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![Various applications of pyrolysis bio-oil [77,78].](publication/328931918/figure/fig2/AS:692847812554753@1542199199311/arious-applications-of-pyrolysis-bio-oil-77-78.jpg)
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![Figure 4. Available sources of biomass [61].](publication/328931918/figure/fig1/AS:692847812550658@1542199199290/Available-sources-of-biomass-61_Q320.jpg)
![Figure 5. Various applications of pyrolysis bio-oil [77,78].](publication/328931918/figure/fig2/AS:692847812554753@1542199199311/arious-applications-of-pyrolysis-bio-oil-77-78_Q320.jpg)
Biomass is a promising sustainable and renewable energy source, due to its high diversity of sources, and as it is profusely obtainable everywhere in the world. It is the third most important fuel source used to generate electricity and for thermal applications, as 50% of the global population depends on biomass. The increase in availability and te...
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... designs are the primary target of researchers to achieve a better-quality bio-oil. As shown in Figure 5, the bio-oil product has a number of applications: it can be improved to be used as a transport fuel or used as a chemical, and it can also be used in turbines and electric power generation engines, or in boilers to generate heat. In summary, the bio-oil product has many applications and deserves large investments in research. ...
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This paper presnts biomass as a renewable energy source and defines the resources as well as the ways through biomass energy is converted into fuels, the technologies used for extracting the energy from biomass as well as the advantages and disadvantages that appear by using of biomass as a energy source. In addition,it is known hydrogen is an impo...
Citations
... Available Sources of Biomass[52]. ...
... Physical properties of biomass[52] ...
... Chemical properties of biomass[52] ...
The pursuit of sustainable energy sources on a worldwide scale is a crucial and pressing matter, with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs) offering a comprehensive framework for properly addressing this challenge. This two-part paper provides an overview of the various technologies now available for the process of biomass gasification. Compared to other renewable energy sources, which have undergone significant technological advancements in recent years, the field of biomass conversion is still relatively new. Keeping up with the newest breakthroughs becomes increasingly crucial as new conversion techniques are rapidly being created. In the thermochemical conversion process called ‘biomass gasification’, biomass solid source materials are degraded or incompletely burned in an oxygen-free or oxygen-deficient high-temperature atmosphere, resulting in the production of biomass gas. Part I delves into different biomass gasification techniques, including upstream, gasification and downstream processes, highlighting their importance in transforming biomass into clean and combustible gases.
... It is defined as the release of condensable and non-condensable vapor during the thermal degradation process. However, it was found that high volatile matter in biomass, such as bamboo, leads to lower biochar yield and higher yield of syngas and bio-oil yield, and vice versa [30]. ...
Commercial supercapacitors typically have low energy density, making them unsuitable for high energy demand applications. Then, the introduction and application of biomass-derived carbon materials have garnered attention in the industry due to its environmentally friendly nature and reliable performance. These carbon materials are favoured to be used as an electrode material due to their high specific surface area and specific capacitance. Bamboo biowaste, abundantly available in furniture and disposable utensils manufacturing industries, possesses favorable characteristics such as high nitrogen content, low oxygen content and a high graphitization degree. These properties make it a promising candidate for fabricating carbon materials suitable for supercapacitor applications. Recent studies indicated that bamboo-based supercapacitor has higher specific capacitance and higher performance than other carbon materials such as coconut shells. Therefore, numerous studies investigating this novel technology have been reported. Researchers have also made advancements in incorporating bamboo-based carbon materials in energy storage systems. The activation process is the key factor in enhancing the performance of the supercapacitors. However, findings from these studies, which are crucial for further development of this technology, have been scattered without a comprehensive compilation. Therefore, this review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various activation techniques and specific applications of bamboo-derived activated carbon in supercapacitors. Despite recent advancements, challenges such as energy density issues and optimization over operating parameters remain. Addressing these challenges is crucial to fully understanding and realizing the potential of bamboo-derived supercapacitor.
... During pyrolysis, less oxygen is introduced as the temperature rises to 600°C, beyond this value, gasification results. The by-products of pyrolysis include gaseous products, ash, bio-oil, and other higher energy density materials [62]. Beyond pyrolysis temperature, combustion began. ...
