FIGURE 13 - uploaded by Clifford D Ferris
Content may be subject to copyright.
Variation in facies of Eupithecia gilvipennata. a-b, two females, Tex Canyon, 30.iii.2000, Cochise Co., Arizona, C. D. Ferris; c, adult male and pin labels for specimen illustrated by McDunnough in Pl. 31, f. 11 as miamata.
Source publication
Adults and male and female genitalia of Eupithecia biedermanata and E. classicata are illustrated. The original descriptions and McDunnough's subsequent generic revision did not provide complete information on these species because of the paucity of material available for study. Based upon their respective genitalic characters and otherwise similar...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... gilvipennata has a broad geographic distribution in western North America from Arizona to southwest British Columbia. Adults are polyphenic (Fig.13) and larger than biedermanata. ...
Context 2
... Swett, 1922. Based upon the genitalia in both sexes, biedermanata and gilvi- pennata appear to be closely related, and have asymmetric male genitalia. E. gilvipennata has a broad geographic distribution in western North America from Arizona to southwest British Columbia. Adults are polyphenic (Fig.13) and larger than biedermanata. The spec- imen (Fig. 13c) illustrated by McDunnough (1949: pl. 31, fig. 11) as a topotypical miamata proved upon my dissection to be gilvipennata. The genitalia (Fig. 14) differ in two major respects: male, the apex of the left valva is narrower and more acute than in ...
Similar publications
According to morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the ITS region, a new genus Brachyphoris is established for the very short conidiophored species previously included in the genus Dactylella viz. D. helminthodes, D. stenomeces, D. oviparasitica, D. tenuifusaria and D. brevistipitata. A detailed delimitation of the genus Vermispora is also propos...
Based on a published morphological and phylogenetic analysis, species delimitation in Stenoglottis is here revised, and five species (six taxa) are now recognized: S. fimbriata (with two varieties), S. longifolia, S. inandensis, S. woodii, and S. macloughlinii. Stenoglottis fimbriata subsp. saxicola and S. zambesiaca are synonymised here with S. fi...
This study details the morphology of Platyallabes tihoni (Poll, 1944) as part of a complete revision of the anguilliform clariids. The overall body form of air-breathing clariids ranges from fusiform to anguilliform genera (Boulenger 1911; Pellegrin 1927). Although P. tihoni has the typical external morphological features of other elongate clariids...
Revisions and redescriptions of taxa described in the past and that are now categorized as insufficiently diagnosed often play a crucial role in making further progress in modern taxonomy in many groups of organisms. Here we revised an enigmatic tardigrade species Tenuibiotus hyperonyx (Maucci, 1983) based on the newly discovered topotypic populati...
El artículo presenta la determinación taxonómica de las plantas nativas empleadas en la producción del mimbre (fibra vegetal) y el conocimiento local (uso/manejo) del recurso en cinco comunidades del volcán Tacaná en la región Soconusco de Chiapas, México. La determinación taxonómica de las plantas se hizo con la revisión fotográfica del Dr. Thomas...
Citations
Asymmetries are a pervading phenomenon in otherwise bilaterally symmetric organisms and recent studies have highlighted their potential impact on our understanding of fundamental evolutionary processes like the evolution of development and the selection for morphological novelties caused by behavioural changes. One character system that is particularly promising in this respect is animal genitalia because (1) asymmetries in genitalia have evolved many times convergently, and (2) the taxonomic literature provides a tremendous amount of comparative data on these organs. This review is an attempt to focus attention on this promising but neglected topic by summarizing what we know about insect genital asymmetries, and by contrasting this with the situation in spiders, a group in which genital asymmetries are rare.
In spiders, only four independent origins of genital asymmetry are known, two in Theridiidae (Tidarren/Echinotheridion, Asygyna) and two in Pholcidae (Metagonia, Kaliana). In insects, on the other hand, genital asymmetry is a widespread and common phenomenon. In some insect orders or superorders, genital asymmetry is in the groundplan (e.g. Dictyoptera, Embiidina, Phasmatodea), in others it has evolved multiple times convergently (e.g. Coleoptera, Diptera, Heteroptera, Lepidoptera). Surprisingly, the huge but widely scattered information has not been reviewed for over 70 years. We combine data from studies on taxonomy, mating behaviour, genital mechanics, and phylogeny, to explain why genital asymmetry is so common in insects but so rare in spiders.
We identify further fundamental differences between spider and insect genital asymmetries: (1) in most spiders, the direction of asymmetry is random, in most insects it is fixed; (2) in most spiders, asymmetry evolved first (or only) in the female while in insects genital asymmetry is overwhelmingly limited to the male. We thus propose that sexual selection has played a crucial role in the evolution of insect genital asymmetry, via a route that is accessible to insects but not to spiders. The centerpiece in this insect route to asymmetry is changes in mating position. Available evidence strongly suggests that the plesiomorphic neopteran mating position is a female-above position. Changes to male-dominated positions have occurred frequently, and some of the resulting positions require abdominal twisting, flexing, and asymmetric contact between male and female genitalia. Insects with their median unpaired sperm transfer organ may adopt a one-sided asymmetric position and still transfer the whole amount of sperm. Spiders with their paired sperm transfer organs can only mate in symmetrical or alternating two-sided positions without foregoing transfer of half of their sperm.
We propose several hypotheses regarding the evolution of genital asymmetry. One explains morphological asymmetry as a mechanical compensation for evolutionary and behavioural changes of mating position. The morphological asymmetry per se is not advantageous, but rather the newly adopted mating position is. The second hypothesis predicts a split of functions between right and left sides. In contrast to the previous hypothesis, morphological asymmetry per se is advantageous. A third hypothesis evokes internal space constraints that favour asymmetric placement and morphology of internal organs and may secondarily affect the genitalia. Further hypotheses appear supported by a few exceptional cases only.