainly) plant-based diets can lead to CF reductions of up to 60% [4,22]. ...
... Many studies ignore uncertainty in their calculation processes, which can lead to error-prone results that do not reflect the spectrum of possible outcomes. Few studies display uncertainties in their results [15,17,[32][33][34]; only one study has fed probabilistic distributions of food item GHGE ranges into their calculation [16]. There are studies benchmarking emissions of the food system to climate goals [2,[35][36][37]. ...
... The outcomes help to understand a dietary pattern's climate impact and thus derive mitigation strategies to stay below global warming thresholds. Western dietary patterns, in particular, are characterised by comparatively high GHGEs and are important to target for emission reductions in the Global North [10,[12][13][14][15]18]. This is why the study at hand focuses on Western European dietary patterns (Austria, Belgium, Luxemburg, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Monaco, the Netherlands, and Switzerland [40]). ...
The food system plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. Even if fossil fuel emissions are halted immediately, current trends in global food systems may prevent the achievement of the Paris Agreement's climate targets. The high degree of variability and uncertainty involved in calculating diet-related greenhouse gas emissions limits the ability to evaluate reduction potentials to remain below a global warming of 1.5 or 2 degrees. This study assessed Western European dietary patterns while accounting for uncertainty and variability. An extensive literature review provided value ranges for climate impacts of animal-based foods to conduct an uncertainty analysis via Monte Carlo simulation. The resulting carbon footprints were assessed against food system-specific greenhouse gas emission thresholds. The range and absolute value of a diet carbon footprint become larger the higher the amount of products with highly varying emission values in the diet. All dietary pattern carbon footprints overshoot the 1.5 degrees threshold. The vegan, vegetarian, and diet with low animal-based food intake were predominantly below the 2 degrees threshold. Omnivorous diets with more animal-based product content trespassed them. Reducing animal-based foods is a powerful strategy to decrease emissions. However, further mitigation strategies are required to achieve climate goals.
... In an interview study with 3,818 respondents in the Netherlands aged 7-69 years, who were asked on two different days about what they had eaten in the last 24 hours, Temme et al. (2015) investigated differences in diet with respect to sex and age, related to environmental impact. Their results indicate that the CO2 equivalents of daily food are least for girls (3.2 kg), followed in increasing order by boys (3.6 kg), women (3.7 kg) and men (4.8 kg). ...
... As well as Hyland et al. (2017) established that red meat was the highest GHG contributor in the Irish diet. Similarly, Temme et al. (2015) identified that meat, dairy and drinks contribute most to CF of daily diets in The Netherlands. Concerning the WF, according with Harris et al. (2020) the available evidence suggest that, on average, the consumptive WF of average diets in Europe (3227 L⋅person − 1 ⋅day − 1 ) and Oceania (3226 L⋅person − 1 ⋅day − 1 ) were greatest than for the rest of the continents. ...
The effects of climate change and water scarcity on food security in Latin America and the prevalence of metabolic risk factors that increase the likelihood of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among Chilean citizens are considered two significant challenges. The 2020 Sustainable Development Goals Report shows that an increasing number of people are suffering from food insecurity, and the growing stress on the environment associated with food production and resource exploitation. Therefore, the evaluation and monitoring of nutritional habits must be addressed because of their central role in meeting healthy and sustainable food goals. The objective of this study was to assess the environmental impacts (carbon and water footprint), nutritional quality and cost of diets of different socio-economic subgroups in Chile, mapping environmental hotspots and food insecurity. It was found that higher income was associated with higher environmental burdens related to food choices and higher dietary costs. Carbon and water footprints ranged from 2.42 to 4.74 kg CO2eq·person⁻¹·day⁻¹ and 1683–3110 L·person⁻¹·day⁻¹ for the first and fifth quintile, respectively. Chilean residents in the highest socio-economic quintile consumed more meat and fewer starch-based products than those in the lowest quintile. Meat was the main contributor to the carbon (56%–59%) and water (40%–43%) footprints and the determining factor in the differences between income quintiles. Although current diets in Chile do not meet nutritional recommendations, diet quality also increased with socioeconomic status. These findings could serve as a reference to implement public policies in Chile, ensuring healthy eating and food security in the context of climate change and water scarcity.
... The CF found in this study was considered high, with foods of animal origin contributing to the largest share of emissions (71%). Temme et al. (46) evaluated the CF of 1 day of food consumption in the Netherlands in boys and girls (7-18 years). Girls had an average of 3.2 kg CO 2 eq of CF, with an energy intake of 2,015 kcal/day, and for boys 3.7 kg CO 2 eq, with an energy intake of 2,3960 kcal/day. ...
Adolescent athletes require adequate energy and nutrient supply to support growth, development, and the demands associated with exercise and training. However, they are susceptible to nutritional inadequacies affecting their health and physical performance. Food choices with nutrient adequacy and environmental protection is crucial for a sustainable diet. Therefore, we aimed to assess the adequacy of low-carbon diets to meet the protein requirements of adolescent athletes. Therefore, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 91 adolescent athletes from sports clubs in Rio de Janeiro who underwent anthropometric and food consumption assessments. To estimate the environmental impact of anthropogenic activities, the sustainability indicators carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) were used. The CF of the athlete's diet was compared with the benchmark of 1,571 g CO2eq/cap/d estimated by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Protein recommendations according to the American Dietetic Association (ADA) for athletes and protein food groups according to the low-carbon EAT-Lancet reference diet were used as references. The results were stratified by sport modality, age, sex, and income range. The Mann-Whitney test was performed, followed by the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc test to assess the differences between groups using the statistical program GraphPad PRISM® version 8.0. CF and WF were directly associated with total energy intake, total protein intake, animal-origin protein intake, and the food groups of meat and eggs. Significant differences were observed in the environmental impact of diet based on sports groups and gender. The athletes' profile with higher environmental impact was male, middle-income class, and of any age group. The quartiles of CF of the overall diets were above the 1,571 g CO2eq/cap/d benchmark. Additionally, ADA's recommended range of daily protein consumption was met by most athletes, even in the lowest quartile of CF. Thus, a diet with a lower environmental impact can meet protein recommendations in adolescent athletes. The results found are of interest to the sports and food industries. It could help in designing a balanced diet for athletes as well as ensure less negative environmental impacts of food production and consumption.
... For other food items like eggs [78], or tofu and peanut butter [79] The result of the case study showed that, in The Hague, mobility, household solid waste and energy use were the top three emission sources among the six categories that were accounted for in our study. These three categories were responsible for 70% of the total consumption emissions of the city. ...
Cities consume almost 80 percent of world’s energy and account for 60 percent of all the emissions of carbon dioxide and significant amounts of other greenhouse gases (GHG). The ongoing rapid urbanization will further increase GHG emissions of cities. The quantification of the environmental impact generated in cities is an important step to curb the impact. In fact, quantifying the consumption activities taking place inside a city, if differentiated by socioeconomic and demographic groups, can provide important insights for sustainable-consumption policies. However, the lack of high-resolution data related to these activities makes it difficult to quantify urban GHG emissions (as well as other impacts). This paper presents a methodology that can quantify the carbon footprint of households in cities using consumption data from a national or European level, where the resource consumption is linked to socioeconomic attributes of a population. The methodology is applied to analyzing the environmental impact by household resource consumption in the city of The Hague in the Netherlands. The key insights reveal potential intervention areas regarding resource consumption categories and demographic groups that can be targeted to reduce GHG emissions due to consumption-driven activities in the city.