The increase in energy usage over the past century has raised concern over the energy insecurity and environmental unsustainability of current fossil fuel utilization; therefore, there is a need for energy diversification. An attractive alternative diversification is the densification of the abundant biomass. However, poor performance of raw biomass in energy generation necessitates attention to the process through which they were produced. This chapter reviews the technoeconomic impacts of extrusion and compaction, by evaluating two types of extruders: screw press [SP] and hydraulic piston press [HPP] machines. Technical evaluations based on both biomass material and briquetting technologies were reviewed. The biomass technical review includes material availability, pretreatments, and characteristics. The technicalities around the briquetting technologies reviewed include operational variables, machine performance variables, efficiency of the process, and power consumption patterns, while the economic analysis reviewed consists of the cost of biomass, briquetting processes, and market values of final products. From the review, the technical analysis showed that SP has improved the physical quality and combustion characteristics compared with piston press. Two critical challenges in the development of screw press are that of alignment of the extrusion head with the die and high cost of electricity tariff, which discouraged the availability of small-scale screw presses. The economic analysis of briquetting process revealed a considerable cost and end-user savings in HPP briquetting over screw press at the expense of energy value of final products. The economic viability of each process based on different factors of production depended on the material availability, technology deployed, and energy consumption in the production of unit products. The energy cost was a major barrier to achieving sustainability for biomass briquetting with screw press technology. Operating the screw press is not economically viable because of the high electricity tariffs, poor electricity supplies, and high level of machine precisions required. However, the use of alternative energy facilities such as diesel engine as source of power and die heating has reduced the cost of briquette production to 50%.
... Pyrolysis involves the thermal degradation of an organic material in the absence of oxygen, resulting in thermal cracking that generates three main byproducts in different phases: a syngas containing light fuel gases and small amounts of light hydrocarbons, a liquid phase rich in oil components but also containing an aqueous fraction, and a solid phase fraction known as char, where ash and carbon are concentrated [151]. The temperature and heating rate applied to the process serves as a mode of classification. ...
Anaerobic digestion is a feasible solution for the treatment of organic wastes. The process can reduce the amount of biowaste by stabilizing the organic material and producing biogas susceptible to energetic valorization. However, the digestate needs further valorization when land application is considered unfeasible. Thermal treatments, such as gasification, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization, are alternatives capable of transforming this material into valuable syngas, obtaining, in many cases, a carbonized stream known as biochar. The feasibility of the process depends on the energy demand for the drying stage and the treatments available for removing contaminants from the syngas, attaining high-quality products, and treating the process-derived water. In the present manuscript, these critical aspects were reviewed considering the characteristics of digestates based on their origin, the modifications of this material during anaerobic digestion, and the way digestate structure affects the final thermal valorization outcome. Emphasis was placed on the energy demand of the global approach and byproduct treatments.
... Market sectors: Agriculture, others (environment, materials). References: [230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239][240][241] 11. Fermentation of SCGs Waste treated: Spent coffee grounds (SCGs), other hydrolysable biowaste. ...
The management of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW), also called urban biowaste, and urban wastewater sludge (UWWS) represents a challenge for cities and regions, which want to adopt innovative urban bioeconomy approaches for their treatment and production of high-added-value products beyond the traditional anaerobic digestion (AD) and compost. This adoption is often restricted by the availability and maturity of technologies. The research object of this manuscript, based on the findings of EU Horizon 2020 project HOOP, is the identification of state-of-the-art circular technologies for material valorisation of OFMSW and UWWS, following a novel screening methodology based on the scale of implementation (tested at least at pilot scale). The screening resulted in 25 technologies, which have been compared and discussed under a multidisciplinary assessment approach, showing their enabling factors and challenges, their current or potential commercial status and their compatibility with the traditional technologies for urban biowaste treatment (composting and AD). The bioproducts cover market sectors such as agriculture, chemistry, nutrition, bioplastics, materials or cosmetics. Therefore, the results of this review help project promoters at city/region level to select innovative technologies for the conversion of OFMWS and UWWS into high value products.
... In recent years, catalytic pyrolysis has gained significant attention in both research and commercialization efforts. 91 This section focuses on CP as a powerful and scalable emerging technology platform, demonstrating its versatility in using biomass and waste plastics for decarbonized fuel and plastic production, Figure 18. It is noteworthy that although pyrolysis and CP have been widely studied for producing transportation fuels from waste plastics. ...
... Noncatalytic pyrolysis technology, which can produce heating oil from biomass and synthetic crude oil from waste plastics, has been commercialize (existing facilities processing between 15 and 150 kT of feedstock annually). 91 The pyrolysis process is competitive and utilizes standard petrochemical reactor units such as riser reactors or fluidized beds to produce liquid products from a variety of feedstocks in a single process step. The liquid products of biomass pyrolysis are often acidic and thermally unstable. ...
... During combustion, biomass is ignited with excess oxygen to produce heat and operates in an oxygen-free environment. This process breaks down biomass into three distinct byproducts: non-condensable gases, char, and bio-oil (Uddin et al., 2018). There are various heating rates used in this process, with pyrolysis being the most commonly used method for extracting bio-oil from biomass. ...
This proposed research investigates sustainable and innovative
use of biomass gasification for generating electricity. Biomass
gasification is a versatile and eco-friendly technology that converts
organic materials, such as agricultural residues, forestry waste, and
even municipal solid waste, into a valuable source of clean energy.
This research delves into the various aspects of this technology,
including its processes, efficiency, environmental impact, and
potential applications in power generation. Biomass gasification gas,
often referred to as syngas, presents a promising avenue for
addressing the rising energy demand while lowering greenhouse gas
emissions and preventing climate change.
... Biomass can be converted into high-quality bioenergy precursors based on their chemical composition using pyrolysis reactors. The biomass decomposition behaviours and process variables such as reaction temperature, heating rate, nitrogen flow rate, and pressure influence the distribution and yield of pyrolysis products (Gao et al., 2016;Uddin et al., 2018). ...
... This process generates three types of products: solid biochar, a liquid fraction, and gases. During pyrolysis, a series of concurrent and sequential reactions occur, such as dehydration, depolymerization, volatilization, carbonization, aromatization, and others [2,[39][40][41]. The yield and properties of the end products are influenced by the characteristics of the feedstock and the pyrolysis conditions, including the temperature, heating rate, residence time, particle size, and reactor design. ...
Biochar refers to any material that has transformed into an amorphous, graphite-like structure as a result of the thermochemical conversion of organic materials. Incorporating biochar into soil contributes to mitigating the effects of climate change through the sequestration and storage of carbon. There are numerous methods for producing biochar, including pyrolysis, gasification, hydrothermal carbonization, and flash carbonization. The choice of technology largely depends on the intended use of the biochar and the type of biomass available. However, traditional production processes often face environmental challenges, especially in developing countries. This study introduces several traditional charcoal-burning techniques used around the world and provides an overview of modern industrial biochar production methods. International organizations have developed standards for determining the quality parameters of biochar and have proposed guidelines for its application in soil. According to the available literature, biochar presents a promising opportunity for advancing sustainable agriculture and mitigating climate change.
... (2) pyrolysis of solid fuel releasing volatiles; (3) combustion of the released volatile compounds; and (4) smoldering and glowing combustion [1,2]. Pyrolysis is defined as the thermal degradation of biomass due to exposure to high temperatures that does not require oxygen [3]. In a propagating wildland fire, due to elevated temperatures, the vegetation undergoes thermal degradation (i.e., pyrolysis) before combustion. ...
The aim of this study was to investigate the pyrolysis of selected California foliage and estimate the energy content of the released volatiles to show the significance of the pyrolysis of foliage and its role during wildland fires. While the majority of the volatiles released during the pyrolysis of foliage later combust and promote fire propagation, studies on the energy released from combustion of these compounds are scarce. Samples of chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), Eastwood’s manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa), scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia), hoaryleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolius), all native to southern California, and sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum), native to the southern U.S., were pyrolyzed at 725 °C with a heating rate of approximately 180 °C/s to mimic the conditions of wildland fires. Tar and light gases were collected and analyzed. Tar from chamise, scrub oak, ceanothus and sparkleberry was abundant in aromatics, especially phenol, while tar from manzanita was mainly composed of cycloalkenes. The four major components of light gases were CO, CO2, CH4 and H2. Estimated values for the high heating values (HHVs) of volatiles ranged between 18.9 and 23.2 (MJ/kg of biomass) with tar contributing to over 80% of the HHVs of the volatiles. Therefore, fire studies should consider the heat released from volatiles present in both tar and light gases during pyrolysis.
